[Cone-beam computed tomography in paleoanthropology].

OBJECTIVE: To study the capabilities of cone-bean computed tomography (CBCT) in estimating the bone structure when analyzing anthropological findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four bone fragments (remains) of Napoléon Bonaparte Imperial Army soldiers who had died at a Königsberg military hospital during their retreat from Russia in the War of 1812 were examined by CBCT. A total of 28 tubular bones with different injury healing signs and a skull with maxillofacial trauma marks were investigated. Furthermore, an object from D.G. Rokhlin's paleopathological collection was used to analyze a complicated humeral infectious process. CBCT was performed by individually selecting the scanning foldings, physicotechnical conditions and regimens in relation to the anatomic location and size of fragments. RESULTS: Processing of the obtained images reveled fractures of different bones in 19 (65.5%) cases. The signs of ununited fractures were visualized in 20.7% of the samples. Image post-processing showed intraarticular consolidated fractures in 13.8% of the anthropological findings. The CBCT examination of bone fragments exhibited the signs of their fusion. A wound pattern was established in 31% of the samples. The specific features of a bone amputation stump could be characterized in detail in 17.2% of the anthropological findings. 51.7% of the cases were found to have signs of sustained bone inflammatory diseases of various genesis, which in 41.4% of them were presented by linear, bulbar, and assimilated periostal reactions and significantly detectable on CBCT scans. Sequestral cavities were imaged in 31% of the fragments. CONCLUSION: The CBCT images are characterized by high informative value (from 7.5 to 10.6 pixels/mm), optimal spatial resolution, definition, and hardness. The software of CBCT involves the parameters and possible postprocessing of images (building of panoramic and mulplanar reconstructions, assessment of the density characteristics of tissues), which allow an analysis of anthropological material, by needlessly destroying them.

[Magnetic resonance imaging differential diagnosis of psoriatic polyarthropathy with gouty polyarthropathy and rheumatoid polyarthritis].

The objective of the investigation was to improve radiodiagnosis of psoriatic polyarthropathy. One hundred and twenty patients aged 18 to 58 years with psoriatic and gouty polyarthritides and rheumatoid arthritis were examined. All the patients underwent X-ray study of affected joints and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). X-ray study generally revealed changes involving the bony structures of the joints. Articular syndrome and extraarticular manifestations of the inflammatory process were identified by MRI earlier than subchondrial erosions were detected by X-ray study in patients with psoriatic polyarthropathy. MRI also ascertained bone marrow edema syndrome in patients with gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Tophus formation was found in gout. Analysis of the findings indicated that MRI could enhance the informative value of clinical and radiographic examination of patients with psoriatic polyarthropathy.

[Radiodiagnosis in polyarthropathies].

OBJECTIVE: To improve radiodiagnosis of polyarthropathies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred patients aged 18 to 55 years with polyarthropathies were examined. All the patients underwent X-ray study of affected joints and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) was carried out in 86 patients. Contrast-enhanced MRI was performed in 44 (14.7%) patients. RESULTS. X-ray study and MSCT generally revealed changes involving the bony structures of the joints. MRI visualized changes in both soft tissue and bony structures. Articular syndrome and bone marrow edema syndrome were identified. Subchondral erosions, minor subchondral cysts, and extra-articular manifestations of the inflammatory process were revealed earlier than at X-ray study. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the findings indicated that MRI could enhance the informative value of clinical and radiographic examination of patients with polyarthropathies.

[Ultrasound diagnostics in Kuttner syndrome].

The paper describes high-resolution ultrasonic picture of salivary glands in Kuttner syndrome before and after treatment. Ultrasound evaluation proved to be a useful tool for diagnostic, treatment results assessment and choosing adequate treatment option in these patients.

[Digital X-ray technologies in the evaluation of bone structure].

The paper considers the comparative characteristics of microfocus X-ray study, standard X-ray study, and multislice computed tomography in the evaluation of the bone structure. Microfocus X-ray study was found to fuller characterize the trabecular bone structure, to reveal small foci of destruction and low-contrast bone sequesters that are invisible on a standard X-ray film, and to describe a periosteal reaction. Microfocus X-ray study with direct x5 or x7 magnification in combination with computed radiography should be a stage I procedure for the study of the bone structure of the hand, foot, leg, forearm, elbow and ankle joints and the use standard X-ray study is inadvisable.

[Cone-beam tomography of congenital fissures of the alveolar process and palate].

Cone-beam tomography is one of the current radiodiagnostic techniques, which allows patients with congenital fissures of the alveolar process and soft and hard palates to be examined, by minimizing the radiation load. On surgical treatment planning, cone-beam tomography makes it possible to estimate the extent of a bone defect in the alveolar process, its sizes, the presence or absence of oronasal fistulas, the position of the intermaxilla, the state of bone tissue (sizes, density characteristics) in the genial area for an autograft, the degree of a maxillofacial deformity, and occlusive features. Postoperative cone-beam tomography permits one to estimate the degree of alveolar process recovery, the sizes of a regenerate, the processes of osteointegration, and the state of fixing elements and the donor bed.

[Shear wave elastography: possibilities of the differential diagnosis of focal and diffuse changes in various organs and tissues].

Ultrasound study (USS) using a shear wave elastography procedure was made in different groups of patients with morphologically verified focal and diffuse abnormalities of both superficial organs and structures and viscera. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the stiffness of normal and pathologic organs and tissues were estimated; there was a significance importance of differences in benign and malignant lesions. The magnitude of fibrous changes in the hepatic parenchyma was first estimated by a USS technique; there was evidence that there were significant differences in indicators in health and various liver abnormalities.

[New digital method of small salivary glands sialometry].

The authors suggested new digital method of small salivary glands (SSG) sialometry. The proposed method foresee SSG functional activity determination by SSG smears making upon transparent celluloid film painted on one side by water soluble dye and further transfer (scanning) of the print into digital picture with the possibility of its further processing and storage upon digital carrier.

[Comparison of original and modified scoring systems for inflammatory changes in the vertebral column in patients with spondyloarthritis from magnetic resonance imaging data].

Magnetic resonance imaging of all sections of the vertebral column was carried out in 90 patients with spondyloarthritis to calculate inflammatory changes, by using various scoring systems. The modified scoring systems were found to significantly increase the detection rate of abnormalities in the lumbar spine as compared to the original Berlin score and that in the thoracic and lumbar sections as compared with the original Canadian score.

[Syndromic approach to MR diagnosis of gouty arthritis].

The objective of the study was to improve radiodiagnosis of gouty arthritis. Thirty-six gout patients aged 39 to 58 years were examined. All the patients underwent X-ray of affected joints and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). X-ray and MRI revealed tophus formation. The latter also showed articular syndrome and extraarticular manifestations of gout. Analysis of the findings indicated that MRI could enhance the informative value of clinicoradiographic examination of gout patients.

[Radiodiagnosis of pelvic injuries].

The paper deals with an algorithm for the radiodiagnosis of pelvic injuries. The examination of victims with pelvic injuries allows one to state that multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) can define the type of pelvic ring instability and the nature of fragment displacement, visualize all types of fractures of pelvic bones and cotyloid cavity walls, and reveal intrapelvic hematomas, as well as changes in adjacent soft tissues, sacroiliac joints, intrapelvic vessels and organs. MSCT angiography is a technique that can be successfully used at different stages of diagnosis and as the first imaging method or as a pre-examination one if the diagnosis is established and as a control study. The scope and quality of obtained information are generally sufficient to make a decision on treatment policy.

[Informative value of radiodiagnosis methods of pyelo-ureteral strictures in kidney anomaly].

A total of 98 patients aged 18-67 years (mean age 42.5 +/- 10.3 years) suspected to have a pelviureteral stricture (PUS) were examined using ultrasound investigation in B-mode (BUI), excretory urography (EU), angiography, slice and multislice computed tomography (SCT, MSCT). This combined examination allowed to make diagnosis of hydronephrosis in 83 (84.7%) patients including PUS diagnosis in 48 (57.8%) patients. Basing on CT findings PUS was operated in 41 (85.4%) patients. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of BUI in detection of the level of the upper urinary tract obstruction was 92.8, 75.0, 89.3%, EU--94.5, 77.8, 92.2, SCT--100, 97, 98.1%, respectively. MSCT detected the level of the obstruction in all the cases. PUS was identified by BUI in 26.5, 89.3, 65.6, EU--in 81.3, 73.7, 79.1, by SCT in 90.5, 96.8, 94.2, MSCT--96.3, 100, 97.8% cases. Thus, MSCT is most effective in radiodiagnosis of PUS and can be recommended as a method of choice in PUS.

[Use of mesenchymal stem cells for reparative processes activation in bone jaw tissue in experimental conditions].

In experiment on 12 Chinchilla rabbits dynamics of reparative regeneration was studied at the terms 2 and 4 months. Bone defect in mandible corner was closed by osteoplastic material Gapkol which was covered from inside by allogenic or autologic stem cells received from rabbit adipose tissue. The results of the ray tracing methods of study were verified by SEM and histological methods.

[Digital volume tomography in the diagnosis of the surgical anatomy of the frontal recess area].

Frontal recess anatomy can be very complex, with accessory cells, such as frontal bulla, agger nasi, suprabulla, and frontal ethmoidal (Kuhn) cells, which may lead to obstruction of the frontal sinus. Digital volume tomography of paranasal sinuses used in this investigation revealed the rate of types of development of various anatomic structures and their correlation with frontal sinusitis in patients with (a study) and without the latter (a control group).

[Radiodiagnosis of polytrauma].

The paper considers the organizational aspects of radiodiagnosis of polytrauma at the pre- and inpatient stages of care. Radiodiagnosis has been found to be inexpedient at inpatient stage of care. At the inpatient stage of care, there may be two ways to conduct diagnostic studies: 1) to concurrently use traditional X-ray and ultrasound studies and 2) to employ multislice spiral computed tomography as the method of the former stage in severe concomitant injury. Multislice spiral computed tomography has been established to be the method of choice in examining the patients with polytrauma, allowing for early identification of the whole spectrum of injuries in various anatomic regions.

[Capacities of dental volume tomography of congenital clefts of the alveolar process and hard palatea].

OBJECTIVE: to study the capacities of dental volume tomography in the examination of patients with congenital clefts of the alveolar process and hard palate. Subjects and methods. Thirty-five patients with congenital clefts of the alveolar process and hard palate were examined on a dental volume tomograph, an I-CAT cone X-ray beam scanner. RESULTS: On planning osteoreconstructive operations at the level of alveolar process and hard palate defects, dental volume tomography allowed the determination of the extent of a bone defect, sizes, the presence of oronasal fistulas, the position of the intermaxilla in bilateral clefts, the state of bone tissue (sizes, density characteristics) in the chin region for an autograft, and the degree of maxillofacial deformity. Dental volume tomography could determine the correctness of alveolar process restoration, the extent of the regenerated bone, the degree of osteoregeneration, the position of fixing elements, and the state of the donor bed in the early postoperative period and at 1, 3, and 6 months. CONCLUSION: Dental volume tomography could correctly schedule the scope of surgical intervention and localize a graft after surgery.