Malária na fronteira do Brasil com a Guiana Francesa: a influência dos determinantes sociais e ambientais da saúde na permanência da doença / Malaria in the borders between Brazil and French Guiana: social and environmental health determinants and their influence on the permanence of the disease

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a influência dos determinantes socioambientais da saúde na incidência de malária por Plasmodium vivax na fronteira franco-brasileira. O estudo foi realizado entre 2011 e 2015, no município de Oiapoque (AP), na Amazônia brasileira. Foram incluídos na amostra 253 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, de 10 a 60 anos de idade. Houve predominância de 63,64% (161/253) de casos de malária em adultos do sexo masculino. A faixa etária mais acometida foi de 20 a 29 anos, com 30% (76/253); 84,6% (214/253) dos pacientes não concluíram o ensino médio, e 29,6% (75/253) não concluíram o ensino primário. No aspecto ambiental, houve correlação negativa entre as precipitações pluviométricas e a incidência da malária por P. vivax (p=0,0026). Em termos de mobilidade, constatou-se considerável proporção de migrantes provenientes dos estados do Pará e do Maranhão (55,73%; 141/253). Por fim, os dados apontaram que 31,23% (79/253) dos casos de malária foram importados da Guiana Francesa. Em síntese, a transmissão da malária na fronteira franco-brasileira envolve fatores ecológico-ambientais, biológicos e sociais que se expressam na elevada vulnerabilidade social da população que vive e circula na zona fronteiriça, favorecendo a ocorrência de surtos e a permanência da enfermidade.

Abstract This study analyzes the influence of socio-environmental health determinants on the maintenance of Plasmodium vivax malaria at the borders between French Guiana and Brazil. This study was carried out between 2011 and 2015 in the city of Oiapoque, Amapá, situated in the Brazilian Amazon region. The sample included 253 individuals of both sexes aged between 10 and 60 years. The disease was predominant in 63.64% (161/253) adult males. The most affected age group was 20 to 29 years old, with 30% (76/253). About 84.6% did not complete high school, while 29.6% (75/253) of the cases had not finished the first degree. Concerning the environmental aspect, negative correlation was observed between rainfall and the incidence of P. vivax malaria (p=0.0026). In terms of mobility, there was a considerable influx of migrants from the states of Pará and Maranhão, with 55.73% (141/253). Lastly, the data indicated that 31.23% (79/253) of malaria cases were imported from French Guiana. In summary, the transmission of malaria in these particular borders involved ecological, environmental, biological and social factors, which are expressed in the high social vulnerability of the population living and circulating in the border zone, favoring the occurrence of outbreaks and the maintenance of the disease.

Salicytamide: a New Anti-inflammatory Designed Drug Candidate.

Salicytamide is a new drug developed through molecular modelling and rational drug design by the molecular association of paracetamol and salicylic acid. This study was conducted to assess the acute oral toxicity, antinociceptive, and antioedematogenic properties of salicytamide. Acute toxicity was based on the OECD 423 guidelines. Antinociceptive properties were investigated using the writhing, hot plate and formalin tests in Swiss mice. Antioedematogenic properties were evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model and croton oil-induced dermatitis in Wistar rats. Salicytamide did not promote behavioural changes or animal deaths during acute oral toxicity evaluation. Furthermore, salicytamide exhibited peripheral antinociceptive activity as evidenced by the reduction in writhing behaviour (ED50 = 4.95 mg/kg) and licking time in the formalin test's inflammatory phase. Also, salicytamide elicited central antinociceptive activity on both hot plate test and formalin test's neurogenic phase. Additionally, salicytamide was effective in reducing carrageenan or croton oil-induced oedema formation. Overall, we have shown that salicytamide, proposed here as a new NSAID candidate, did not induce oral acute toxicity and elicited both peripheral antinociceptive effects (about 10-25 times more potent than its precursors in the writhing test) and antioedematogenic properties. Salicytamide also presented central antinociceptive activity, which seems to be mediated through opioid-independent mechanisms. These findings reveal salicytamide as a promising antinociceptive/antioedematogenic drug candidate.

Antinociceptive, neurobehavioral and antioxidant effects of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl on rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl belongs to the Asteraceae family, popularly known as Japana. It is a perennial shrub native to Amazon rainforests of South America. Its leaves are used through infusions, decoctions, baths, and tea. It is largely used in Brazilian folk medicine as sedative, febrifuge, stimulant, tonic and anti-inflammatory. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study evaluated the putative effects of Eupatorium triplinerve on the central nervous system (CNS), including locomotor and anxiety activity, depression-like behavior, and antinociception and oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-month-old male Wistar rats (n=7-10 rats/group) and Swiss male and female mice of the species Mus musculus (n=7-10 per group) were administered with 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extracts of Eupatorium triplinerve (HEET). The behavioral assays included open-field (OF), elevated Plus-maze (EPM), and forced swimming tests (FS). The antinociceptive activity was verified using chemical (acetic acid and formalin) and thermal (hot plate) models of nociception. The oxidative stress levels were measured in rat blood samples after behavioral assays and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), nitric oxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in vivo. RESULTS: Oral pretreatment with HEET reduced the locomotion in OF test (200-800 mg/kg), increased central locomotion and open arms entries in the OF and EPM tests, respectively (600-800 mg/kg), and decreased the immobility time in the FS (200-800 mg/kg). It also reduced the writhing number evoked by acetic acid injection (200-800 mg/kg) and licking time in the first phase of the formalin test (400-800 mg/kg). In the oxidative stress assays, the extract decreased TEAC, Nitric Oxide and MDA levels in response to swimming stress induced in rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results were indicative for the first time that Eupatorium triplinerve exerted mild sedative, anxiolytic and antidepressive effects on the CNS. Antinociceptive effects not related to opioid system and antioxidant activity were also observed. These results support the ethnopharmacological use of Eupatorium triplinerve in popular medicine.

Potential behavioral and pro-oxidant effects of Petiveria alliacea L. extract in adult rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) is a perennial shrub indigenous to the Amazon Rainforest and tropical areas of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. In folk medicine, Petiveria alliacea has a broad range of therapeutic properties; however, it is also associated with toxic effects. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study evaluated the putative effects of Petiveria alliacea on the central nervous system, including locomotor activity, anxiety, depression-like behavior, and memory, and oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-month-old male and female Wistar rats (n=7-10 rats/group) were administered with 900 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extracts of Petiveria alliacea L. The behavioral assays included open-field, forced swimming, and elevated T-maze tests. The oxidative stress levels were measured in rat blood samples after behavioral assays and methemoglobin levels were measured in vitro. RESULTS: Consistent with previous reports, Petiveria alliacea increased locomotor activity. It also exerted previously unreported anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in behavioral tests. In the oxidative stress assays, the Petiveria alliacea extract decreased Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity levels and increased methemoglobin levels, which was related to the toxic effects. CONCLUSIONS: The Petiveria alliacea extract exerted motor stimulatory and anxiolytic effects in the OF test, antidepressant effects in the FS test, and elicited memory improvement in ETM. Furthermore, the Petiveria alliacea extract also exerted pro-oxidant effects in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting the antioxidant status and increasing MetHb levels in human plasma, respectively.

Autoeficácia e nível de ansiedade em atletas jovens do atletismo paranaense / Self-efficacy and level of anxiety in young track and athletes from Paraná

Este estudo analisou a autoeficácia em relação ao nível de ansiedade de atletas do atletismo no Estado do Paraná. A amostra constituiu-se de 75 atletas de idade média de 16,76 anos e de ambos os sexos. Como instrumento foram utilizados o Inventário de Ansiedade Estado Competitiva (CSAI-2), e um questionário estruturado para identificar a autoeficácia. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann--Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis. Os resultados indicaram que não houve diferença significativa nos níveis de ansiedade quanto ao gênero; para as mulheres, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre expectativa de resultado e níveis de ansiedade; os homens que obtiveramresultado superior ao esperado apresentaram maior nível de ansiedade. Concluiu-se que os atletas com altas expectativas de resultado apresentaram níveis maiores de ansiedade cognitiva e somática e de autoconfiança.

This study analyzed self-efficacy in relation to anxiety level in young track and athletes from Paraná state. The sample consisted of 75 athletes of both genders with a mean age of 16.76 years. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2) was used to assess competitive state anxiety and a structured questionnaire was used to identify self efficacy. The Kolmogorov--Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis. The results showed no significant difference in anxiety levels between genders. For women, no significant differences were observed between outcome expectancy and anxiety level. Men who achieved a better result than expected presented a higher anxiety level. In conclusion, athletes with high outcome expectations show higher levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence.

Exposiçäo humana ao metilmercúrio em comunidades ribeirinhas da Regiäo do Tapajós, Pará, Brasil / Methylmercury human exposure in riverine village of Tapajos basin, Pará State, Brazil

Avaliou-se a exposiçäo humana ao metilmercúrio e ao mercúrio total em comunidades ribeirinhas do rio Tapajós e da regiäo metropolitana de Belém, no Estado do Pará, Brasil, através da determinaçäo de mercúrio total e metilmercúrio em amostras de cabelo nos anos de 1994 e 1995. Observou-se que as concentraçöes médias de mercúrio total variaram de 2 ñ 1µg/g-û a 20,5 ñ 12,1µg/g-û, enquanto que as concentraçöes médias de metilmercúrio variam de 1,4 ñ 0,7µg/g-û a 18,5 ñ 11µg/g-û. Estes resultados confirmam a contaminaçäo mercurial na regiäo do rio Tapajós, admitem a possibilidade do aparecimento de sinais e sintomas de intoxicaçäo mercurial e recomendam a manutençäo da monitorizaçäo do mercúrio total e do metilmercúrio nas amostras de cabelo, bem como a necessidade de estudos clínicos-epidemiológicos para implantaçäo de medidas de prevençäo e controle da intoxicaçäo mercurial

Uso carbamato "chumbinho" por via vaginal na tentativa de abortamento: Relato de um caso clínico / Use of carbamato \"chumbinho\" for vaginal road in the abortion attempt: case report

O carbamato puro ou misturado com organofosforados vem sendo comercializado ilegalmente como raticida. Devido a facilidade de acesso a este produto, são comuns as intoxicações por tentativa de suicídio ou acidentalmente. A via mais comum de intoxicações é a oral. Este trabalho visa relatar um caso clínico de uma paciente de 19 anos que usou o carbamato, via vaginal, na tentativa de abortamento, fato este, até então, inédito na literatura. Não houve interrupçãp da gravidez enquanto a paciente encontrava-se internada, evoluindo para alta hospitalar

Control del dolor postoperatorio mediante el uso de corticosteroides al realizar tratamiento de conductos / Postoperative pain control by means of corticosteroid to do duct treatment

Evalua la acción de los corticosteroides en la reducción o eliminación del dolor luego de la instrumentación endodóntica y establecer por que vía local o sistemática es más conveniente administrar estos medicamentos