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1.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 18(10): e0012562, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39405322

RESUMO

Chromoblastomycosis, an implantation mycosis, is a neglected tropical disease that causes decreased quality of life, stigma, and disability. The global burden of disease is unknown and data on disease epidemiology and outcomes are severely limited by a lack of access to needed diagnostic tools and therapeutics. The World Health Organization outlined targets for chromoblastomycosis in the Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021-2030, but little progress has been made in initiating and implementing an effective control program globally. This lack of guiding policy and progress led to the recent formation of a Global Chromoblastomycosis Working Group which has developed a global chromoblastomycosis strategy. We describe this strategy, which outlines specific steps needed to improve technical progress, strategy and service delivery, and enablers. Clinicians, researchers, public and government officials, patients, and policy makers can align their time, expertise, and resources to improve the lives of communities affected by chromoblastomycosis through this strategy.


Assuntos
Cromoblastomicose , Saúde Global , Doenças Negligenciadas , Cromoblastomicose/epidemiologia , Cromoblastomicose/microbiologia , Cromoblastomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Cromoblastomicose/diagnóstico , Humanos , Doenças Negligenciadas/epidemiologia , Doenças Negligenciadas/prevenção & controle , Organização Mundial da Saúde
2.
Med Mycol ; 62(9)2024 Sep 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39215497

RESUMO

The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) has a greater diversity of mycobiota. An observational, prospective, cross-sectional, analytical, and comparative study was conducted involving 80 patients with AD Group (ADG) and 50 individuals without AD (wADG) in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. Skin scale samples were collected from the frontal, cervical, fossae cubital, and popliteal regions and identified using molecular biology techniques. The results showed that 47.5% of ADG had identified yeasts compared to 0% of wADG (P < .001). The yeasts Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida parapsilosis were the most abundant. The probability of colonization increased with age, showing values of 40% at 60 months and 80% at 220 months (P = .09). The cervical region (12.5%) was colonized to the greatest extent. Our findings revealed that positive mycology was not more probable when the scoring of atopic dermatitis or eczema area and severity index value increased (P = .23 and .53, respectively). The results showed that the sex, age, and different population types directly affected the composition of the mycobiota in the population analyzed. A higher frequency of colonization and greater diversity of yeast species were detected in the cutaneous mycobiota of children with AD.


Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin disease that can be colonized by microorganisms. We evaluated patients with and without the disease and found a higher frequency of colonization by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida parapsilosis on the skin of children with AD.


Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica , Pele , Leveduras , Humanos , Dermatite Atópica/microbiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Transversais , Brasil , Leveduras/isolamento & purificação , Leveduras/classificação , Leveduras/genética , Adolescente , Lactente , Pele/microbiologia , Micobioma , Centros de Atenção Terciária
3.
Infection ; 52(5): 1799-1812, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38573472

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Rare yeasts species are increasingly reported as causative agents of invasive human infection. Proper identification and antifungal therapy are essential to manage these infections. Candida blankii is one of these emerging pathogens and is known for its reduced susceptibility to multiple antifungals. METHODS: To obtain more insight into the characteristics of this species, 26 isolates reported as C. blankii were investigated using genetic and phenotypical approaches. RESULTS: Among the 26 isolates, seven recovered either from blood, sputum, urine, or the oral cavity, displayed substantial genetic and some phenotypical differences compared to the other isolates, which were confirmed as C. blankii. We consider these seven strains to represent a novel species, Tardiomyces depauwii. Phylogenomics assigned C. blankii, C. digboiensis, and the novel species in a distinct branch within the order Dipodascales, for which the novel genus Tardiomyces is erected. The new combinations Tardiomyces blankii and Tardiomyces digboiensis are introduced. Differences with related, strictly environmental genera Sugiyamaella, Crinitomyces, and Diddensiella are enumerated. All three Tardiomyces species share the rare ability to grow up to 42 °C, display slower growth in nutrient-poor media, and show a reduced susceptibility to azoles and echinocandins. Characteristics of T. depauwii include high MIC values with voriconazole and a unique protein pattern. CONCLUSION: We propose the novel yeast species Tardiomyces depauwii and the transfer of C. blankii and C. digboiensis to the novel Tardiomyces genus.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Filogenia , Humanos , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana
4.
Rev Soc Bras Med Trop ; 57: e008002023, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38324809

RESUMO

Previously considered saprobe and non-pathogenic, the fungus Papiliotrema laurentii (formerly known as Cryptococcus laurentii), is rarely associated with human infection. Nevertheless, there has been an increase in reported infections by non-neoformans cryptococci. After a literature search on the Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE, PubMed, and PMC (PubMed Central) databases, we conclude that this is the first case report of fungemia and probable meningitis caused by Papiliotrema laurentii in a previously immunocompetent host with associated COVID-19.


Assuntos
Basidiomycota , COVID-19 , Criptococose , Cryptococcus , Fungemia , Humanos , Fungemia/complicações , Fungemia/diagnóstico , Fungemia/microbiologia , Criptococose/microbiologia , COVID-19/complicações , SARS-CoV-2
5.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop;57: e00800, 2024. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1535375

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Previously considered saprobe and non-pathogenic, the fungus Papiliotrema laurentii (formerly known as Cryptococcus laurentii), is rarely associated with human infection. Nevertheless, there has been an increase in reported infections by non-neoformans cryptococci. After a literature search on the Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE, PubMed, and PMC (PubMed Central) databases, we conclude that this is the first case report of fungemia and probable meningitis caused by Papiliotrema laurentii in a previously immunocompetent host with associated COVID-19.

6.
Med Mycol ; 61(10)2023 Oct 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37804177

RESUMO

Dermatophytosis is a superficial cutaneous infection, most commonly caused by fungal species such as Microsporum canis, Nannizzia gypsea (Microsporum gypseum), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in dogs and cats. The zoonotic potential of these species is concerning, as companion animals are increasingly close to their owners. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the current prevalence of Nannizzia-causing canine and feline dermatophytosis in Curitiba and Metropolitan Region, as well as perform phenotypic and phylogenetic characterizations of these isolates. Thus, 241 skin and fur samples from 163 dogs and 78 cats were analyzed from 2020 to 2021. The samples were obtained from animals of three sources: Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, animal shelters, and private clinics. The diagnosis was performed through phenotypic characterization and sequencing ITS rDNA region. Among 97 positive samples for dermatophytes, Nannizzia was identified in 14 (14.4%) samples, while other dermatophyte genera were found in the remaining 83 (85.6%) samples. Among the canine samples, nine (90%) were N. gypsea, and one (10%) was N. incurvata. Whereas in feline samples, three (75%) were N. gypsea, and one (25%) was N. incurvata. It was concluded that among 97 animals infected with dermatophytes, dogs (24.4%; 10/41) were significantly more affected by Nannizzia than cats (7.1%; 4/56) (P < .05). According to molecular analyses, the ITS rDNA region provided satisfactory results for species-level identification of Nannizzia, confirming the first report of N. incurvata as an etiological agent of canine and feline dermatophytosis in Brazil.


Nannizzia genus affected significantly more dogs (24.4%) than cats (7.1%) (P < .05). The ITS rDNA exhibited higher accuracy for identifying dermatophytes compared to phenotypic diagnosis, allowing the confirmation of the first reports of N. incurvata as an etiological agent of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats in Brazil.


Assuntos
Arthrodermataceae , Doenças do Gato , Dermatomicoses , Doenças do Cão , Tinha , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Microsporum , Tinha/microbiologia , Tinha/veterinária , DNA Ribossômico , Dermatomicoses/epidemiologia , Dermatomicoses/veterinária , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia
7.
J Fungi (Basel) ; 9(10)2023 Sep 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37888228

RESUMO

Sporothrix brasiliensis is an emerging fungal pathogen causing cat-transmitted sporotrichosis, an epi-zoonosis affecting humans, cats and dogs in Brazil and now spreading to neighboring South American countries. Here, we report the first two autochthonous cases of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis in Paraguay. The first case was a four-year-old male cat showing several ulcerative lesions, nasal deformity and respiratory symptoms. The second case was a one-year-old male cat showing a single ulcerated lesion, respiratory symptoms and nasal deformity. Both cases were admitted to a veterinary clinic in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay. Isolates were recovered from swabs of the two cases. Using molecular methods, the isolates were identified as S. brasiliensis.

8.
Fungal Biol ; 127(5): 1032-1042, 2023 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37142362

RESUMO

Cladophialophora exuberans is a filamentous fungus related to black yeasts in the order Chaetothyriales. These melanized fungi are known for their 'dual ecology', often occurring in toxic environments and also being frequently involved in human infection. Particularly Cladophialophora exuberans, C. immunda, C. psammophila, and Exophiala mesophila have been described with a pronounced ability to degrade aromatic compounds and xenobiotic volatiles, such as benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylene, and are candidates for bioremediation applications. The objective of the present study is the sequencing, assembly, and description of the whole genome of C. exuberans focusing on genes and pathways related to carbon and toxin management, assessing the tolerance and bioremediation of lead and copper, and verifying the presence of genes for metal homeostasis. Genomic evaluations were carried out through a comparison with sibling species including clinical and environmental strains. Tolerance of metals was evaluated via a microdilution method establishing minimum inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal concentrations (MFC), and agar diffusion assays. Heavy metal bioremediation was evaluated via graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). The final assembly of C. exuberans comprised 661 contigs, with genome size of 38.10 Mb, coverage of 89.9X and a GC content of 50.8%. In addition, inhibition of growth was shown at concentrations of 1250 ppm for copper and at 625 ppm for lead, using the MIC method. In the agar tests, the strain grew at 2500 ppm of copper and lead. In GFAAS tests, uptake capacities were observed of 89.2% and 95.7% for copper and lead, respectively, after 21 experimental days. This study enabled the annotation of genes involved in heavy metal homeostasis and also contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms used in tolerance of and adaptation to extreme conditions.


Assuntos
Ascomicetos , Metais Pesados , Humanos , Biodegradação Ambiental , Benzeno/metabolismo , Cobre/metabolismo , Ágar/metabolismo , Ascomicetos/genética , Ascomicetos/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos/metabolismo , Metais Pesados/metabolismo , Ecossistema
9.
Mycoses ; 66(7): 585-593, 2023 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36971239

RESUMO

Sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix and mostly involves cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues and the lymphatic vessels. Among more than 50 different species, only Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix globosa and Sporothrix brasiliensis are frequently reported to cause infections in humans. Sporothrix brasiliensis is remarkably virulent and has been spreading rapidly in Brazil and other Latin American countries. In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic relatedness and antifungal susceptibility of Sporothrix strains by analysing 89 isolates from humans and cats in Curitiba, Southern Brazil. Calmodulin sequencing identified 81 S. brasiliensis and seven S. schenckii isolates. Amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping analysis showed feline and human isolates clustering together. In vitro susceptibility testing with seven antifungals demonstrated a broad activity against all tested S. brasiliensis isolates, with no significant differences in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between feline and human isolates. Resistance was solely observed in one human isolate against itraconazole and posaconazole, with MICs of ≥16 µg/mL against both antifungals. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis on this isolate and two related susceptible isolates did not reveal any unique substitutions in resistance-associated genes, including cyp51, hmg and erg6, when compared to two related susceptible isolates. The novel antifungal olorofim exhibited excellent activity against this large isolate collection, with all isolates considered as susceptible. Altogether, we indicate zoonotic transmission based on genotyping and revealed a broad activity of seven common antifungals, including olorofim, against a large S. brasiliensis isolate collection.


Assuntos
Sporothrix , Esporotricose , Humanos , Animais , Gatos , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Genótipo , Brasil , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana
10.
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther ; 42: 103498, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36882144

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis (OM) is a common nail plate disorder caused by dermatophyte molds, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds, which use keratin in the nail plate as an energy source. OM is characterized by dyschromia, increased nail thickness, subungual hyperkeratosis, and onychodystrophy, and is typically treated with conventional antifungals despite frequent reports of toxicity, fungal resistance, and OM recurrence. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with hypericin (Hyp) as a photosensitizer (PS) stands out as a promising therapeutic modality. When excited by a specific wavelength of light and in the presence of oxygen, to lead to photochemical and photobiological reactions on the selected targets. METHODS: OM diagnosis was made in three suspected cases, and the causative agents were identified by classical and molecular methods, and confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Susceptibility of planktonic cells of the clinical isolates to conventional antifungals and PDT-Hyp was evaluated, and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) of Hyp permeation in nail fragments ex vivo was analyzed. Furthermore, the patients opted to undergo PDT-Hyp treatment and were subsequently followed up. The protocol was approved by the human ethics committee (CAAE, number 14107419.4.0000.0104). RESULTS: The etiological agents of OM in patients ID 01 and ID 02 belonged to the Fusarium solani species complex, being identified as Fusarium keratoplasticum (CMRP 5514) and Fusarium solani (CMRP 5515), respectively. For patient ID 03, the OM agent was identified as Trichophyton rubrum (CMRP 5516). PDT-Hyp demonstrated a fungicidal effect in vitro, with reductions of p3 log10 (p < 0.0051 and p < 0.0001), and the PAS analyses indicated that Hyp could completely permeate through both healthy and OM-affected nails. After four sessions of PDT-Hyp, mycological cure was observed in all three cases, and after seven months, clinical cure was confirmed. CONCLUSION: PDT-Hyp showed satisfactory results in terms of efficacy and safety, and thus can be considered a promising therapy for the clinical treatment of OM.


Assuntos
Doenças da Unha , Onicomicose , Fotoquimioterapia , Humanos , Onicomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Onicomicose/microbiologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Doenças da Unha/tratamento farmacológico
11.
Mycoses ; 66(6): 488-496, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36740746

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The skin is the first line of defence against communities of resident viruses, bacteria and fungi. The composition of the microbiome might change with factors related to the environment and host. The microbiome is dominated by bacteria. Dermatophytes and yeasts are the predominant fungi that are also involved in opportunistic infections of skin, hair and nails. Among environmental fungi, Chaetothyriales (black yeasts and relatives) are enriched by hydrocarbon pollution in domesticated habitats and comprise numerous species that cause mild-to-severe disease. METHODS: We investigated the presence of black fungi in the skin microbiome by conducting an analysis in the publicly available metagenomic SRA database (NCBI). We focused on the causative agents of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis and used barcodes and padlock probe sequences as diagnostic tools. RESULTS: A total of 132,159,577 MB was analysed and yielded 18,360 reads that matched with 24 species of black fungi. Exophiala was the most prevalent genus, and Cyphellophora europaea was the most abundant species. CONCLUSION: This study reveals the abundant presence of Chaetothyriales on the skin without necessarily being associated with infection. Most of the detected causal agents are known from mild skin diseases, while also species were revealed that had been reported from CARD9-deficient patients.


Assuntos
Exophiala , Microbiota , Humanos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Metagenômica , Pele/microbiologia , Exophiala/genética , Microbiota/genética , Fungos/genética
13.
Mycoses ; 65(12): 1146-1158, 2022 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35869803

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Chromoblastomycosis is a disease caused by melanized fungi, primarily belonging to the genera Fonsecaea and Cladophialophora, mainly affecting individuals who are occupationally exposed to soil and plant products. This research aimed to determine the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of chromoblastomycosis in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with chromoblastomycosis treated at the Júlio Müller University Hospital, Cuiabá, Brazil, from January 2015 to December 2020, whose isolates were preserved in the Research Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Mato Grosso. Isolates were identified by partly sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and ß-tubulin (BT2) loci. AFLP fingerprinting was used to explore the genetic diversity. Susceptibility to itraconazole, voriconazole, 5-fluorocytosine, terbinafine and amphotericin B was determined by the broth microdilution technique. RESULTS: Ten patients were included, nine were male (mean age = 64.1 years). Mean disease duration was 8.6 years. Lesions were mainly observed in the lower limbs. Predominant clinical forms were verrucous and scarring. Systemic arterial hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus were the predominant comorbidities. Leprosy was the main concomitant infectious disease. Fonsecaea pedrosoi was the unique aetiological agent identified with moderate genetic diversity (H = 0.3934-0.4527; PIC = 0.3160-0.3502). Antifungal agents with the highest activity were terbinafine, voriconazole and itraconazole. CONCLUSION: Chromoblastomycosis is affecting the poor population in rural and urban areas, mainly related to agricultural activities, with F. pedrosoi being the dominant aetiologic agent. All isolates had low MICs for itraconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine, confirming their importance as therapeutic alternatives for chromoblastomycosis.


Assuntos
Cromoblastomicose , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cromoblastomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Cromoblastomicose/epidemiologia , Cromoblastomicose/microbiologia , Itraconazol/farmacologia , Itraconazol/uso terapêutico , Terbinafina/uso terapêutico , Voriconazol/uso terapêutico , Epidemiologia Molecular , Brasil/epidemiologia , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico
14.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol ; 12: 879018, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35755848

RESUMO

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic cutaneous and subcutaneous mycosis caused by black, dimorphic, and filamentous fungi of the Herpothrichiellaceae family, such as species of the genus Fonsecaea. These fungi can switch between the saprophytic forms (conidia and hyphae) and the pathogenic form, the muriform cells (MCs), which is considered an essential mechanism for fungal virulence. Nearly all types of cells can produce membranous structures formed by a lipid bilayer that communicate extracellularly with other cells, known as "extracellular vesicles" (EVs), which may act as virulence factors, as observed for several species of pathogenic fungi. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that F. pedrosoi, F. nubica, and F. erecta produce EVs in response to nutritional conditions. The EVs varied in sterol and protein contents, size, and morphology. Moreover, the EVs induced different cytokine and nitric oxide release patterns by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The EVs activated IL-1ß production, possibly acting as the first signal in inflammasome activation. Unlike the pathogenic species, the EVs isolated from F. erecta did not significantly stimulate TNF and IL-10 production in general. Overall, these results demonstrated that different species of Fonsecaea produce EVs capable of modulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide production by BMDMs and that growth conditions affected the immunomodulatory capacities of the EVs as well as their size, content, and morphology.


Assuntos
Ascomicetos , Cromoblastomicose , Vesículas Extracelulares , Cromoblastomicose/microbiologia , Cromoblastomicose/patologia , Citocinas , Fonsecaea , Macrófagos , Óxido Nítrico , Virulência
15.
Mycopathologia ; 187(4): 363-374, 2022 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35764905

RESUMO

Chromoblastomycosis and leprosy are chronic diseases with high prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions. Brazil is one of the countries with the highest incidence and prevalence for both diseases, however, reports of co-infections are scarce. The aim of this study was to describe three cases of chromoblastomycosis-leprosy co-infection in patients from Mato Grosso state, Brazil. A review of chromoblastomycosis-leprosy co-infection was performed of English, Portuguese and Spanish publications in LILACS, SciELO, PubMed and Web of Science databases using the descriptors (chromoblastomycosis OR cromoblastomicose OR cromoblastomicosis) AND (leprosy OR hanseníase OR lepra), without time period delimitation. Nineteen cases were included, 16 cases were published in 11 articles, plus the three cases reported in the current study. Most reported coninfection cases came from Brazil. Majority of the patients were male with a mean age of 52.2 years. Farmer was the main occupational activity reported. In 12 patients, the clinical signs and symptoms of leprosy started first. No contacts with patients affected by leprosy, armadillos or history of injuries at the anatomical site of chromoblastomycosis lesions were reported. Five leprosy patients who received steroid treatment for leprosy reactions or neuropathies, were diagnosed with chromoblastomycosis during immunosuppressive therapy. Four cases (21.1%) were reported among the elderly patients. Co-infections in patients with chromoblastomycosis or leprosy are uncommon, but the possibility should always be considered, especially if the patient is undergoing immunosuppressive treatment or is elder.


Assuntos
Cromoblastomicose , Coinfecção , Hanseníase , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cromoblastomicose/diagnóstico , Cromoblastomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Cromoblastomicose/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/diagnóstico , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Hanseníase/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
16.
Curr Fungal Infect Rep ; 16(2): 33-46, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35284035

RESUMO

Purpose of Review: Pediatric sporotrichosis has not been sufficiently studied; this review aims to evaluate the risk and prognostic factors related to the development of sporotrichosis associated to this age group. Also, we want to evaluate the causes of the increased number of cases of sporotrichosis in the pediatric population such as environmental changes in endemic areas, the biodiversity, and virulence among the pathogenic clade causing sporotrichosis in different areas of the globe, and especially the progression of the zoonotic transmission of infections caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis infections, associated to zoonotic transmission in Brazil and other endemic sporotrichosis countries. Recent Findings: After evaluating a case series of 40 patients, we found that pediatric sporotrichosis in Mexico is mainly caused by Sporothrix schenckii which prevails in rural areas and is mainly sapronotically transmitted. In Brazil, the longest and largest pediatric sporotrichosis outbreak is caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis, etiologically related to sick cats, directly from lesions containing a high yeast cell burden. When affecting children S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis may cause distinct clinical manifestations especially in the onset of the disease and affected anatomical site. In Mexico, most of the patients are successfully treated with potassium iodide, whereas in Brazil, all patients respond to itraconazole. Summary: Sporothrix schenckii is the major etiologic agent in Mexico, being sapronotically transmitted, while in Brazil, Sporothrix brasiliensis is only transmitted by cats. In Mexico, the disease prevails in male patients (60%) from rural areas; in Brazil, the disease is more frequent in females (60%) from an urban region. Due to the zoonotic sporotrichosis outbreak in Brazil, the time of evolution seems to be shorter in Brazilian patients than in Mexican patients. Most Brazilian patients presented with facial lesions, including ocular involvement, while in Mexico, most of the children presented upper limbs involvement. In Mexico, treatment with potassium iodide in children was observed to induce faster remission than itraconazole, but controlled studies are lacking to evaluate this versus itraconazole, due to the low number of cases. A comparative study should be designed to evaluate the best and safest antifungal therapy for pediatric sporotrichosis. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12281-022-00429-x.

17.
IMA Fungus ; 13(1): 4, 2022 Mar 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35256015

RESUMO

Some members of Chaetothyriales, an order containing potential agents of opportunistic infections in humans, have a natural habitat in nests of tropical arboreal ants. In these black fungi, two types of ant symbiosis are known, i.e. occurrence in domatia inside living plants, or as components of carton constructions made of ant-chewed plant tissue. In order to explain differences between strains from these types of association, we sequenced and annotated genomes of two newly described carton species, Incumbomyces lentus and Incumbomyces delicatus, and compared these with genomes of four domatia species and related Chaetothyriales. General genomic characteristics, CYP genes, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), secondary metabolism, and sex-related genes were included in the study.

18.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; Braz. arch. biol. technol;65: e22210097, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1364469

RESUMO

Abstract: Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil and majorly contributes to the country's grain production. Previous studies on soil metagenomics from the Cerrado revealed an outstanding microbial diversity. In this study, the abundance of pathogenic fungi was analyzed using metagenomic sequences of the Cerrado soils under native vegetation, and under agriculture with no-tillage and conventional tillage. In total, 128,627 sequences of fungi were identified, with 43,439 representing pathogenic fungi and were distributed as follows: native 17,301 (40%), no-tillage 13,780 (32%), and conventional tillage 12,358 (28%). We identified 41 pathogenic fungal species associated with human and animal infections. The data analysis revealed that the native soils had a higher relative abundance of fungal sequences, similar to pathogenic species sequences, in relation to the total eukaryotic sequences, than the conventional tillage and no-tillage treatments, which observed a reduction in fungal abundance because of anthropogenic activities.

19.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 15(8): e0009611, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34383752

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Chromoblastomycosis (CBM), represents one of the primary implantation mycoses caused by melanized fungi widely found in nature. It is characterized as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) and mainly affects populations living in poverty with significant morbidity, including stigma and discrimination. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In order to estimate the global burden of CBM, we retrospectively reviewed the published literature from 1914 to 2020. Over the 106-year period, a total of 7,740 patients with CBM were identified on all continents except Antarctica. Most of the cases were reported from South America (2,619 cases), followed by Africa (1,875 cases), Central America and Mexico (1,628 cases), Asia (1,390 cases), Oceania (168 cases), Europe (35 cases), and USA and Canada (25 cases). We described 4,022 (81.7%) male and 896 (18.3%) female patients, with the median age of 52.5 years. The average time between the onset of the first lesion and CBM diagnosis was 9.2 years (range between 1 month to 50 years). The main sites involved were the lower limbs (56.7%), followed by the upper limbs (19.9%), head and neck (2.9%), and trunk (2.4%). Itching and pain were reported by 21.5% and 11%, respectively. Malignant transformation was described in 22 cases. A total of 3,817 fungal isolates were cultured, being 3,089 (80.9%) Fonsecaea spp., 552 (14.5%) Cladophialophora spp., and 56 Phialophora spp. (1.5%). CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: This review represents our current knowledge on the burden of CBM world-wide. The global incidence remains unclear and local epidemiological studies are required to improve these data, especially in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The recognition of CBM as NTD emphasizes the need for public health efforts to promote support for all local governments interested in developing specific policies and actions for preventing, diagnosing and assisting patients.


Assuntos
Cromoblastomicose/epidemiologia , Carga Global da Doença , Ascomicetos/isolamento & purificação , Fonsecaea/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Phialophora/isolamento & purificação
20.
Mycoses ; 64(11): 1328-1333, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34411353

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Exophiala is the main genus of black fungi comprising numerous opportunistic species. Data on antifungal susceptibility of Exophiala isolates are limited, while infections are potentially fatal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro activities of eight antifungal drugs (AMB, five azoles, two echinocandins) against 126 clinical (n = 76) and environmental (n = 47) isolates from around the world were investigated. E. oligosperma (n = 58), E. spinifera (n = 33), E. jeanselmei (n = 14) and E. xenobiotica (n = 21) were included in our dataset. RESULTS: The resulting MIC90 s of all strains were as follows, in increasing order: posaconazole 0.063 µg/ml, itraconazole 0.125 µg/ml, voriconazole and amphotericin B 1 µg/ml, isavuconazole 2 µg/ml, micafungin and caspofungin 4 µg/ml, and fluconazole 64 µg/ml. Posaconazole, itraconazole and micafungin were the drugs with the best overall activity against Exophiala species. Fluconazole could not be considered as a treatment choice. No significant difference could be found among antifungal drug activities between these four species, neither in clinical nor in environmental isolates. CONCLUSION: Antifungal susceptibility data for Exophiala spp. are crucial to improve the management of this occasionally fatal infection and the outcome of its treatment.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Microbiologia Ambiental , Exophiala/efeitos dos fármacos , Feoifomicose/microbiologia , Animais , Antifúngicos/classificação , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Exophiala/classificação , Exophiala/genética , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Feoifomicose/tratamento farmacológico
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