Artificial intelligence and simulation in urology.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Artificial intelligence (AI) is in full development and its implementation in medicine has led to an improvement in clinical and surgical practice. One of its multiple applications is surgical training, with the creation of programs that allow avoiding complications and risks for the patient. The aim of this article is to analyze the advantages of AI applied to surgical training in urology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literary research is carried out to identify articles published in English regarding AI applied to medicine, especially in surgery and the acquisition of surgical skills. RESULTS: Surgical training has evolved over time thanks to AI. A model for surgical learning where skills are acquired in a progressive way while avoiding complications to the patient, has been created. The use of simulators allows a progressive learning, providing trainees with procedures that increase in number and complexity. On the other hand, AI is used in imaging tests for surgical or treatment planning. CONCLUSION: Currently, the use of AI in daily clinical practice has led to progress in medicine, specifically in surgical training.

Artificial intelligence and simulation in urology. / Inteligencia artificial y simulación en urología.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Artificial intelligence (AI) is in full development and its implementation in medicine has led to an improvement in clinical and surgical practice. One of its multiple applications is surgical training, with the creation of programs that allow avoiding complications and risks for the patient. The aim of this article is to analyze the advantages of AI applied to surgical training in urology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literary research is carried out to identify articles published in English regarding AI applied to medicine, especially in surgery and the acquisition of surgical skills. RESULTS: Surgical training has evolved over time thanks to AI. A model for surgical learning where skills are acquired in a progressive way while avoiding complications to the patient, has been created. The use of simulators allows a progressive learning, providing trainees with procedures that increase in number and complexity. On the other hand, AI is used in imaging tests for surgical or treatment planning. CONCLUSION: Currently, the use of AI in daily clinical practice has led to progress in medicine, specifically in surgical training.

Association of Kidney Stone Disease (KSD) with Primary Gastrointestinal Surgery: a Systematic Review over Last 2 Decades.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We aim to provide an up-to-date literature review to further characterise the association of kidney stone disease (KSD) with gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. As KSD is associated with significant morbidity, it is important to quantify and qualify this association to provide better care and management for the patient subgroup. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of the existing literature to evaluate the association of KSD following GI surgery. METHODS: A literature search was performed of the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, Key Urology, Uptodate and Cochrane Trials from January 2000 to June 2020. RECENT FINDINGS: A total of 106 articles were identified, and after screening for titles, abstracts and full articles, 12 full papers were included. This involved a total of 9299 patients who underwent primary GI surgery. Over a mean follow-up period of 5.4 years (range: 1-14.4 years), 819 (8.8%) developed KSD, varying from 1.2 to 83% across studies. The mean time to stone formation was approximately 3 years (range: 0.5-9 years). In the 4 studies that reported on the management of KSD (n = 427), 38.6% went on to have urological intervention. There is a high incidence of KSD following primary GI surgery, and after a mean follow-up of 3 years, around 9% of patients developed KSD. While the GI surgery was done for obesity, inflammatory bowel disease or cancer, the risk of KSD should be kept in mind during follow-up, and prompt urology involvement with metabolic assessment, medical and or surgical management offered as applicable.

Live videos shared on social media during urological conferences are increasing: Time to reflect on advantages and potential harms. An ESUT-YAU study. / El aumento de vídeos en directo publicados en redes sociales durante congresos de urología: es hora de reflexionar sobre sus ventajas y daños potenciales. Un estudio de ESUT-YAU.

INTRODUCTION: Social Media (SoMe) offers excellent opportunities for scientific knowledge dissemination and its use has been extended in urology. However, there is controversy about its use. Live videos shared trough SoMe platforms offer many advantages, but at the same time disadvantages and potential risks including confidentiality, copyright infringement, among others. We aimed to assess the activity of shared videos on SoMe during urological conferences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive study of videos shared on SoMe during European Association of Urology congress was carried out from January 2016 to June 2018. The online tools Symplur (Symplur.com), Twitter, Periscope and YouTube were searched to collect data. Number of videos, transmission time and views were analyzed. Videos were classified as live or pre-recorded and as scientific or non-scientific. SPSS V22.0 was used to process data. RESULTS: We identified 108 videos shared on SoMe, 292.42minutes of transmission, 67732 views. 79 of 108 (73%) were live streaming videos, 78 (72%) of which were considered scientific vs. 30 (28%) non-scientific. An increase was observed trough the years of study (2016-2018) in transmission time (p=.031) number of videos, views (p=.018) and live videos (p=.019) during the annual congress of the European Association of Urology. CONCLUSIONS: Shared videos on SoMe from urological conferences are increasing. These provide advantages for communication, scientific dissemination and expand the scope of conferences. However, there is potential risk of sharing information in real time; that could not be in line with the recommendations for appropriate use of social networks.

Precise characterization of urinary tract innervation using three-dimensional reconstruction: A contemporary review. / Caracterización precisa de la inervación del tracto urinario mediante reconstrucción tridimensional: una revisión contemporánea.

A precise understanding of the autonomic innervation of the urinary tract is crucial to successful management of urologic disease given the important role that neurophysiology plays in genitourinary pathology. Recent studies using a combination of contemporary histopathology and imaging technologies have furthered our understanding of the spatial nerve distribution in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The findings of these recent studies may have important clinical applications in expanding our knowledge of the etiology and treatment of disease processes affecting the urinary tract. In this narrative review, our goal is to provide an overview of the autonomic innervation of the urinary tract. Specifically, we aim to provide a three-dimensional gender-specific description of renal, ureteral and vesical innervation. We also highlight some possible opportunities for clinical and investigational application of this new knowledge.

Scientific social media, a new way to expand knowledge. What do urologists need to know? / Las redes sociales científicas, una nueva forma de ampliar el conocimiento. ¿Qué necesitan saber los urólogos?

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Nowadays, it is almost impossible not to link most of the sources of modern knowledge to information of 2.0 technologies. The aim of this review is to analyse the role of scientific social media (Sc-SoMe) and its potential applications in urology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was carried out using the PubMed database until July 2018. The research was performed with the following terms: "Social Media", "urology", "science", "research". RESULTS: Social media (SoMe) offers integrated services and easy tools for communication, collaboration and participation. Popular prototypical platforms of SoMe are Facebook, Twitter or Instagram. SoMe not only influence private life and personal communication, but these also affect business and science sectors. In this sense, the term Sc-SoMe describes the impact and usage of 2.0 technologies platforms on scientific work. There are different models of Sc-SoMe such as author identifiers which are unique identifiers that allow managing the professional identity of each researcher, distinguishing them from other researchers and unequivocally associating their work and author profiles. This helps us manage our own academic profile and control the information available about us and ensure that other researchers are finding correct and complete information about our research and career. Examples of Sc-SoMe are: ResearchGate, ORCID, Mendeley among others. CONCLUSIONS: Sc-SoMe should not only provide important information and services for literature and literature search. These could also be an important catalyst for promoting appropriate and helpful services in the context of a new concept of science, the science 2.0.

Cancer incidence in eighteen cities of the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: As in Brazil cancer registries are mostly based on large cities, there are no estimates per state or per region and information on the disease incidence in the vast in-land areas is very scarce. An incidence survey was conducted in 18 major cities of the state of São Paulo, excluding the capital, aiming to collect information about cancer incidence in the state of São Paulo. METHODS: Of the 18 cities in state of São Paulo included in the survey, all had available resources for cancer management. Data from the year of 1991 were collected by the personnel of the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Statistics), who were especially trained by the study coordinators at the Fundação Oncocentro de São Paulo (Cancer Center of São Paulo). The collected data were processed and analyzed at the Oncocentro. Data collection, processing, and analyses were performed according to the recommendations of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS: Although some discrepancies were observed in cancer incidence rates between the cities, results obtained for all 18 cities combined were remarkably close to those recently found for the city of São Paulo in the year 1993. One remarkable finding was the relatively high cancer incidence rates in both sexes in the city of Santos. CONCLUSIONS: The very similar all-sites cancer incidence rates found in the year 1991, when compared to those for the city of São Paulo in the year 1993, are suggestive that all regions have common cancer-related factors. Nevertheless, other explanations, such as the inclusion in the study of prevalent cases, as well as of non-residents, may have occurred in both studies, biasing the results. There is a need of further studies to confirm the high cancer incidence in Santos.