The prevalence of suicide attempt and suicidal ideation and its relationship with aggression and bullying in Chilean adolescents.

Background: Suicide constitutes one of the main mental health problems worldwide, requiring detection, and prevention efforts, especially in the adolescent population. Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation and their relationship with aggressiveness and bullying in Chilean adolescents. Materials and methods: The sample was composed of 728 adolescents schooled from Arica city: 56.6% were males and 43.4% were females. The students attended from de 1st to the 4th year of secondary. The average age of the sample was 15,6 years. The following instruments were used: Okasha's Suicidality Scale, Buss and Perry's Aggressiveness Survey, and the Social Acceptance (School Bullying) sub-test of the Kidscreen-52 Survey. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design was applied. The sampling was non-probabilistic for convenience. Results: 18.4% of the students reported that they had attempted suicide and 65.6% reported that they had suicidal ideation. The prevalence of suicide attempts was higher than in male adolescents (29,1% vs. 10,2%), and the same prevalence was for suicidal ideation (76,6% vs. 57,3%). Suicide attempts and suicidal ideation were positively and significantly correlated with aggressiveness (r = 0.32, r = 0.48) and bullying (r = 0.37, r = 0.50). Conclusion: The prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation is both higher in girls than boys. In this sense, girls constitute a risk group. In addition, this study provides evidence that supports the relationship between suicide attempts and suicidal ideation. The results highlight the role that educational institutions should have in terms of prevention and effective approaches.

Loneliness and Psychosocial Resources among Indigenous and Afro-Descendant Older People in Rural Areas of Chile.

(1) Background: loneliness is a problem that becomes increasingly acute in old age, with greater repercussions among socially disadvantaged groups such as indigenous and Afro-descendant older adults. The aim of this research is to analyze the psychosocial variables related to loneliness in old age. (2) Methods: a multi-ethnic sample was involved, with the participation of eight indigenous peoples and Afro-descendant tribal people (n = 1.348). Various gerontological scales previously validated among the Chilean population (De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale, Health Problems Questionnaire, and Family APGAR questionnaire) and a model are contrasted, establishing the relationship between psychosocial variables and loneliness. (3) Results: Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed the existence of indirect relationships between health problems, via family functioning and resilience, and loneliness. Resilience and family functioning were directly related to loneliness (WLSMV-χ2 (df = 345) = 875.106, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.992; TLI = 0.991; RMSEA = 0.034 [C.I. 90% = 0.031-0.037]). (4) Conclusions: loneliness has cross-culturally affected older Chilean people living in rural areas and it appears that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on well-being. This study proves that loneliness is related to several psychosocial variables that can be intervened.

Mejorando clima organizacional y de aula, satisfacción vital y laboral / Improved climate organizational and classroom, satisfaction work and satisfaccion well being

El siguiente trabajo es un intento de probar la efectividad de una intervención conjunta de psicología positiva con habilidades sociales en el contexto educativo. Para ello, se plantean cinco hipótesis referentes a las variables dependientes clima laboral, clima de aula, satisfacción vital y satisfacción laboral. Para probar lo anterior se utilizaron dos procedimientos cuasi experimentales. Los resultados muestran que la intervención basada en psicología positiva y habilidades sociales produce una significativa mejora en todas las variables concernientes a los profesores, a saber: satisfacción vital, satisfacción laboral y clima laboral. También produce un efecto positivo en el clima de aula de los alumnos, este efecto es más potente cuando se interviene en conjunto a los alumnos y a los profesores que cuando se trabaja sólo con los alumnos.

This paper is an attempt to test the effectiveness of a combined intervention of positive psychology with social skills in the educational context. To do this, there are five hypotheses concerning the dependent variables of work environment, classroom atmosphere, life satisfaction and job satisfaction. To test the above two procedures were used quasi-experimental. The results show that interventions based on positive psychology and social skills produces a significant improvement in all variables related to teachers, namely, life satisfaction, job satisfaction and labor climate. It also produces a positive effect on classroom atmosphere for students; this effect is strongest when it acts in conjunction with students and teachers when working only with students.

Impacto de un programa de psicología positiva en sintomatologia depresiva y satisfaccion vital en adultos mayores / Effects of a positive psychology program in depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in the elderly

La presente investigación estudia la efectividad de talleres basados en Psicología Positiva en adultos mayores, mediante el análisis de las variaciones pre-post del niveles de Satisfacción Vital y Sintomatología Depresiva. Se conformó tres grupos: el primero, un grupo cuasi experimental, basado en Psicología Positiva; el segundo, un grupo cuasi control activo, basado en actividades recreativas; y el tercero, un grupo cuasi control inactivo, sin intervención. Se utilizó la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de Yesavage y Escala de Satisfacción Vital de Diener. Los resultados indican que sólo el grupo con taller basado en Psicología Positiva disminuye significativamente su Sintomatología Depresiva y aumenta significativamente sus niveles de Satisfacción Vital, luego de la intervención. Estos resultados se discuten a la luz de las investigaciones actuales en Psicología Positiva...

This research examines the effectiveness of workshops based on positive psychology for the elderly by analyzing pre-post changes in levels of life satisfaction and depressive symptomatology. Three groups were formed: the first, a quasi-experimental group based on positive psychology; the second, a quasi-active control group based on recreational activities; and the third, a quasi-inactive control group without intervention. The instruments used were: Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale of Diener. Results indicated that only the group that attended positive psychology-based workshops significantly decreased depressive symptoms and significantly increased their levels of life satisfaction after the intervention. These results are discussed in the light of current researches in positive psychology...

Resultados de la psicoterapia positiva en pacientes con depresión / Positive psychotherapy results in patients with depression

En la presente investigación preliminar se analiza la efectividad de la Psicoterapia Positiva, a través de talleres grupales en una muestra de pacientes diagnosticados con depresión, del consultorio Remigio Sapunar de la ciudad de Arica, en contraste con la terapia habitual en un diseño cuasi experimental. Se utilizaron los instrumentos BDI (Beck, 1979) y CES-D (Radioff, 1977), para síntomas depresivos, y la Escala de Satisfacción Vital (Cuadra, 2002). Los resultados arrojan diferencias de medias significativas en las medidas pre y post del grupo de terapia positiva. Además, se observa una clara tendencia en las diferencias de medias a favor de la eficacia de la psicoterapia positiva sobre la terapia habitual.

In this preliminary research, the effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy was compared to a quasi-experimental behavioral therapy. Participants were patients diagnosed with depression at Remigio Sapunar Centre in Arica, Chile. Depressive symptoms and life satisfaction were assessed using BDI (Beck, 1979), CES-D (Radioff, 1977) and Life Satisfaction Scale (Cuadra, 2002). Findings shown significant means differences between pre and post measures in the positive therapy group. In addition, a clear pattern was observed in the methods, highlighting the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy over behavioral therapy.

Estrategias de afrontamiento en adolescentes / Coping strategies in adolescents

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y analizar las estrategias de afrontamiento que presentan los adolescentes escolarizados. La muestra total estuvo conformada por 323 adolecentes, estudiantes (184 hombres y 139 mujeres) de Octavo Básico a Cuarto Año Medio pertenecientes a diferentes tipos Establecimientos Educacionales de la ciudad de Arica (Chile): Privado (90), Particular Subvencionado (114) y Municipal (119). A todos ellos se les aplicó la escala ASC de Frydenberg y Lewis (1997). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tipos de Establecimiento Educacional, siendo el Establecimiento Particular Subvencionado el que evidenció mayor variedad de estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas. Se discuten las implicancias a la luz de los resultados hallados.

This study aimed to describe and analyze the coping strategies that adolescents have in school. The total sample consisted of 323 adolescents, students (184 men and 139 women) from Eighth to Fourth Year Basic Middle belonging to different Educational Institutions in the city of Arica (Chile): Private (90), Private Subsidized (114) and Municipal (119). All of them received the ASC scale Frydenberg and Lewis (1997). There were significant differences between the types of Educational Establishments, with the individual establishment funded which showed greater variety of coping strategies used. Implications are discussed in light of the results found.