RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Blue-collar workers have a high risk of occupational contact dermatitis, but epidemiological studies are scarce. OBJECTIVES: To investigate allergic contact dermatitis in blue-collar workers with dermatitis registered by the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patch test data from 1471 blue-collar workers and 1471 matched controls tested between 2003 and 2012 was performed. A logistic regression was used to test for associations. RESULTS: The blue-collar workers often had occupational hand dermatitis (p < 0.001). Atopic dermatitis was less commonly observed among blue-collar workers (19.6%) than among controls (23.9%) (p = 0.005). Allergens with a statistically significant association with the occupational group of blue-collar workers were epoxy resins, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, potassium dichromate, and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/methylisothiazolinone (MI). The following occupations were additionally identified as risk factors for contact sensitization to MCI/MI and MI, epoxy resins, and potassium dichromate, respectively: painting, construction work, and tile setting/terrazzo work. CONCLUSION: Contact allergy is a major problem among blue-collar workers. The data indicate a healthy worker effect among blue-collar workers diagnosed with dermatitis, as blue-collar workers were diagnosed significantly less often with atopic dermatitis than were controls.
Assuntos
Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/epidemiologia , Dermatite Ocupacional/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes do Emplastro , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hand eczema is a common disease, and continuous preventive skin protection and skin care must be adopted to prevent a chronic course. Hand eczema is not a uniform disease, and counselling must therefore be individually tailored. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-led counselling programme, the Healthy Skin Clinic, emphasizing the patient's self-management, resources, and risks. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients (n = 306) referred for diagnostic work-up and treatment of hand eczema were randomized and allocated either to the programme or to usual care. The primary outcome was clinical disease severity at follow-up. Secondary outcomes were quality of life, burden of disease, skin protective behaviours, and self-reported medication adherence. RESULTS: Patients in the intervention group had greater reductions in clinical severity and reported more beneficial behavioural changes at follow-up than those in the usual-care group. This was especially true of patients who were treated solely with topical corticosteroids and who had a primarily exogenous aetiology of hand eczema. However, the effect was very dependent on baseline disease severity. No differences in quality of life or burden of disease were found between the two groups. CONCLUSION: A tailored nurse-led programme of skin protection counselling may be recommended as an essential part of hand eczema treatment.
Assuntos
Aconselhamento , Eczema/enfermagem , Dermatoses da Mão/enfermagem , Higiene da Pele/enfermagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Eczema/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Dermatoses da Mão/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes Desistentes do Tratamento , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Estudos Prospectivos , Qualidade de Vida , Autocuidado , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Occupational contact dermatitis among hairdressers is frequent, owing to daily exposure to irritants and allergens. OBJECTIVES: To identify sensitization to the most common allergens associated with the occupation of hairdressing. METHODS: Patch test results of 399 hairdressers and 1995 matched controls with contact dermatitis, registered by the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group between January 2002 and December 2011, were analysed. All patients were patch tested with the European baseline series, and hairdressers were additionally tested with the hairdressing series. RESULTS: Occupational contact dermatitis (p < 0.001) and hand eczema (p < 0.001) were observed significantly more often among hairdressers than among controls. Atopic dermatitis was less commonly observed among hairdressers (21.3%) than among controls (29.4%) (p < 0.01). Allergens from the European baseline series with a statistically significant association with the occupation of hairdressing were p-phenylenediamine, thiuram mix, and benzocaine. Frequent sensitizers from the hairdressing series were ammonium persulfate, toluene-2,5-diamine, 3-aminophenol, and 4-aminophenol. Cysteamine hydrochloride and chloroacetamide emerged as new sensitizers. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a healthy worker effect among hairdressers diagnosed with eczema. Ammonium persulfate and p-phenylenediamine remain frequent sensitizers in hairdressers with contact dermatitis. Cysteamine hydrochloride and chloroacetamide should be included in future surveillance studies.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Barbearia , Corantes/efeitos adversos , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Dermatite Ocupacional/etiologia , Tinturas para Cabelo/efeitos adversos , Acetamidas/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Aminofenóis/efeitos adversos , Sulfato de Amônio/efeitos adversos , Benzocaína/efeitos adversos , Cisteamina/efeitos adversos , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/epidemiologia , Dermatite Ocupacional/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes do Emplastro , Fenilenodiaminas/efeitos adversos , Tiram/efeitos adversos , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Leishmaniose Cutânea/patologia , Adolescente , Afeganistão/etnologia , Humanos , Masculino , RefugiadosAssuntos
Aldeídos/efeitos adversos , Cicloexenos/efeitos adversos , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/epidemiologia , Perfumes/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/diagnóstico , Dermatite Ocupacional/diagnóstico , Dermatite Ocupacional/epidemiologia , Eczema/induzido quimicamente , Eczema/diagnóstico , Dermatoses Faciais/induzido quimicamente , Dermatoses Faciais/diagnóstico , Dermatoses Faciais/epidemiologia , Feminino , Dermatoses da Mão/induzido quimicamente , Dermatoses da Mão/diagnóstico , Dermatoses da Mão/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes do Emplastro , Prevalência , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Painters are among the occupational groups that most commonly experience occupational contact dermatitis, but few investigations exist concerning this occupation. OBJECTIVES: To characterize painters with contact dermatitis and identify the most common allergens associated with the occupation. Materials and methods. All patch test results of 219 painters and 1095 matched controls registered by the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group between 2001 and 2010 were analysed. RESULTS: Hand eczema (p < 0.0001) and occupational contact dermatitis (p < 0.0001) were observed significantly more often in the painters than in the group of controls. Sensitizations to the following allergens from the European baseline series were associated with the occupation and were statistically significant: methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, epoxy resin, formaldehyde, and quaternium-15. Three different isothiazolinones emerged as the most frequent sensitizers of the allergens tested in addition to the baseline series. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that painters have an increased risk of developing occupational hand eczema. Isothiazolinones and epoxy resin proved to be the two most frequent sensitizers in painters.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Dermatite Ocupacional/etiologia , Pintura/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Dinamarca , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/diagnóstico , Dermatite Ocupacional/diagnóstico , Eczema/induzido quimicamente , Eczema/diagnóstico , Resinas Epóxi/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Formaldeído/efeitos adversos , Dermatoses da Mão/induzido quimicamente , Dermatoses da Mão/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Metenamina/efeitos adversos , Metenamina/análogos & derivados , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes do Emplastro , Tiazóis/efeitos adversos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Systemic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease that may occur in persons with contact allergy when they are exposed to the hapten orally, transcutaneously, per rectum, intravesically, intravenously, or by inhalation. The most common causes of systemic contact dermatitis are drugs used both topically and systemically. Other causes are ubiquitously occurring haptens, such as the metals nickel, cobalt, gold, and chromate, and aromatic substances such as spices. Avoidance of the offending hapten is the most obvious treatment. For some haptens, such as nickel, diet treatment may be effective. Chelation therapy with disulfiram is another therapeutic option in nickel-allergic patients with systemic contact dermatitis. Hyposensitization therapy has been attempted with some success in systemic contact dermatitis caused by nickel and Parthenium hysterophorus.
Assuntos
Dermatite de Contato/etiologia , Dermatite de Contato/patologia , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/etiologia , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/patologia , Alérgenos , Dermatite de Contato/dietoterapia , Dermatite de Contato/tratamento farmacológico , Dissulfiram/uso terapêutico , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Testes do Emplastro , Plantas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Classification of hand eczema has traditionally been based both on aetiology and clinical appearance. For 20% of cases, the aetiology is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To suggest a classification based on well-defined aetiology as well as on predefined clinical patterns and on the dynamics of hand eczema. METHODS: Literature studies and discussions among members of the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group. RESULTS: Criteria are given for the aetiological diagnoses of allergic contact dermatitis of the hands, irritant contact dermatitis of the hands, protein contact dermatitis of the hands, atopic hand eczema and aetiologically unclassifiable hand eczema. Six different clinical patterns are described and illustrated. Suggestions for general treatment principles are given. CONCLUSION: Operational guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hand eczema are described.
Assuntos
Eczema/diagnóstico , Eczema/terapia , Dermatoses da Mão/diagnóstico , Dermatoses da Mão/terapia , Dinamarca , Dermatite de Contato/diagnóstico , Dermatite de Contato/etiologia , Dermatite Ocupacional/diagnóstico , Dermatite Ocupacional/etiologia , Eczema/etiologia , Luvas Protetoras , Dermatoses da Mão/etiologia , Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Testes do Emplastro , Prognóstico , Esteroides/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fragrances frequently cause contact allergy, and cosmetic products are the main causes of fragrance contact allergy. As the various products have distinctive forms of application and composition of ingredients, some product groups are potentially more likely to play a part in allergic reactions than others. AIM: To determine which cosmetic product groups cause fragrance allergy among Danish eczema patients. METHOD: This was a retrospective study based on data collected by members of the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group. Participants (N = 17,716) were consecutively patch tested with fragrance markers from the European baseline series (2005-2009). RESULTS: Of the participants, 10.1% had fragrance allergy, of which 42.1% was caused by a cosmetic product: deodorants accounted for 25%, and scented lotions 24.4%. A sex difference was apparent, as deodorants were significantly more likely to be listed as the cause of fragrance allergy in men (odds ratio 2.2) than in women. Correlation was observed between deodorants listed as the cause of allergy and allergy detected with fragrance mix II (FM II) and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde. CONCLUSION: Deodorants were the leading causes of fragrance allergy, especially among men. Seemingly, deodorants have an 'unhealthy' composition of the fragrance chemicals present in FM II.
Assuntos
Desodorantes/efeitos adversos , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Perfumes/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Cosméticos/efeitos adversos , Dinamarca , Desodorantes/química , Eczema , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes do Emplastro , Perfumes/química , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fragrance mix II (FM II) is a relatively new screening marker for fragrance contact allergy. It was introduced in the patch test baseline series in Denmark in 2005 and contains six different fragrance chemicals commonly present in cosmetic products and which are known allergens. AIM: To investigate the diagnostic contribution of including FM II in the baseline series by comparing it with other screening markers of fragrance allergy: fragrance mix I (FM I), Myroxylon pereirae and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC). METHOD: Retrospective study of 12 302 patients consecutively patch tested with FM II by members of the Danish Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2008. RESULTS: FM II gave a positive patch test in 553 patients (4.5%), and in 72.2% of these patients the reaction was judged to be clinically relevant. FM II ranked second in detecting fragrance allergy, after FM I. If FM II had not been included as a screening marker in the baseline series, 15.6% (n = 202) of individuals with fragrance allergy would not have been identified by the other fragrance screening markers (FM I, M. pereirae or HICC). CONCLUSION: FM II contributes substantially to detecting fragrance allergy. It ranked second among the fragrance screening markers tested in the baseline series and detects individuals with an allergy who otherwise would not have been identified.
Assuntos
Alérgenos , Cosméticos/efeitos adversos , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/diagnóstico , Testes do Emplastro/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Aldeídos/efeitos adversos , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cicloexenos/efeitos adversos , Dinamarca , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Myroxylon/efeitos adversos , Testes do Emplastro/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The terminology of eruptive, symmetric, vesicular, and/or bullous dermatitis on the palms and/or palmar aspects or sides of the fingers includes the terms pompholyx, dyshidrosis, and dyshidrotic eczema. This article presents the case for a standard, broad definition of this condition and reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, etiology, and treatment of acute and recurrent vesicular hand dermatitis with special emphasis on endogenous causes.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/toxicidade , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/diagnóstico , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Dermatoses da Mão/diagnóstico , Dermatoses da Mão/etiologia , Doença Aguda , Dermatomicoses/complicações , Dermatomicoses/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Toxidermias/diagnóstico , Eczema Disidrótico/diagnóstico , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/complicações , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Dermatoses da Mão/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Metais/toxicidade , Penfigoide Bolhoso/diagnóstico , RecidivaAssuntos
Líquen Plano , Penfigoide Bolhoso , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Criança , Clobetasol/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Líquen Plano/diagnóstico , Líquen Plano/tratamento farmacológico , Líquen Plano/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Penfigoide Bolhoso/diagnóstico , Penfigoide Bolhoso/tratamento farmacológico , Penfigoide Bolhoso/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hand eczema is a common dermatosis. The course is often protracted. The prognosis is not well described. OBJECTIVE: To describe in detail a consecutive cohort of hand eczema patients with regard to aetiology and morphology as well as the dynamics of the hand eczema. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 522 consecutive patients (175 men and 347 women with hand eczema) seen in 1 year in a private practice of dermatology. 425 (81%) of the patients were patch tested in relation to the current study. Most of the remainder had been previously patch tested. RESULTS: 38% had mild dermatitis, 49% had dermatitis of moderate severity, and 11% had severe dermatitis. 23% had had dermatitis for more than 10 years. 33% had irritant contact dermatitis, 13% of the men and 20% of the women had allergic contact dermatitis, and 15% of the men and 16% of the women had atopic dermatitis. For 34% of the men and 29% of the women, the dermatitis was certainly or possibly occupational. There was no relationship to smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of this cohort of hand eczema patients had long-standing disease. Irritant contact dermatitis was the most common aetiological diagnosis.
Assuntos
Dermatite de Contato/etiologia , Eczema/etiologia , Dermatoses da Mão/etiologia , Adulto , Alérgenos/administração & dosagem , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Dermatite Atópica/diagnóstico , Dermatite Atópica/epidemiologia , Dermatite de Contato/diagnóstico , Dermatite de Contato/epidemiologia , Eczema/diagnóstico , Eczema/epidemiologia , Feminino , Dermatoses da Mão/diagnóstico , Dermatoses da Mão/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Testes do Emplastro , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hand eczema is a common dermatosis, often with a chronic course. OBJECTIVE: To follow a well-described cohort of patients with hand eczema for 5 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 522 consecutive hand eczema patients (175 men and 347 women) seen in a private practice of dermatology were sent a questionnaire once a year for 5 years. RESULTS: After 1 year, the response rate was 80% (417 of 522), and after 5 years, the rate was 68%. After 1 year, 81% of the 417 respondents reported that they still had persistent or intermittent hand eczema. After 5 years, this number was 65% (232 of 355). The larger the area involved at the initial examination, the poorer the prognosis. After 1 year, 48% of the patients felt that their hand eczema had improved, while 6.7% felt that it had worsened. 25% of those who responded stated that they never used gloves. Few patients could provide new information about the cause of the dermatitis during the 5-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Hand eczema is a chronic dermatosis. Although treatment may improve hand eczema, it rarely clears completely. Evidence-based measures need to be developed for the long-term management of hand eczema.
Assuntos
Eczema/epidemiologia , Dermatoses da Mão/epidemiologia , Adulto , Doença Crônica , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Dermatite Atópica/epidemiologia , Dermatite de Contato/epidemiologia , Dermatite de Contato/etiologia , Eczema/etiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Luvas Protetoras/estatística & dados numéricos , Dermatoses da Mão/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 4-week trial, 59 patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis were treated orally with 10 mg of the leukotriene antagonist montelukast. Forty-seven patients completed the study. No difference in efficacy was seen among patients who received montelukast and the group given a placebo.
Assuntos
Acetatos/uso terapêutico , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas de Leucotrienos/uso terapêutico , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Ciclopropanos , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , SulfetosRESUMO
The preservative methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) has caused an epidemic of contact allergy in Europe. However, most data concerning contact allergy comes from hospital departments of dermatology. As a part of the primary health care sector, Danish dermatologists in private practice provide the front line of care for patients with skin diseases. Data from this source may therefore better reflect trends in the general population than material from hospital departments of dermatology. In this study, the frequency of MDBGN allergy and the characteristics of patients seen by dermatologists in private practice were studied. In 1 year, 2146 patients were patch tested by the participating dermatologists from 4 clinics in various parts of Denmark. 5% (110) had positive patch tests to MDBGN, with no difference between the sexes. After adjustment was made for other background variables, multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed a significant association between hand eczema and MDBGN allergy (OR 2.5, P < 0.001). In 53 cases (52.4%), the patch test reaction to MDBGN was judged to be of current relevance. Creams and lotions accounted for 31% of the identified causative products and liquid soaps for 23%. It is concluded that contact allergy to MDBGN is frequent among patients seen by dermatologists in private practice. This is consistent with results from hospital departments of dermatology in Europe and indicates a general trend and ongoing epidemic in the general population. The significant relationship between hand eczema and MDBGN allergy is of concern, and the finding that wash-off products, especially liquid soaps, play a significant role in MDBGN allergy calls for a revision of the safety assessment of MDBGN in wash-off products.