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1.
Public Health Action ; 13(Suppl 1): 32-36, 2023 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36949738

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The state of Kerala, India, has experienced several unprecedented events in the past few years. The current study was an attempt to explore perceptions of stakeholders on how the decentralised system helped during the Nipah virus (NiV) outbreaks and COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala. METHODS: This study used a qualitative descriptive approach built on the advocacy paradigm. The stakeholders who were involved in decision-making and the representatives of local self-government who had real-time experience and had handled the challenges were identified using purposive sampling. Seven key informant interviews (KIIs) and nine in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted. RESULTS: Findings indicate that decentralisation had enabled the state to effectively deal with the outbreaks and the pandemic. The survey revealed four major themes: decision-making, engagement level, people-centric action, and difficulties. Two to four categories have emerged for each theme. CONCLUSION: The study results highlight the importance of human resources and service delivery as balancing factors during public health emergencies in any developing nation with limited resources. Given that very few nations have the healthcare infrastructure and resources necessary to cater to the healthcare needs of the whole population, decentralisation should be reinforced.


CONTEXTE: L'État du Kérala, Inde, a connu plusieurs évènements sans précèdent au cours des dernières années. Cette étude a cherché à analyser l'opinion des parties prenantes quant à l'aide apportée par le système décentralisé pendant les épidémies de virus Nipah (NiV) et la pandémie de COVID-19 au Kérala. MÉTHODES: Cette étude a eu recours à une méthode descriptive qualitative construite à partir du paradigme de mobilisation. Les parties prenantes impliquées dans la prise de décisions et les représentants des administrations locales autonomes, forts de leur expérience en temps réel et de leur expérience de gestion des défis, ont été identifiés par échantillonnage dirigé. Sept entretiens avec des informateurs clés (KII) et neuf entretiens approfondis (IDI) ont été réalisés. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats indiquent que la décentralisation a permis à l'État de gérer les épidémies et la pandémie de manière efficace. L'enquête a mis en évidence quatre thèmes majeurs : prise de décisions, niveau d'engagement, action centrée sur les personnes et difficultés. Chaque thème a pu être divisé en deux à quatre catégories. CONCLUSION: Les résultats de l'étude soulignent l'importance des ressources humaines et de la fourniture de services en tant que facteurs d'équilibre en période d'urgence de santé publique dans tous les pays en développement dotés de ressources limitées. Puisque très peu de pays disposent des infrastructures de santé et des ressources nécessaires pour répondre aux besoins sanitaires de l'ensemble de la population, la décentralisation devrait être renforcée.

2.
Public Health Action ; 13(Suppl 1): 37-43, 2023 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36949741

RESUMO

SETTING: The BUDS (not an acronym) institutions comprise a community-based rehabilitation initiative for children and families affected by developmental disabilities in Kerala, India. OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of local governments in the establishment and functioning of BUDS institutions. DESIGN: We used qualitative approaches comprising document review and in-depth interviews with trainers, parents of children with developmental disabilities and elected representatives. RESULTS: BUDS was created by Kudumbasree, a decentralised women empowerment and poverty alleviation initiative. Our findings illustrate the role of local governments in facilitating expansion through the establishment of infrastructure, therapy equipment, transportation and financial allocation for these, as well as through the development of human resources, assistance with enrolment for financial assistance and insurance programmes, and coordination with education and health sectors. Programme implementation varied considerably regarding available infrastructure, staffing and services among the institutions studied. The institutions were physically closed during the COVID-19 pandemic but continued to function in alternative ways. CONCLUSION: Despite variable implementation, local governments have supported the expansion of BUDS institutions, thereby creating more spaces for inclusive and integrated education and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities in Kerala. The expansion over the past two decades and measures during the COVID-19 pandemic suggest resilience and sustainability of the model.


CONTEXTE: Les institutions BUDS (ceci n'est pas un acronyme) ont mis en place une initiative communautaire pour la réhabilitation des enfants et familles touchés par des troubles du développement au Kérala, Inde. OBJECTIF: Analyser le rôle des gouvernements locaux dans la fondation et le fonctionnement des institutions BUDS. MÉTHODES: Nous avons utilisé des approches qualitatives fondées sur une analyse documentaire et sur des entretiens approfondis avec des formateurs, des parents d'enfants atteints de troubles du développement et des représentants élus. RÉSULTATS: BUDS a été créé dans le cadre d'une initiative décentralisée de réduction de la pauvreté et d'autonomisation des femmes, dénommée Kudumbasree. Nos résultats illustrent le rôle des gouvernements locaux dans la facilitation de l'expansion par la mise à disposition d'infrastructures, d'équipements thérapeutiques, de transports et l'allocation de fonds pour ceux-ci, ainsi que par le développement des ressources humaines, l'inclusion dans des programmes d'assistance financière et d'assurances, et la coordination avec les secteurs de l'éducation et de la santé. De grandes différences de mise en œuvre du programme ont été observées entre les institutions à l'étude, en matière d'infrastructures disponibles, de personnel et de services. Les institutions ont fermé leurs portes pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, mais elles continuaient de fonctionner de manière alternative. CONCLUSION: En dépit d'une mise en œuvre variable, les gouvernements locaux ont soutenu le développement des institutions BUDS et ainsi élargi l'espace pour une éducation et une réhabilitation inclusives et intégrées des personnes porteuses de handicaps au Kérala. Le développement de ces institutions au cours des 20 dernières années et les mesures instaurées pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 laissent transparaître la résilience et le caractère durable du modèle.

3.
Public Health Action ; 13(Suppl 1): 51-56, 2023 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36949743

RESUMO

SETTING: Kerala State, India, implemented decentralising reforms of healthcare institutions 25 years ago through transfer of administrative control and a sizeable share of the financial allocation. OBJECTIVE: To describe the main impacts of decentralisation in Kerala on local policy formulation, programme implementation and service delivery for sustainable health systems. DESIGN: This was part of a broader qualitative study on decentralisation and health in Kerala. We conducted 25 in-depth interviews and reviewed 31 government orders or policy documents, five related transcripts and five thematic reports from the main study. RESULTS: Liaising between health system and local governments has improved over time. A shift from welfare-centric projects to infrastructure, human resources and services was evident. Considerable heterogeneity existed due to varying degrees of involvement, capacity, resources and needs of the community. State-level discourse and recent augmentation efforts for moving towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) strongly uphold the role of local governments in planning, financing and implementation. CONCLUSION: The 25-year history of decentralised healthcare administration in Kerala indicates both successes and failures. Central support without disempowering the local governments can be a viable option to allow flexible decision-making consistent with broader system goals.


CONTEXTE: L'État du Kerala, en Inde, a mis en œuvre des réformes de décentralisation des établissements de santé il y a 25 ans, en transférant le contrôle administratif et une part importante de l'allocation financière. OBJECTIF: Décrire les principaux impacts de la décentralisation au Kerala sur la formulation de politiques locales, la mise en œuvre de programmes et la prestation de services pour des systèmes de santé durables. MÉTHODE: Cette étude faisait partie d'une étude qualitative plus vaste sur la décentralisation et la santé au Kerala. Nous avons mené 25 entretiens approfondis et examiné 31 décrets ou documents de politique du gouvernement, cinq transcriptions connexes et cinq rapports thématiques de l'étude principale. RÉSULTATS: La liaison entre le système de santé et les gouvernements locaux s'est améliorée au fil du temps. Une réorientation des projets centrés sur le bien-être vers les infrastructures, les ressources humaines et les services était évidente. Une hétérogénéité considérable existe en raison des différents degrés d'implication, de capacité, de ressources et de besoins de la communauté. Le discours au niveau de l'État et les récents efforts d'augmentation en vue d'atteindre les objectifs de développement durable (SDG) de l'ONU soutiennent fortement le rôle des gouvernements locaux dans la planification, le financement et la mise en œuvre. CONCLUSION: Les 25 ans d'histoire de l'administration décentralisée des soins de santé au Kerala révèlent à la fois des réussites et des échecs. Un soutien central sans déresponsabiliser les gouvernements locaux peut être une option viable pour permettre une prise de décision flexible et cohérente avec les objectifs plus larges du système.

4.
Public Health Action ; 13(Suppl 1): 1-5, 2023 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36949742

RESUMO

SETTING: In alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Kerala State in India aims to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic, using its strong background in local governance to implement the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of local governments in the implementation of NACP in tune with SDGs. DESIGN: We conducted a state-wide exploratory study using document reviews, key informant and in-depth interviews, which were analysed thematically. RESULTS: Four overarching themes that emerged were 1) preparation for programme implementation, 2) positive impact of local government involvement, 3) convergence with other organisations, and 4) barriers to implementation. Local government commitment to implementing the programme was evidenced by their adoption of the HIV/AIDS policy, facilitative interdepartmental coordination and local innovations. Interventions focused on improving awareness about the disease and treatment, and social, financial and rehabilitative support, which were extended even during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fund shortages and poor visibility of the beneficiaries due to preference for anonymity were challenges to achieving the expected outcomes. CONCLUSION: The NACP is ably supported by local governments in its designated domains of interventions, prevention, treatment, and care and support. The programme can achieve its target to end the AIDS epidemic by overcoming the stigma factor, which still prevents potential beneficiaries from accessing care.


CONTEXTE: En accord avec les Objectifs de développement durable (SDG) des Nations unies, l'État du Kérala en Inde a pour objectif de mettre fin à l'épidémie de VIH/SIDA en s'appuyant sur sa forte expérience de gouvernance locale en matière de mise en œuvre du Programme national de lutte contre le SIDA (NACP). OBJECTIF: Examiner le rôle des gouvernements locaux dans la mise en œuvre du NACP, en accord avec les SDG. MÉTHODES: Nous avons réalisé une étude exploratoire à l'échelle de l'État, par le biais d'analyses documentaires, d'entretiens avec des informateurs clés et d'entretiens approfondis, qui ont ensuite été analysés de manière thématique. RÉSULTATS: Quatre thèmes centraux ont été identifiés : 1) préparation de la mise en place du programme, 2) impact positif de l'implication des gouvernements locaux, 3) convergence avec d'autres organisations, et 4) obstacles à la mise en œuvre. L'engagement des gouvernements locaux à mettre en œuvre le programme se manifestait par l'adoption de la politique de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA, par une coordination interdépartementale facilitée et par des innovations locales. Les interventions portaient sur l'amélioration de la sensibilisation au VIH/SIDA et à son traitement, ainsi qu'aux systèmes de soutien social, financier et de réadaptation disponibles ; ces interventions ont même été maintenues pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. Le manque de financements et la mauvaise visibilité des bénéficiaires en raison d'une volonté d'anonymat représentaient autant d'obstacles empêchant d'atteindre les résultats escomptés. CONCLUSION: Les gouvernements locaux apportent leur soutien efficace au NACP dans les domaines d'intervention qui lui ont été assignés (prévention, traitement, soins et soutien). Le programme peut atteindre son objectif d'éradication de l'épidémie de SIDA s'il parvient à lutter contre la stigmatisation associée à la maladie, qui empêche encore d'éventuels bénéficiaires d'accéder aux soins.

5.
Public Health Action ; 13(Suppl 1): 12-18, 2023 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36949744

RESUMO

SETTING: The community-based primary palliative care programme in Kerala, India, has received international acclaim. Programme functioning is supported through Palliative Care Management Committees (PMCs) at the local government (LG) level. OBJECTIVE: To study the functioning of the PMCs within the decentralised governance space to identify achievements, gaps and notable innovations. DESIGN: This qualitative study included seven key informant interviews (KIIs), 28 in-depth interviews and a review of relevant publicly available policies and documents. Major themes were recognised from the KII transcripts. Codes emerging from the document review and in-depth interview transcripts were mapped into the identified thematic areas. RESULTS: Successful PMCs raised resources like money, human resource, equipment, had good skilled care options for symptom relief and facilitated reduced out-of-pocket expenditure by providing home care and free medicines, and improved access to interventions that addressed the social determinants of suffering like poverty. PMCs had varying managerial and technical capacities. In some LGs, the programme was weak and mostly limited to the supply of medicines, basic aids and appliances to patients' homes. CONCLUSION: Despite varied implementation patterns, PMCs in Kerala are examples of state-supported, community-owned care initiatives, that can potentially address medical and social determinants of suffering.


CONTEXTE: Le programme communautaire de soins palliatifs primaires du Kérala, Inde, a été applaudi sur la scène internationale. Le fonctionnement du programme est soutenu par des Comités de gestion des soins palliatifs (PMC) au niveau des gouvernements locaux (LG). OBJECTIF: Évaluer le fonctionnement des PMC au sein de l'espace de gouvernance décentralisée, afin d'identifier les réussites, les lacunes et les principales innovations. MÉTHODES: Dans le cadre de cette étude qualitative, sept entretiens avec des informateurs clés (KIIs), 28 entretiens approfondis et une analyse des politiques et documents accessibles au public ont été réalisés. Les transcriptions des KII ont permis de faire émerger les thèmes principaux. Les codes émergeant de l'analyse documentaire et des transcriptions des entretiens approfondis ont été associés aux domaines thématiques identifiés. RÉSULTATS: Les PMC les plus performants ont pu mobiliser des ressources, telles que de l'argent, des ressources humaines ou des équipements. Ils proposaient également des options de soins de qualité pour soulager les symptômes, facilitaient la réduction des frais à la charge du patient en fournissant des soins à domicile et des médicaments gratuits, et ont permis d'améliorer l'accès aux interventions qui s'attaquaient aux déterminants sociaux de la souffrance, tels que la pauvreté. Les capacités techniques et de gestion variaient d'un PMC à l'autre. Le programme de certains LG était faible, principalement limité à la fourniture de médicaments et d'aides et de matériels de base pour le domicile des patients. CONCLUSION: Malgré des schémas de mise en œuvre variés, les PMC du Kérala sont des exemples d'initiatives communautaires de santé soutenues par l'état qui peuvent potentiellement s'attaquer aux déterminants sociaux et médicaux de la souffrance.

6.
Public Health Action ; 13(Suppl 1): 6-11, 2023 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36949745

RESUMO

SETTING: The Kerala health system in India has more than 25 years of decentralised implementation experience. Decentralization could assist in addressing health disparities such as gender, disability, and migration. OBJECTIVE: To explore how inequity issues comprising gender, disability and internal migrations were being addressed at present by the decentralised Kerala health system. DESIGN: Our approach was qualitative, using document review, key informant interviews and in-depth interviews with policy makers, health staff and other stakeholders. RESULTS: Gender aspects were incorporated into planning and budgeting, with 10% funds earmarked for women. Projects were gender-specific to women, and within conventional social roles of livelihood, welfare or reproductive health. Recently, transgender focused projects were also initiated. Schemes for people with disabilities remained welfare-centric and driven by top-down policies. The local governments performed beneficiary identification and benefit disbursal. Migrant health aspects were focused on infectious diseases surveillance and later living conditions of migrant workers. CONCLUSION: The importance that health systems place on socioeconomic determinants of health and fundamental human rights is reflected in the health interventions for marginalised communities. In Kerala, there is now a passive application of central rules and a reluctance to utilise local platforms. Changing this is a necessary condition for achieving equal development.


CONTEXTE: Le système de santé du Kérala en Inde possède plus de 25 ans d'expérience de mise en œuvre décentralisée. La décentralisation pourrait aider à lutter contre les disparités en matière de santé, telles que le genre, le handicap et la migration. OBJECTIF: Examiner comment les questions d'inégalité, notamment le genre, le handicap et les migrations internes, sont actuellement abordées par le système de santé décentralisé du Kérala. MÉTHODES: Notre approche qualitative s'est appuyée sur une analyse documentaire, des entretiens avec des informateurs clés et des entretiens approfondis avec des décideurs politiques, du personnel de santé et d'autres parties prenantes. RÉSULTATS: Les aspects liés au genre ont été intégrés dans la planification et les prévisions budgétaires, en réservant 10 % des fonds aux femmes. Les projets s'adressaient uniquement aux femmes et s'inscrivaient dans le cadre des rôles sociaux conventionnels de subsistance, de bien-être ou de santé génésique. Récemment, des projets axés sur les transsexuels ont également été lancés. Les programmes destinés aux personnes porteuses de handicaps restaient axés sur l'aide sociale et dictés par des politiques descendantes. Les gouvernements locaux se chargeaient de l'identification des bénéficiaires et du versement des prestations. Les aspects de la santé des migrants étaient axés sur la surveillance des maladies infectieuses, puis sur les conditions de vie des travailleurs migrants. CONCLUSION: L'importance accordée par les systèmes de santé aux déterminants socio-économiques de la santé et aux droits fondamentaux de l'homme se reflète dans les interventions sanitaires destinées aux communautés marginalisées. Au Kérala, on constate aujourd'hui une application passive des règles centrales et une réticence à utiliser les plateformes locales. Changer cet état de fait est une condition nécessaire pour parvenir à un développement égalitaire.

7.
Public Health Action ; 13(Suppl 1): 19-25, 2023 Mar 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36949746

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: In the backdrop of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the state of Kerala, India, revamped its existing primary health centres (PHCs) into people-friendly family health centres (FHCs) in order to provide comprehensive primary care as part of a mission-based ('Aardram') initiative. It was envisioned that the mission's implementation and operation would make use of decentralised governance. The present study explored how the decentralised governance influenced reorganisation of primary care. METHODS: The study adopted an exploratory approach using qualitative methods: key informant interviews (n = 8), in-depth interviews (n = 20) and document reviews. Thematic analysis was done following deductive coding and the themes that emerged were organised under a schema. RESULTS: The results could be summarised under five overarching themes. Strong political commitment, combined with bureaucratic competence, facilitated implementation and functioning of 'Aardram' primary care. The insights developed through multi-sectoral training helped local governments (LGs) get involve and engage with the health system as a team in order to plan and implement interventions. The decentralised governance structures enabled re-engineering of PHCs by mobilisation of financial resources, provision of human resources, infrastructure modification, and enhanced community participation at various levels. Non-uniformity of commitment, sub-optimal engagement of urban LGs and issues of sustainability and monitoring were the shortcomings observed. CONCLUSION: Decentralised governance played a positive role in the re-engineering of PHCs, which was utilised as a platform to demonstrate best practices in health governance through a participatory approach. The importance of empowering LGs through capacity building to address challenges in achieving primary care SDGs is highlighted in this study.


INTRODUCTION: Dans le contexte des Objectifs de développement durable (SDG), l'État du Kérala, Inde, a transformé ses centres de soins primaires (PHC) existants en centres de santé familiale (FHC) conviviaux afin de fournir des soins primaires complets dans le cadre d'une initiative mandatée en mission ('Aardram'). Il était prévu que la mise en œuvre et le fonctionnement de cette mission fassent appel à la gouvernance décentralisée. Cette étude a examiné l'influence de la gouvernance décentralisée sur la réorganisation des soins primaires. MÉTHODES: L'étude a eu recours à une approche exploratoire, en utilisant des méthodes qualitatives : entretiens avec des informateurs clés (n=8), entretiens approfondis (n=20) et analyses documentaires. Une analyse thématique a été réalisée selon un codage déductif et les thèmes identifiés ont été structurés sous forme de schéma. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats peuvent être résumés en cinq thèmes principaux. Un engagement politique fort, associé à des compétences bureaucratiques, ont facilité la mise en œuvre et le fonctionnement des soins primaires de la mission 'Aardram'. Les connaissances acquises grâce à la formation multisectorielle ont aidé les gouvernements locaux (LG) à s'impliquer et à s'engager dans le système de santé en tant qu'équipe afin de planifier et de mettre en place des interventions. Les structures de gouvernance décentralisées ont permis de réorganiser les PHC en mobilisant des ressources financières, en fournissant des ressources humaines, en modifiant les infrastructures et en renforçant la participation communautaire à différents niveaux. Parmi les lacunes observées figurent le manque d'uniformité de l'engagement, l'engagement sous-optimal des LG urbains et les questions de durabilité et de suivi. CONCLUSION: La gouvernance décentralisée a joué un rôle positif dans la réorganisation des PHC, qui a été utilisée comme une plateforme pour illustrer les bonnes pratiques en matière de gouvernance sanitaire par le biais d'une approche participative. Cette étude met en évidence l'importance de l'autonomisation des LG au travers du renforcement des capacités afin de relever les défis liés à la réalisation des SDG en matière de soins primaires.

8.
Clin Neurol Neurosurg ; 222: 107420, 2022 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36030729

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Carotid atherosclerosis accounts for around 20 % of ischemic strokes. Literature on CT angiography [CTA] to study plaque morphology is limited. We studied plaque characteristics of extracranial carotid arteries using CTA to ascertain the high risk features beyond luminal stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study design, where patients with carotid territory ischemia who underwent CTA from January 2011 till December 2015 were recruited from medical records. CT images were reviewed for plaque characteristics like attenuation, ulceration, plaque thickness and presence of intraluminal thrombus [ILT] along with percentage stenosis. RESULTS: 114 patients with 201 carotids [102 symptomatic and 99 asymptomatic] were reviewed. Mixed density plaques [p = 0.05], ulceration [p = 0.001], ILT [p = 0.004] and higher soft plaque thickness [p < 0.001] were significantly associated with symptomatic carotids whereas calcified plaques were seen in asymptomatic carotids [p = 0.005]. Plaque characteristics were comparable in symptomatic patients with moderate[50-69 %] and severe[70-99 %] stenosis. Multivariate analysis showed that increased soft plaque thickness remained significantly associated with symptomatic carotid. A cut-off value for soft plaque thickness of 2.75 mm could predict symptomatic carotid disease with a sensitivity of 85.2 % and specificity of 68.0 % [Youden's index]. An increase in soft plaque thickness of 4.0 mm significantly predicts change from asymptomatic to symptomatic carotid [p < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: Of the studied CTA plaque characteristics, soft plaque thickness is an independent predictor of symptomatic disease irrespective of the percentage stenosis. Soft plaque thickness over 2.75 mm and smallest detectable change[4 mm] are new measures to help ascertain the risk of ischemic events in carotid atherosclerotic disease.


Assuntos
Doenças das Artérias Carótidas , Estenose das Carótidas , Placa Aterosclerótica , Humanos , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Estenose das Carótidas/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose das Carótidas/complicações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Constrição Patológica , Placa Aterosclerótica/diagnóstico por imagem , Placa Aterosclerótica/complicações , Artérias Carótidas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/complicações
10.
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis ; 30(4): 105606, 2021 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33548808

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Secondary stroke prevention treatment is associated with an 80% reduction in risk of recurrent stroke. But one out of every four strokes are recurrent. Adherence to pharmacological therapy and strict control of risk factors are essential for prevention of recurrent strokes. METHODS: Pair matched incident case control study was done to find out the factors associated with stroke recurrence after first ever stroke. Incident cases of recurrent strokes and age and post stroke period matched controls were recruited prospectively. The estimated sample size for the study was 70 matched pairs. Data collected from medical records and by visiting their homes. Analysis was done using R statistical software. RESULTS: Bivariate analysis showed cardio embolic stroke subtype, poor lipid control, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, medication nonadherence, presence of depression, memory problems no discharge advice at index admission and low income were associated increased risk of recurrence. Higher mean NIHSS score and a greater number of days of hospitalisation during index stroke had less risk of recurrence. Conditional logistic regression analysis revealed non adherence to medication (OR 7.46, 1.67-33.28) and not receiving discharge advice at index admission (OR 10.79, 2.38-49.02) were associated with increased risk of recurrence whereas lacunar stroke (OR 0.08, 0.01-0.59) and a greater number of days of hospitalization during index stroke (OR 0.82, 0.67-0.99) were associated with less risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Individualised patient education regarding stroke, recurrence risk, medication adherence, healthy lifestyle and risk factor control can reduce stroke recurrence risk.


Assuntos
Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Estilo de Vida Saudável , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Prevenção Secundária , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Dieta Saudável , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Recidiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia
11.
BMJ Open ; 9(11): e027880, 2019 11 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31712329

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Kerala. DESIGN: A community-based, cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS: In 2016-2017 a multistage, cluster sample of 12 012 (aged 18-69 years) participants from all 14 districts of Kerala were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: NCD risk factors as stipulated in the WHO's approach to NCD risk factors surveillance were studied. Parameters that were studied included physical activity score, anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) and morning urine sample to estimate dietary intake of salt. RESULTS: The mean age was 42.5 years (SD=14.8). Abdominal obesity was higher in women (72.6%; 95% CI 70.7 to 74.5) compared with men (39.1%; 95% CI 36.6 to 41.7), and also higher among urban (67.4%; 95% CI 65.0 to 69.7) compared with rural (58.6%; 95% CI 56.6 to 60.5) residents. Current use of tobacco and alcohol in men was 20.3% (95% CI 18.6 to 22.1) and 28.9% (95% CI 26.5 to 31.4), respectively. The estimated daily salt intake was 6.7 g/day. The overall prevalence of raised BP was 30.4% (95% CI 29.1 to 31.7) and raised FBG was 19.2% (95% CI 18.1 to 20.3). Raised BP was higher in men (34.6%; 95% CI 32.6 to 36.7) compared with women (28%; 95% CI 26.4 to 29.4), but was not different between urban (33.1%; 95% CI 31.3 to 34.9) and rural (29.8%; 95% CI 28.3 to 31.3) residents. Only 12.4% of individuals with hypertension and 15.3% of individuals with diabetes were found to have these conditions under control. Only 13.8% of urban and 18.4% of rural residents did not have any of the seven NCD risk factors studied. CONCLUSION: Majority of the participants had more than one NCD risk factor. There was no rural-urban difference in terms of raised BP or raised FBG prevalence in Kerala. The higher rates of NCD risk factors and lower rates of hypertension and diabetes control call for concerted primary and secondary prevention strategies to address the future burden of NCDs.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Obesidade Abdominal/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia , Pressão Sanguínea , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Sexuais , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto Jovem
12.
BMJ Open ; 6(10): e012404, 2016 10 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27855099

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is emerging in rural populations of India. Barriers to diagnosis and treatment of hypertension may differ regionally according to economic development. Our main objectives are to estimate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in 3 diverse regions of rural India; identify barriers to diagnosis and treatment in each setting and evaluate the feasibility of a community-based intervention to improve control of hypertension. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study includes 4 main activities: (1) assessment of risk factors, quality of life, socioeconomic position and barriers to changes in lifestyle behaviours in ∼14 500 participants; (2) focus group discussions with individuals with hypertension and indepth interviews with healthcare providers, to identify barriers to control of hypertension; (3) use of a medicines-availability survey to determine the availability, affordability and accessibility of medicines and (4) trial of an intervention provided by Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), comprising group-based education and support for individuals with hypertension to self-manage blood pressure. Wards/villages/hamlets of a larger Mandal are identified as the primary sampling unit (PSU). PSUs are then randomly selected for inclusion in the cross-sectional survey, with further randomisation to intervention or control. Changes in knowledge of hypertension and risk factors, and clinical and anthropometric measures, are assessed. Evaluation of the intervention by participants provides insight into perceptions of education and support of self-management delivered by the ASHAs. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Approval for the overall study was obtained from the Health Ministry's Screening Committee, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India), institutional review boards at each site and Monash University. In addition to publication in peer-reviewed articles, results will be shared with federal, state and local government health officers, local healthcare providers and communities. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CTRI/2016/02/006678; Pre-results.


Assuntos
Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Hipertensão/terapia , Serviços de Saúde Rural/organização & administração , Adulto , Análise por Conglomerados , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/organização & administração , Estudos Transversais , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Qualidade de Vida , População Rural , Autocuidado , Fatores Socioeconômicos
13.
Indian J Public Health ; 35(1): 5-11, 1991.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1791073

RESUMO

A household interview survey of 200 households in a semiurban community in Pune Cantonment carried out during 1979 revealed a prevalence rate (persons, 109/1000 of chronic illness. Prevalence rate (No. of illnesses) was 140/1000. Multiple illnesses were found among 23.5 percent of ill persons. The present survey has been found to bring out the nature and extent of the problem of chronic illness as perceived by the community and relationship of chronic illness to social factors. The information, can be useful for public health and further research.


Assuntos
Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Suburbana/estatística & dados numéricos
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