Fatigue and the prediction of negative health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Fatigue is a common complaint among older adults. Evidence grows that fatigue is linked to several negative health outcomes. A general overview of fatigue and its relationship with negative health outcomes still lacks in the existing literature. This brings complications for healthcare professionals and researchers to identify fatigue-related health risks. Therefore, this study gives an overview of the prospective predictive value of the main negative health outcomes for fatigue in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Knowledge and PsycINFO were systematically screened for prospective studies regarding the relationship between fatigue and negative health outcomes resulting in 4595 articles (last search 5th March 2020). Meta-analyses were conducted in RevMan using Odds ratios (ORs), Hazard ratios (HRs) and relative risk ratios (RR) that were extracted from the included studies. Subgroup-analyses were performed based on (1) gender (male/female), (2) length of follow-up and (3) fatigue level (low, medium and high). RESULTS: In total, thirty articles were included for this systematic review and meta-analysis encompassing 152 711 participants (age range 40-98 years), providing information on the relationship between fatigue and health outcomes. The results showed that fatigue is related to an increased risk for the occurrence of all studied health outcomes (range OR 1.299-3.094; HR/RR 1.038-1.471); for example, mortality OR 2.14 [1.74-2.63]; HR/RR 1.44 [1.28-1.62]), the development of disabilities in basic activities of daily living (OR 3.22 [2.05-5.38]), or the occurrence of physical decline (OR 1.42 [1.29-1.57]). CONCLUSION: Overall fatigue increases the risk for developing negative health outcomes. The analyses presented in this study show that fatigue related physical decline occurs earlier than hospitalization, diseases and mortality, suggesting the importance of early interventions.

The operationalization of fatigue in frailty scales: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To identify the different fatigue items in existing frailty scales. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Knowledge and PsycINFO were systematically screened for frailty scales. 133 articles were included, describing 158 frailty scales. Fatigue items were extracted and categorized in 4 fatigue constructs: "mood state related tiredness", "general feeling of tiredness", "activity based feeling of tiredness" and "resistance to physical tiredness". RESULTS: 120 fatigue items were identified, of which 100 belonged to the construct "general feeling of tiredness" and only 9 to the construct "resistance to physical tiredness". 49,4% of the frailty scales included at least 1 fatigue item, representing 15 ±â€¯9,3% of all items in these scales. Fatigue items have a significantly higher weight in single domain (dominantly physical frailty scales) versus multi domain frailty scales (21 ±â€¯3.2 versus 10.6 ±â€¯9.8%, p=<0,05). CONCLUSION: Fatigue is prominently represented in frailty scales, covering a great diversity in fatigue constructs and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms by which fatigue relates to frailty. Although fatigue items were more prevalent and had a higher weight in physical frailty scales, the operationalization of fatigue leaned more towards psychological constructs. This review can be used as a reference for choosing a suitable frailty scale depending on the type of fatigue of interest.

Evaluation of appendicular lean mass using bio impedance in persons aged 80+: A new equation based on the BUTTERFLY-study.

BACKGROUND: To date, the accuracy of bio-impedance (BIA) to assess body composition & sarcopenia in persons aged 80 and over remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the agreement between dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and BIA equations to determine lean mass, as well as their suitability to identify sarcopenia. DESIGN: 174 community dwelling well-functioning persons (83 women, 91 men) aged 80 and over were included. Appendicular lean mass (ALM) was predicted using BIA-based equations available in literature, and compared to DXA outcomes. Through cross-validation and stepwise multiple linear regression, a new ALM-formula was generated suitable for this population. RESULTS: Literature-based BIA equations systematically overestimated ALM. The new prediction formula that we propose for the 80+ is: ALM = 0,827+(0,19*Impedance Index)+(2,101*Sex)+(0,079*Weight); R2 = 0,888; SEE = 1,450 kg. Sarcopenia classification based on our new BIA equation for ALM showed better agreement with DXA (k ≥ 0,454) compared to literature-based BIA equations (k < 0,368). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high correlation between both methods, literature-based BIA equations consistently overestimate ALM compared to DXA in persons aged 80 and over. We proposed a new equation for ALM, reaching higher agreement with DXA and thus improving the accuracy of BIA for this specific age group.

Increasing use of cognitive measures in the operational definition of frailty-A systematic review.

Ageing is associated both with frailty and cognitive decline. The quest for a unifying approach has led to a new concept: cognitive frailty. This systematic review explores the contribution of cognitive assessment in frailty operationalization. PubMed, Web of Knowledge and PsycINFO were searched until December 2016 using the keywords aged; frail elderly; aged, 80 and over; frailty; diagnosis; risk assessment and classification, yielding 2863 hits. Seventy-nine articles were included, describing 94 frailty instruments. Two instruments were not sufficiently specified and excluded. 46% of the identified frailty instruments included cognition. Of these, 85% were published after 2010, with a significant difference for publication date (X2 = 8.45, p < .05), indicating increasing awareness of the contribution of cognitive deficits to functional decline. This review identified 7 methods of cognitive assessment: dementia as co-morbidity; objective cognitive-screening instruments; self-reported; specific signs and symptoms; delirium/clouding of consciousness; non-specific cognitive terms and mixed assessments. Although cognitive assessment has been increasingly integrated in recently published frailty instruments, this has been heterogeneously operationalized. Once the domains most strongly linked to functional decline will have been identified and operationalized, this will be the groundwork for the identification of reversible components, and for the development of preventive interventional strategies.