RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to re-evaluate the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test 8-hour cortisol cut-point for the diagnosis of hypercortisolism in dogs using a solid-phase, competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven client-owned dogs with naturally occurring hypercortisolism and 30 healthy control dogs were prospectively recruited. Performance of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test was assessed using sensitivity, specificity and a receiver operating characteristic curve compared to a clinical diagnosis of hypercortisolism including response to treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-four dogs were diagnosed with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism and three with adrenal-dependent hypercortisolism. In 30 healthy control dogs, 8-hour post-dexamethasone cortisol concentrations ranged from 5.5 to 39 nmol/L. A receiver operating characteristic curve curve constructed from the 8-hour post-dexamethasone cortisol concentrations of hypercortisolism and control dogs demonstrated that the most discriminatory cut-point was more than 39 nmol/L with sensitivity of 85.2% (95% confidence interval, 67.5% to 94.1%) and specificity of 100% (95% confidence interval, 88.7% to 100.0%) and an area under the curve of 0.963. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The optimal cut-point of more than 36 nmol/L proposed by this study is similar to the currently accepted 8-hour cortisol concentration cut-point for diagnosing hypercortisolism when using a solid-phase, competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Cushing , Doenças do Cão , Cães , Animais , Hidrocortisona , Dexametasona , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Síndrome de Cushing/veterinária , Curva ROC , Doenças do Cão/diagnósticoRESUMO
The goals of this retrospective study were to determine the patient characteristics of dogs with high-grade primary mediastinal lymphoma and to determine outcome and associated prognostic factors. A total of 42 dogs were identified, in which 36 received treatment and had follow-up information available. The most common clinical signs included lethargy, anorexia and polyuria/polydipsia. Hypercalcemia and pleural effusion were common findings at diagnosis. The phenotype was almost exclusively T-cell, most often in association with lymphoblastic cytomorphology as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) lymphoma classification scheme. The overall progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 133 and 183 days, respectively. Treatment with a CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) protocol was associated with an improved PFS (144 days) and OS (194 days) when compared with dogs that received other medical therapies (P = .005 and P = .002, respectively); the absence of pleural effusion at diagnosis was associated with an increased OS but not PFS. These results suggest that while the prognosis for dogs with mediastinal lymphoma is poor, survival may be improved with treatment using a CHOP-based protocol.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Linfoma/veterinária , Neoplasias do Mediastino/veterinária , Animais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Ciclofosfamida/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/mortalidade , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Doxorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Linfoma/diagnóstico , Linfoma/mortalidade , Linfoma/patologia , Masculino , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Mediastino/mortalidade , Neoplasias do Mediastino/patologia , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Vincristina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Primary and secondary nervous system involvement occurs in 4% and 5%-12%, respectively, of all canine non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The recent new classification of canine malignant lymphomas, based on the human World Health Organization classification, has been endorsed with international acceptance. This histological and immunocytochemical classification provides a unique opportunity to study the histologic anatomic distribution patterns in the central and peripheral nervous system of these defined lymphoma subtypes. In this study, we studied a cohort of 37 dogs with lymphoma, which at necropsy had either primary (n = 1, 2.7%) or secondary (n = 36; 97.3%) neural involvement. These T- (n = 16; 43.2%) or B-cell (n = 21; 56.8%) lymphomas were further classified into 12 lymphoma subtypes, with predominant subtypes including peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), respectively. This systematic study identified 6 different anatomically based histologically defined patterns of lymphoma infiltration in the nervous system of dogs. Different and distinct combinations of anatomical patterns correlated with specific lymphoma subtypes. Lymphoma infiltration within the meningeal, perivascular, and periventricular compartments were characteristic of DLBCL, whereas peripheral nerve involvement was a frequent feature of PTCL. Similarly cell counts above 64 cells/µL in cerebrospinal samples correlated best with marked meningeal and periventricular lymphoma infiltration histologically. Prospective studies are needed in order to confirm the hypothesis that these combinations of histological neuroanatomic patterns reflect targeting of receptors specific for the lymphoma subtypes at these various sites.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/patologia , Linfoma/veterinária , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso/veterinária , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Linfoma/patologia , Linfoma de Células B/patologia , Linfoma de Células B/veterinária , Linfoma de Células T/patologia , Linfoma de Células T/veterinária , Masculino , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso/patologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Flow cytometry (FC) is assuming increasing importance in diagnosis in veterinary oncology. The European Canine Lymphoma Network (ECLN) is an international cooperation of different institutions working on canine lymphoma diagnosis and therapy. The ECLN panel of experts on FC has defined the issue of reporting FC on canine lymphoma and leukemia as their first hot topic, since a standardized report that includes all the important information is still lacking in veterinary medicine. METHODS: The flow cytometry panel of the ECLN started a consensus initiative using the Delphi approach. Clinicians were considered the main target of FC reports. A panel of experts in FC was interrogated about the important information needed from a report. RESULTS: Using the feedback from clinicians and subsequent discussion, a list of information to be included in the report was made, with four different levels of recommendation. The final report should include both a quantitative part and a qualitative or descriptive part with interpretation of the salient results. Other items discussed included the necessity of reporting data regarding the quality of samples, use of absolute numbers of positive cells, cutoff values, the intensity of fluorescence, and possible aberrant patterns of antigen expression useful from a clinical point of view. CONCLUSION: The consensus initiative is a first step toward standardization of diagnostic approach to canine hematopoietic neoplasms among different institutions and countries. This harmonization will improve communication and patient care and also facilitate the multicenter studies necessary to further our knowledge of canine hematopoietic neoplasms. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Citometria de Fluxo , Neoplasias Hematológicas/veterinária , Imunofenotipagem , Linfoma/patologia , Animais , Consenso , Cães , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Neoplasias Hematológicas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem/métodos , Leucemia/diagnósticoRESUMO
The accurate distinction of reactive and neoplastic lymphoid proliferations can present challenges. Given the different prognoses and treatment strategies, a correct diagnosis is crucial. Molecular clonality assays assess rearranged lymphocyte antigen receptor gene diversity and can help differentiate reactive from neoplastic lymphoid proliferations. Molecular clonality assays are commonly used to assess atypical, mixed, or mature lymphoid proliferations; small tissue fragments that lack architecture; and fluid samples. In addition, clonality testing can be utilized to track neoplastic clones over time or across anatomic sites. Molecular clonality assays are not stand-alone tests but useful adjuncts that follow clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic assessment. Even though clonality testing provides valuable information in a variety of situations, the complexities and pitfalls of this method, as well as its dependency on the experience of the interpreter, are often understated. In addition, a lack of standardized terminology, laboratory practices, and interpretational guidelines hinders the reproducibility of clonality testing across laboratories in veterinary medicine. The objectives of this review are twofold. First, the review is intended to familiarize the diagnostic pathologist or interested clinician with the concepts, potential pitfalls, and limitations of clonality testing. Second, the review strives to provide a basis for future harmonization of clonality testing in veterinary medicine by providing diagnostic guidelines.
Assuntos
Leucemia/veterinária , Linfoma/veterinária , Medicina Veterinária , Animais , Células Clonais , Reações Falso-Negativas , Leucemia/diagnóstico , Leucemia/genética , Linfoma/diagnóstico , Linfoma/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis is a permanent and debilitating sequel to chronic or severe airway injury, however, diseases associated with this condition are poorly defined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate results of diagnostic tests used to document bronchiectasis and to characterize underlying or concurrent disease processes. ANIMALS: Eighty-six dogs that had bronchoscopy performed and a diagnosis of bronchiectasis. METHODS: Retrospective case series. Radiographs, computed tomography, and bronchoscopic findings were evaluated for features of bronchiectasis. Clinical diagnoses of pneumonia (aspiration, interstitial, foreign body, other), eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP), and inflammatory airway disease (IAD) were made based on results of history, physical examination, and diagnostic testing, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis and microbiology. RESULTS: Bronchiectasis was diagnosed in 14% of dogs (86/621) that had bronchoscopy performed. Dogs ranged in age from 0.5 to 14 years with duration of signs from 3 days to 10 years. Bronchiectasis was documented during bronchoscopy in 79/86 dogs (92%), thoracic radiology in 50/83 dogs (60%), and CT in 34/34 dogs (100%). Concurrent airway collapse was detected during bronchoscopy in 50/86 dogs (58%), and focal or multifocal mucus plugging of segmental or subsegmental bronchi was found in 41/86 dogs (48%). Final diagnoses included pneumonia (45/86 dogs, 52%), EBP (10/86 dogs, 12%) and IAD (31/86 dogs, 36%). Bacteria were isolated in 24/86 cases (28%), with Streptococcus spp, Pasteurella spp, enteric organisms, and Stenotrophomonas isolated most frequently. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Bronchiectasis can be anticipated in dogs with infectious or inflammatory respiratory disease. Advanced imaging and bronchoscopy are useful in making the diagnosis and identifying concurrent respiratory disease.
Assuntos
Bronquiectasia/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Animais , Bronquiectasia/complicações , Bronquiectasia/diagnóstico por imagem , Bronquiectasia/patologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Broncoscopia/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
CHOP-based (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vinca alkaloid, prednisolone) chemotherapy protocols are often recommended for treatment of feline lymphoma. While maintenance-free CHOP-based protocols have been published and readily used in dogs, there is limited literature regarding similar maintenance-free protocols in cats. The purpose of this study was to describe the outcome of cats with intermediate- to high-grade lymphoma that were prescribed a modified 25-week University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-25) chemotherapy protocol. A secondary objective was examination of potential prognostic factors. One hundred and nineteen cats from five institutions treated with a UW-25-based protocol were included. The Kaplan-Meier median progression-free interval (PFI) and survival time (MST) were 56 and 97 (range 2-2019) days, respectively. Cats assessed as having a complete response (CR) to therapy had significantly longer PFI and MST than those with partial or no response (PFI 205 versus 54 versus 21 days, respectively, P < 0.0001 and MST 318 versus 85 versus 27 days, respectively, P < 0.0001).
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma não Hodgkin/veterinária , Animais , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/farmacologia , Gatos , Ciclofosfamida/farmacologia , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Feminino , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Linfoma não Hodgkin/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Prontuários Médicos , Prednisona/farmacologia , Prognóstico , Faculdades de Medicina Veterinária , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados Unidos , Alcaloides de Vinca/farmacologia , Vincristina/farmacologiaRESUMO
An unusual lymphoproliferative disease was identified in multiple closely related British Shorthair (BSH) kittens, suggesting an inherited predisposition to disease. Affected kittens typically developed rapidly progressive and marked generalized lymphadenopathy, moderate splenomegaly, and regenerative and likely hemolytic anemia from 6 weeks of age. Microscopic findings were suggestive of multicentric T-cell lymphoma, but additional testing revealed a polyclonal population of CD3+/CD4-/CD8- "double negative" T cells (DNT cells). This is a novel disease presentation with similarities to the human disorder autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), a rare inherited disease causing lymphoproliferation and variable manifestations of autoimmunity. The human disease is most commonly due to the presence of Fas gene mutations causing defective lymphocyte apoptosis, and further investigations of both the mode of inheritance and genetic basis for disease in affected cats are currently in progress.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/genética , Linfoma de Células T/veterinária , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Gatos , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Linfadenopatia , Linfoma de Células T/genética , Linfoma de Células T/patologia , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/genética , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/patologia , Masculino , EsplenomegaliaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Animals with chronic cough can have normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology when small airway disease is absent. Cytology of a tracheobronchial brushing can detect inflammation in larger airways; however, evaluation of this technique has been limited in veterinary medicine. OBJECTIVE: To compare airway brush cytology to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in dogs and cats with chronic cough. ANIMALS: Forty dogs and five cats undergoing bronchoscopic investigation of chronic cough. METHODS: Prospective study. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed followed by tracheobronchial brushing of central airways. Results of cytologic assessment of BAL fluid and brush cytology were compared for the presence or absence of inflammation and concordance of inflammatory cell type. RESULTS: Brush cytology detected central airway inflammation in 34 of 40 (85%) dogs with inflammatory BAL fluid. However, the type of inflammation reported differed in 23 of 34 dogs. In five cats with inflammation in BAL fluid, brush cytology detected inflammation in four; the type of inflammation was discordant in all cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Brush cytology has good agreement with BAL regarding the presence of inflammation, although the type of inflammation detected with the different sampling techniques commonly varies. Brush cytology can provide supplementary information to BAL, and additional studies will provide further information on the role of tracheobronchial brush cytology in the diagnosis and management of respiratory conditions.
Assuntos
Brônquios/citologia , Lavagem Broncoalveolar/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Tosse/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Traqueia/citologia , Animais , Brônquios/patologia , Gatos , Tosse/diagnóstico , Tosse/patologia , Cães , Traqueia/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is a form of indolent B-cell lymphoma that is not well characterized in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe clinical characteristics and outcome in dogs with splenic MZL confirmed by histopathology, immunophenotyping, and molecular clonality assessment. We hypothesized that affected dogs would have prolonged survival time with splenectomy alone. ANIMALS: Thirty-four dogs were included. Twenty-nine dogs were diagnosed after splenectomy, and 5 dogs were diagnosed at necropsy. METHODS: Pathology records were searched for dogs with histologically confirmed splenic MZL. Clinical and outcome data were retrospectively collected by medical record review, and prognostic factors were evaluated. Histopathology was reviewed by a board-certified pathologist, and tissue sections were subjected to immunophenotyping and molecular clonality assessment by PCR. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry confirmed a B-cell phenotype for all dogs. Molecular clonality assessment was performed in 33 of 34 dogs, of which 24 had clonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin (Ig) loci, 3 had pseudoclonal rearrangement, and 6 had polyclonal rearrangement. The overall median survival time (MST) for the 29 dogs that underwent splenectomy was 383 days. The MST for 14 of 29 asymptomatic dogs that underwent splenectomy for MZL was 1,153 days as compared to 309 days for 15/29 dogs with clinical signs referable to splenic MZL (P = .018). Lymph node involvement, hemoabdomen, anemia, chemotherapy, and concurrent malignancy did not affect survival outcome. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Dogs diagnosed with splenic MZL can have prolonged survival with splenectomy alone, without the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Asymptomatic dogs may have a better survival outcome.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/patologia , Linfoma de Células B/veterinária , Neoplasias Esplênicas/veterinária , Animais , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/terapia , Cães , Feminino , Linfoma de Células B/patologia , Linfoma de Células B/terapia , Masculino , Neoplasias Esplênicas/patologia , Neoplasias Esplênicas/terapia , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Documentation of lower respiratory tract infection has relied on microbiologic and cytologic findings in airway fluid, but there is no gold standard for making a definitive diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To report cytologic and microbiologic findings in dogs diagnosed with lower respiratory tract infection through evaluation by bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage. ANIMALS: A total of 105 dogs with spontaneous respiratory disease. METHODS: Retrospective case review of all dogs identified through the electronic medical record database that had bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage performed between 2001 and 2011. Results of bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and microbiology were evaluated in 510 dogs, and 105 cases with septic, suppurative inflammation or bacterial growth from cultures were examined further. RESULTS: Bacteria were isolated from 89/105 aerobic cultures, 18/104 anaerobic cultures, and 30/99 Mycoplasma spp. cultures. The most common isolate was Mycoplasma spp. followed by Pasteurella sp., Bordetella sp, Enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobes. A single bacterial species was cultured from 44/99 dogs (44%) and multiple bacterial species were isolated from 55/99 dogs (56%). Suppurative inflammation with intracellular bacteria was identified cytologically in 78 of 105 dogs (74%). In 27 dogs that lacked cytologic evidence of sepsis, mixed (n = 18) and neutrophilic (n = 9) inflammation was reported, and Mycoplasma spp. (13/27) or Bordetella spp. (7/27) were most commonly isolated. Most aerobic bacteria were susceptible to routinely used antimicrobial drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Confirmation of lower respiratory tract infection in dogs is challenging and organisms can be isolated from dogs in which bacteria are not detected on cytologic examination.
Assuntos
Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Infecções Respiratórias/veterinária , Animais , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
The clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathological findings of 9 dogs with T-cell lymphoma that involved the liver in the absence of peripheral lymphadenopathy were assessed. Seven dogs had hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HS-TCL). Dogs with HS-TCL presented with hepato- and/or splenomegaly, regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and hypoproteinemia. The clinical course was rapidly progressive with all dogs but 1 dead within 24 days of initial presentation. Neoplastic lymphocytes were centered on hepatic and splenic sinusoids and had a CD3+ (5/7), TCRαß- (5/5), TCRγδ+ (3/5), CD11d+ (6/7), granzyme B+ (5/7) immunophenotype. Bone marrow and lungs were consistently but variably involved. These findings closely resemble the human disease and support the classification of HS-TCL as a distinct World Health Organization entity in dogs. The remaining 2 dogs markedly differed in the pattern of hepatic involvement by neoplastic lymphocytes, which were not confined to hepatic sinusoids but invaded hepatic cords. In addition, neoplastic cells had a CD11d- immunophenotype, and clinicopathologic data indicated marked cholestasis and mild to absent anemia. Based on the distinct tropism of neoplastic lymphocytes for hepatocytes, the name hepatocytotropic T-cell lymphoma (HC-TCL) is proposed. Given the histomorphologic, clinicopathologic, and immunophenotypic differences, HC-TCL likely represents a separate biological entity rather than a histomorphologic variant of HS-TCL.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/classificação , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Hepatócitos/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/veterinária , Linfoma de Células T/veterinária , Neoplasias Esplênicas/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Cães , Citometria de Fluxo/veterinária , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Imunofenotipagem/veterinária , Neoplasias Hepáticas/classificação , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Linfoma de Células T/classificação , Linfoma de Células T/patologia , Microscopia Eletrônica/veterinária , Neoplasias Esplênicas/classificação , Neoplasias Esplênicas/patologia , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
A 7-year-old male castrated Jack Russell Terrier was presented to the oncology service at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for evaluation of suspected lymphoma. The dog had several enlarged lymph nodes and moderate lymphocytosis. Aspirates of an enlarged inguinal lymph node contained a bimorphic population of large immature lymphocytes and smaller cells with plasmacytoid features. Both cell types often contained a single large cytoplasmic inclusion that varied from clear to pale pink to sky blue. Cytologic changes were interpreted as most consistent with lymphoid neoplasia. Based on the predominantly mature cell morphology and some morphologic heterogeneity, the peripheral lymphocytosis was interpreted as most likely reactive in nature. However, the immunophenotype of the cells (CD20+, CD21+, CD79a+, MUM-1+, and MHCII+) and clonality assays showed that tissue and blood lymphocytes were neoplastic B cells with clonal identity despite their different morphologic appearances. The cytoplasmic inclusions were positive with periodic acid-Schiff and were immunoreactive for IgM and IgG. By transmission electron microscopy, inclusions consisted of aberrant rough endoplasmic reticulum; a few small Russell bodies were also noted. A final diagnosis of high-grade B-cell lymphoma with plasmacytoid differentiation, atypical cytoplasmic inclusions, and secondary leukemia was made. Chemotherapy was initiated, but the dog was euthanized due to severe and uncontrolled seizures 9 months after the initial diagnosis. This case extends the morphologic repertoire of canine plasmacytoid neoplasms and emphasizes their continuum with multicentric lymphoma. This case also demonstrates the need for advanced diagnostic techniques in establishing blood involvement in lymphoma in some instances.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/patologia , Corpos de Inclusão/patologia , Leucemia/veterinária , Linfoma de Células B/veterinária , Animais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Evolução Fatal , Leucemia/complicações , Leucemia/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma de Células B/complicações , Linfoma de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma de Células B/patologia , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cytologic results from bronchoscopic BAL in cats with naturally occurring respiratory disease have not been reported, and the clinical utility of multisegment lavage has not been evaluated. HYPOTHESIS: BAL cytology from 2 separate lung segments in cats will have similar cell counts, cytologic interpretation, or both. ANIMALS: Eighty-seven cases in 85 cats (2 examined twice) with naturally occurring lower respiratory disease. METHODS: A combined prospective/retrospective evaluation of all cats with multisegment BAL was performed. BAL fluid was evaluated for total nucleated cell counts, differential cell counts, and cytologic characteristics at each lavage site. BAL fluid was categorized as eosinophilic, neutrophilic, lymphocytic, hypercellular, or mixed. Radiographs were assessed for diffuse or focal disease. RESULTS: Clinical diagnoses included inflammatory airway disease (n = 63), pneumonia (n = 15), neoplasia (n = 6), and undetermined (n = 3). Total nucleated cell counts varied between sites regardless of radiographic evidence of focal or diffuse radiographic disease. In 28/87 cases (32%), cell counts differed between lavage sites by 2.2-40 fold. BAL yielded similar cytologic interpretation of inflammation in 45/87 (52%) cases. In 8/14 cases that had BAL performed at the site of a focal radiographic infiltrate, as well as at a site of diffuse infiltrates, the same inflammatory interpretation was made at each site. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid often differ between lung segments in cats with lower respiratory disease, and caution is warranted when using a single BAL cytology to define the inflammatory response in cats with spontaneously occurring lower respiratory tract disease.
Assuntos
Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Pneumopatias/veterinária , Pulmão/patologia , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Gatos , Inflamação/veterinária , Pulmão/citologia , Pneumopatias/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of lower respiratory disease requires collection of airway samples to confirm the etiology of disease. Bronchoscopic evaluation is commonly performed in dogs but less information is available in cats. HYPOTHESIS: The presence and number of bronchoscopic abnormalities visualized during bronchoscopic evaluation of cats with lower respiratory disease will correlate with the type of disease and total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. ANIMALS: Forty-eight cats prospectively evaluated by a single bronchoscopist. METHODS: Bronchoscopy was performed during clinical evaluation of cats presenting with cough, respiratory distress, or both. Cats were evaluated for airway hyperemia, stenosis, or collapse, mucus accumulation, bronchiectasis, and epithelial irregularities. Cats were placed into groups of bronchitis/"asthma," pneumonia, or neoplasia based on BAL findings, histopathology, and response to appropriate medical therapy. Summation of bronchial abnormalities and total and differential cell counts were compared among groups. RESULTS: Endobronchial abnormalities were common in cats with feline bronchitis/asthma, pneumonia, and neoplasia and no differentiating features were found. Excessive mucus accumulation was common (83%), followed by stenosis of bronchial openings and nodular epithelial irregularities (56%), airway hyperemia (54%), airway collapse (48%), and bronchiectasis (27%). Total bronchoscopic score and total cell count did not differ among groups, although differential cell counts were significantly different. A weak correlation (R² = 0.16, P= .006) between age and total bronchoscopic score was noted. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bronchoscopic abnormalities are common in cats with lower respiratory tract disease, and visualization of the airways provides additional nonspecific clinical information in cats.
Assuntos
Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Broncoscopia/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças Respiratórias/veterinária , Animais , Brônquios/patologia , Lavagem Broncoalveolar/veterinária , Broncoscopia/métodos , Gatos , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Doenças Respiratórias/diagnósticoRESUMO
Myeloid neoplasms include cancers associated with both rapid (acute myeloid leukemias) and gradual (myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms) disease progression. Percentage of blast cells in marrow is used to separate acute (rapid) from chronic (gradual) and is the most consistently applied prognostic marker in veterinary medicine. However, since there is marked variation in tumor progression within groups, there is a need for more complex schemes to stratify animals into specific risk groups. In people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), pretreatment karyotyping and molecular genetic analysis have greater utility as prognostic markers than morphologic and immunologic phenotypes. Karyotyping is not available as a prognostic marker for AML in dogs and cats, but progress in molecular genetics has created optimism about the eventual ability of veterinarians to discern conditions potentially responsive to medical intervention. In people with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), detailed prognostic scoring systems have been devised that use various combinations of blast cell percentage, hematocrit, platelet counts, unilineal versus multilineal cytopenias and dysplasia, karyotype, gender, age, immunophenotype, transfusion dependence, and colony-forming assays. Predictors of outcome for animals with MDS have been limited to blast cell percentage, anemia versus multilineal cytopenias, and morphologic phenotype. Prognostic markers for myeloproliferative neoplasms (eg, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia) include clinical and hematological factors and in people also include cytogenetics and molecular genetics. Validation of prognostic markers for myeloid neoplasms in animals has been thwarted by the lack of a large case series that requires cooperation across institutions and veterinary specialties. Future progress requires overcoming these barriers.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/veterinária , Doenças Mieloproliferativas-Mielodisplásicas/veterinária , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/veterinária , Animais , Humanos , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/metabolismo , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/patologia , Doenças Mieloproliferativas-Mielodisplásicas/metabolismo , Doenças Mieloproliferativas-Mielodisplásicas/patologia , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/metabolismo , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/patologia , PrognósticoRESUMO
A study was carried out to test the accuracy and consistency of veterinary pathologists, not specialists in hematopathology, in applying the World Health Organization (WHO) system of classification of canine lymphomas. This study represents an initiative of the ACVP Oncology Committee, and the classification has been endorsed by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WASVA). Tissue biopsies from cases of canine lymphoma were received from veterinary oncologists, and a study by pathologists given only signalment was carried out on 300 cases. Twenty pathologists reviewed these 300 cases with each required to choose a diagnosis from a list of 43 B and T cell lymphomas. Three of the 20 were hematopathologists who determined the consensus diagnosis for each case. The 17 who formed the test group were experienced but not specialists in hematopathology, and most were diplomates of the American or European Colleges of Veterinary Pathology. The overall accuracy of the 17 pathologists on the 300 cases was 83%. When the analysis was limited to the 6 most common diagnoses, containing 80% of all cases, accuracy rose to 87%. In a test of reproducibility enabled by reintroducing 5% of cases entered under a different identity, the overall agreement between the first and second diagnosis ranged from 40 to 87%. The statistical review included 43,000 data points for each of the 20 pathologists.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/classificação , Linfoma/veterinária , Animais , Cães , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfoma/classificação , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Patologia Veterinária/normas , Médicos Veterinários/normas , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
There is an increasing need for more accurate prognostic and predictive markers in veterinary oncology because of an increasing number of treatment options, the increased financial costs associated with treatment, and the emotional stress experienced by owners in association with the disease and its treatment. Numerous studies have evaluated potential prognostic and predictive markers for veterinary neoplastic diseases, but there are no established guidelines or standards for the conduct and reporting of prognostic studies in veterinary medicine. This lack of standardization has made the evaluation and comparison of studies difficult. Most important, translating these results to clinical applications is problematic. To address this issue, the American College of Veterinary Pathologists' Oncology Committee organized an initiative to establish guidelines for the conduct and reporting of prognostic studies in veterinary oncology. The goal of this initiative is to increase the quality and standardization of veterinary prognostic studies to facilitate independent evaluation, validation, comparison, and implementation of study results. This article represents a consensus statement on the conduct and reporting of prognostic studies in veterinary oncology from veterinary pathologists and oncologists from around the world. These guidelines should be considered a recommendation based on the current state of knowledge in the field, and they will need to be continually reevaluated and revised as the field of veterinary oncology continues to progress. As mentioned, these guidelines were developed through an initiative of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists' Oncology Committee, and they have been reviewed and endorsed by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association.
Assuntos
Oncologia/normas , Neoplasias/veterinária , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Medicina Veterinária/normas , Animais , Progressão da Doença , Neoplasias/patologia , PrognósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Foreign body aspiration is a differential diagnosis for acute or chronic cough that requires medical or surgical management in animals. HYPOTHESIS: Success of bronchoscopy in airway foreign body removal is dependent on the size of the animal, duration of clinical signs, and location of the foreign body. ANIMALS: Thirty-two dogs and 5 cats with airway foreign bodies identified at the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. METHODS: Retrospective case study evaluating the role of duration of clinical signs and body size in successful bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies. In addition, radiographic localization of disease was compared with bronchoscopic identification. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) culture and cytologic findings are reported. RESULTS: Bronchoscopy was successful for removal of airway foreign bodies in 76% of animals (24/28 dogs and 2/5 cats), and in dogs was independent of duration of clinical signs or body size. One-third of thoracic radiographs lacked distinctive features of an airway foreign body, and therefore radiography was unable to predict the affected site. BAL fluid at the site of the foreign body contained more neutrophils and more often had intracellular bacteria than lavage fluid from a separate site. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Bronchoscopy was successful in removing airway foreign bodies regardless of animal size or long duration of clinical signs. Results of this study confirm the utility of bronchoscopy with lavage in management of suspected foreign bodies, even in the absence of localizing radiographic findings.
Assuntos
Broncoscopia/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/cirurgia , Doenças do Cão/cirurgia , Corpos Estranhos/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico por imagem , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Cães , Corpos Estranhos/terapia , Radiografia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Bone marrow (BM) pathology was assessed in 10 dogs with Ehrlichia canis-induced aplastic pancytopenia. BM core biopsy sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and with haematoxylin/van Gieson and Gordon and Sweets' reticulin stain for the detection of collagen and reticulin fibres, respectively. Iron stores were assessed by Perls' Prussian blue staining. There was no significant deposition of collagen or reticulin in any sample, but in seven dogs the BM was depleted of haemosiderin. These findings suggest that myelofibrosis does not play a significant role in the development of BM failure in canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and that iron deficiency may exacerbate the anaemia in the myelosuppressive phase of the disease.