Mechano-bactericidal anisotropic particles for oral biofilm treatment.

Bacterial biofilms play a major etiological role in dental diseases worldwide. Currently, toothpastes with bactericidal chemicals and abrasive materials are used as preventive care methods. However, chemicals can cause adverse side effects, with the use of antibiotics, fluorides, and antiseptics drastically reducing quality of life. At the same time, the rational design of bulk toothpaste materials has remained unexplored. In this work, we demonstrated a mechano-bactericidal strategy as an antibiotic-free and tooth-safe approach for dental biofilm elimination based on shape-anisotropy CaCO3 (cubic-, stick-, and urchin-shaped). As proof-of-concept, we demonstrated superior efficiency during biofilm eradication from ex vivo teeth using urchin- and stick-shaped microparticles involving both Escherichia coli K12 (227 ± 32.6% and 215 ± 33%, respectively) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 209P (210 ± 54.7% and 202 ± 55.5%, respectively) compared to the spherical particles that are employed in conventional toothpastes. These findings will potentially give rise to the development of novel and safer toothpastes with antibiotic-free bactericidal activity for the prevention of dental diseases.

[A clinical case of radio-induced neurogenic sarcoma of the soft tissues of the neck]. / Osobennosti nablyudeniya i soprovoditel'noi terapii patsientov posle khimioluchevogo lecheniya raka gortani. Klinicheskii sluchai.

The article presents a clinical observation of the surgical treatment of a patient with radio-induced neurogenic sarcoma of the soft tissues of the neck that occurred 6 years after radiation therapy with SOD 66 Gy for stage II laryngeal cancer T2N0M0.

[Modern methods of early diagnosis of tumors of the larynx and pharynx]. / Sovremennye metody rannei diagnostiki opukholei gortani i glotki.

Worldwide, there is a constant increase in mortality from malignant neoplasms, which is largely due to late diagnosis. One of the reasons for late detection is the lack of conditions for conducting a detailed examination at the outpatient level, since the routine method of examining ENT organs today remains examination using mirrors, but in recent decades, endoscopic methods of examination have become widespread - indirect endoscopy, fibrolaryngoscopy, contact endoscopy, NBI-endoscopy, endoscopy using light filters of the SPIES system, as well as diagnostics using fluorescent technologies. Also, a promising and new direction is the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms at the preclinical stage and precancerous conditions, for which molecular diagnostic methods are used - SCCA and microRNA. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of various methods of endoscopic and molecular diagnostics of malignant neoplasms of the larynx and pharynx. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study was conducted In the Department of ENT Oncology of the National State Research Center of Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, which involved 46 patients with suspected malignant neoplasms of the larynx and pharynx. All patients underwent direct laryngoscopy under endotracheal anesthesia with simultaneous NBI-endoscopy, spies examination, contact endoscopy, and fluorescence testing, followed by biopsy and tissue sampling for microRNA concentration analysis, as well as blood sampling for SCCA concentration.

[Solitary ganglioneuroma of the oropharynx]. / Solitarnaia ganglionevroma rotoglotki.

Mucosal neuromas, or ganglioneuromas, attract attention as a frequent component of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome type 2B. The paper describes a clinical and morphological case of solitary oropharyngeal ganglioneuroma in a 60-year-old man, whose observation has not revealed its apparent association with the MEN syndrome.

[The histiocytoma of the oropharynx (clinical cases)]. / Fibroznaia gistiotsitoma zaglotochnogo prostranstva (klinicheskoe nabliudenie).

The paper presents a case of rare localization histiocytoma of the oropharynx. Some authors consider the existence of this category of tumors controversial, others prefer to consider them tumors of unclear Genesis. Benign fibrous histiocytoma is quite common in the form of a small node with fairly clear boundaries, most often localized on the skin of various parts of the body. We have not found any cases of fibrous histiocytoma localization in the head and neck in the available literature. Given the results of the patient survey (data endoscopy, ultrasound soft tissues of the neck and MRI neck) were diagnosed with benign tumors retrofaringealny space and, given its location, the decision about the feasibility of transoral removal of the tumor with subsequent histological examination of tissue.

Metal-organic frameworks as competitive materials for non-linear optics.

The last five years have witnessed a huge breakthrough in the creation and the study of the properties of a new class of compounds - metamaterials. The next stage of this technological revolution will be the development of active, controllable, and non-linear metamaterials, surpassing natural media as platforms for optical data processing and quantum information applications. However, scientists are constantly faced with the need to find new methods that can ensure the formation of quantum and non-linear metamaterials with higher resolution. One such method of producing metamaterials in the future, which will provide scalability and availability, is chemical synthesis. Meanwhile, the chemical synthesis of organized 3D structures with a period of a few nanometers and a size of up to a few millimeters is not an easy task and is yet to be resolved. The most promising avenue seems to be the use of highly porous structures based on metal-organic frameworks that have demonstrated their unique properties in the field of non-linear optics (NLO) over the past three years. Thus, the aim of this review is to examine current progress and the possibilities of using metal-organic frameworks in the field of non-linear optics as chemically obtained metamaterials of the future. The review begins by presenting the theoretical principles of physical phenomena represented by mathematical descriptions for clarity. Major attention is paid to the second harmonic generation (SHG) effect. In this section we compare inorganic single crystals, which are most commonly used to study the effect in question, to organic materials, which also possess the required properties. Based on these data, we present a rationale for the possibility of studying the non-linear optical properties of metal-organic structures as well as describing the use of synthetic approaches and the difficulties associated with them. The second part of the review explicitly acquaints the reader with a new class of materials which successfully combines the positive properties of organic and inorganic materials. Using recently synthesized metal-organic frameworks and coordination polymers in the field of non-linear optics as an example, we consider synthetic approaches used for obtaining materials with desired properties and the factors to be considered in this case. Finally, probable trends towards improving the quality of the synthesized materials with regards to their further use in the field of non-linear optical effects are described.

[The rare case of laryngeal lesion in idiopathic Kaposi's sarcoma].

The case report of laryngeal Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in 59 year old HIV-negative man infected by herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is in the paper. The primary onset of KS was on the legs. Lesion of laryngeal mucosa was developed sequentially, resulted in laryngeal stenosis and led to application of tracheostome. The skin and laryngeal mucosa lesions had homotypic histological structure and corresponded to early manifestation of KS preceded tumor node appearance.

[A new insight into the stage-by-stage combined treatment of T3-4N1-3M0 laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer].

We have undertaken analysis of postoperative wound healing in 84 patients operated for the treatment of laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer at the Department of Otorhinolaringology, Yaroslavl' State Medical Academy, in 2004-2007. In the group of patients who underwent surgery for laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer following distant gamma-therapy, 56.7% of the cases suffered complications of the wound healing process compared with 16.5% among patients with postoperative irradiation of the wound. Distant gamma-therapy at a cumulative focal dose of 40-46 Gy applied as the first stage of combined treatment in patients with laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer followed by laryngectomy and cervical lymphodissection was associated with the impaired ability of the wound tissue to develop <> inflammation. Oncological effectiveness of the treatment was characterized by low percentage of relapse-free cases during the 3-year follow-up period (56.1%). A change in the sequence of treatment procedures (application of gamma-therapy in the postoperative period) resulted in the lowered rate of wound healing complications (16.5%). These findings give reason to regard the two strategies as the methods of choice for the treatment of laryngeal and laryngopharyngeal cancer giving preference to the latter variant with the use of post-surgery gamma-therapy.

[Potential of artificial high-frequency jet lung ventilation during laryngeal resection with the use of endoprostheses].

The objective of the present work was to enhance safety of general anesthesia and concomitant artificial high-frequency jet lung ventilation (HF ALV) during laryngeal resection followed by endoprosthetics in 48 patients with laryngeal cancer. Thirty three patients underwent intraoperative transdermal transtracheal HF ALV (TT HF ALV) through a thin catheter inserted into tracheal puncture prior to surgery. In 15 patients, intraoperative trans-catheter HF ALV (TC HF ALV) was performed through an intubation tube the end of which was positioned above the operative site. The study made it possible to develop indications to the choice of anesthetic modalities with the use of TT HF ALV and TC HF ALV on an individual basis for laryngeal resection with subsequent endoprosthetics. In addition, a rational method was developed for the maintenance of respiratory function during one-step laryngeal resection and cervical lymphodissection without formation of tracheostoma.

[Antioxidant system activities and lipid peroxidation in nodal and non-nodal thyroid tissue of patients operated in connection with euthyroid nodular goiter].

The activities of the antioxidant systems (AOS) and lipid peroxidation (LP) were studied in the thyroid (operation material) of patients with euthyroid nodular goiter (in carcinoma, adenoma, colloid goiter tissues as well as in non-nodular adjacent thyroid tissue). Increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, by 101.0 and 125.9%), catalase (by 76.6 and 71.2%), glutathione peroxidase (by 109.6 and 249.2%), glutathione reductase (by 84.6 and 195.9%) and LP aldehyde products (by 148.5 and 120.4%) were found in the adenoma and carcinoma tissues. The increased antioxidant system activity (SOD by 1.62-fold) and LP level by 1.62-1.65--fold in the non-goiter adjacent tissue from these patients indicate toxicity of malignant and non-malignant tumors for the adjacent normal thyroid tissues. Marked activation of oxidative stress (increased SOD activity (by 38.8-40.7%) reduced glutathione (52.4-90.0%) and TBARS concentrations (37.6-52.7%) in the nodal and non-nodal thyroid tissue in patients with multinodular colloid goiter suggest participation of free radical mechanisms in the disturbance of thyrocytes iodine metabolism and development of thyroid nodular pathology.

[Effects of chronic administration of high doses of potassium iodide on iodine metabolism in the rat thyroid gland].

The effect of various doses of KI on iodine methabolism in rat thyroid gland was investigated. Treatment with 1, 3, 10, 100 and 500 physiological daily doses of KI for 14 days had no influence on blood level of thyroid hormones. However, increased administration of KI was accompanied by the increase of iodine in the thyroid gland tissue by 60-121% due to 35-108% and 94-128% increases of protein-bound and free fractions respectively. Chronic treatment with both low and high doses of KI was accompanied by oxidative stress. It is suggested that reactive oxygen species and highly iodinated proteins (particularly thyroglobulin) induced by chronic ingestion of high doses of KI can play the important role in the development of thyroid dysfunctions and autoimmune diseases.

[The effect of one-time external low- and high-dose gamma-irradiation on rat thyroid structure at the acute and remote periods].

A study of the morphological structure of the thyroid was made at the acute (1, 3, 6 hours) and remote periods (1, 4, 24, 48 weeks) following the external gamma-irradiation at doses of 0.25-5.0 Gy using histologic and electron microscopic methods. At the acute period, morphological changes prevailed, which reflect the functional alterations (changes of the nucleic and of the follicular diameters and of the colloid density). Frequently they hare a non-synchronous character. At more remote periods, destructive (colloidorrhage, desquamation, hemorrhage) and reparative changes reveal in thyroid, which and by the development of the sclerotic processes and of the morphological signs of decreased functional activity of the gland (increased follicular size and colloidal density, flatness of follicular epithelium and pronounced decreasing of the thyrocytes ultra structure number). The presence of such morphological changes after high and low-dose irradiation (<1.0 Gy) shows high sensitivity of the thyroid to single external radiation.

[Functional and morphological characterization of rat thyroid gland at remote periods following single high and low dose radiation exposure]. / Funktional'no-morfologicheskaia kharakteristika shchitovidnoi zhelezy krys v otdalennye sroki posle odnokratnogo vozdeistviia radiatsionnogo izlucheniia v bol'shikh i malykh dozakh.

A study of the morphological structure and functional activity of the rat thyroid gland was carried out after 22 months following a single exposure to external radiation. The 3-month-old animals were irradiated with doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 Gy. Blood was assayed for thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels, while liver tissue--for NADP-MDH activity and thyroid tissue--for thyroperoxidase activity. The thyroid was studied histologically, morphometrically and by electron microscope. The decreased T4 concentrations 2.59-fold in the 5.0 Gy group, the increased T3/T4 in the 2.0 and 0.25 Gy groups, the reduced diameter of cellular nuclei and follicles, the flat follicular epithelium and diminished number of thyrocyte ultrastructures indicate thyroid hypofunction in the irradiated animals. The morphological changes are characterized by enhanced diffuse and focal sclerotic changes in thyroid, most pronounced at high irradiation doses (1.0-5.0 Gy), whereas the hemosiderosis foci suggest that the structural changes are consequences of radiation-induced destructive injuries in the gland parenchyma. Two of the thyroids (0.5 Gy) demonstrate foci with pronounced lymphoid infiltration, while follicular carcinomas were detected in 4 thyroids (2.0 Gy), and in one thyroid (0.5 Gy) in one thyroid (5.0 Gy). The remote effects of radiation were dose-dependent destructive, sclerotic and atrophic processes, decreased functional activity, stimulation of development of autoimmune aggression and carcinogenesis in thyroid.

[Effect of long-term exposure to low dose gamma-irradiation on the rat thyroid status]. / Vliianie dlitel'nogo vozdeistviia gamma-izlucheniia v malykh dozakh na tireoidnyi status krys.

The effect of long-term exposure to low-dose external radiation on the rat thyroid status was studied. The experiments were carried out on Wistar female rats. The single doses absorbed were 0.1; 0.25; 0.5 Gy. The rats were irradiated 20 times (5 days x 4 weeks). The animals were decapitated after 1, 30 and 180 days following the last irradiation. Blood serum was assayed for content of thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) radioimmunologically. The liver was spectrophotometrically assayed for thyroid-induced NADP-malatedehydrogenase (NADP-MDH). It was shown that the long-term 0.5-Gy irradiation of the animals induced a decrease in blood T4 and T3 concentrations 1.34-1.71-fold and 1.24-1.43-fold after 1, 30 and 180 days, respectively. The T3 level was diminished most pronouncedly after 1 day, whereas that of T4--after 30 days following the exposure. With the doses of 0.1 and 0.25 Gy absorbed, the T4 and T3 concentration remained unchanged throughout all the periods studied. The activity of NADP-MDH was decreased 1.55-2.46-fold in all the experimental animals, and it was held decreased after 180 days (1.43-1.50-fold) in 0.25- and 0.5-Gy-irradiated groups, which indicates a disturbance in thyroid hormone metabolism in rats exposed chronically to low-dose radiation. After 180 days, the experimental animals experienced an elevation of thyroid gland weight on 15-20%. The thyroid status disturbance seemed to be due to both inhibited T4 and T3 biosynthesis in thyroid and disturbed hormone peripheral metabolism under radiation exposure.

[Combined use of anaprilin and thiamine in the treatment of ischemic heart disease]. / Primenenie anaprilina v sochetanii s tiaminom v lechenii ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa.

In 60 patients with stable functional class II exertional angina with hyperkinetic type of circulation, baseline hemodynamics was studied following a 2-week treatment. A negatively chrono- and inotrophic effect was observed with taking anaprilin in a dose of 160 mg per day and a dose of 80 mg per day combined with 2 ml of 5 per cent solution of thiamine-chloride in injections. No effect was elicited with an 80 mg/d anaprilin without thiamine. The use of anaprilin and thiamine combined in treatment of IHD patients permits to reduce doses of beta-adrenoblockers as large doses of it may result in heart failure.

[Effects of single-dose external gamma irradiation on rat thyroid status as observed during the year]. / Vliianie odnokratnogo vneshnego vozdeistviia gamma-izlucheniia na sostoianie tireoidnogo statusa u krys v techenie goda.

We studied the rat thyroid status depending on the dose of external radiation and the time passed after the exposure. The experiments were carried out on female albino Wistar rats. The doses absorbed amounted to 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 5.0 Gy. The animals were decapitated after 3, 6, 24 hours and 7, 30, 180 and 365 days following the radiation. The blood serum was assayed for the contents of thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) using a radioimmunological technique. The liver tissue was assayed spectrophotometrically for the activity of thyroid-induced NADP malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH). No changes were found in the blood thyroid hormone contents within short periods after the radiation effect. After 6 hours the T4 levels was 1.2-1.3-fold decreased in the blood of rats receiving the radiation doses of 1.0; 2.0; and 5.0 Gy. After a day the T4 concentration was diminished by 1.21-193-fold in all the experimental animals independently of the radiation dose and that of T3--in 2.0 Gy--and 5.0 Gy--irradiated group. After 7 days following the radiation the T4 and T3 contents remained to be decreased by 1.37-1.75 fold and those of NADP-MDH--by 1.3-1.8-fold in all the animal groups. In a month, the low dose-treated animals (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 Gy) showed the level of thyroid hormones reduced to the control values, whereas the 2.0 and 5.0 Gy--treated rats demonstrated this reduction only by 6 months. The decreased concentration of blood thyroid hormones was due not to the activation of their peripheral metabolism, but, probably, to inhibition of their biosynthesis in thyroid cells under conditions of radiation-induced activation of oxidative stress.