Contribution of plasma cells and B cells to hidradenitis suppurativa pathogenesis.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic abscess formation and development of multiple draining sinus tracts in the groin, axillae, and perineum. Using proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, we characterized the inflammatory responses in HS in depth, revealing immune responses centered on IFN-γ, IL-36, and TNF, with lesser contribution from IL-17A. We further identified B cells and plasma cells, with associated increases in immunoglobulin production and complement activation, as pivotal players in HS pathogenesis, with Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) pathway activation as a central signal transduction network in HS. These data provide preclinical evidence to accelerate the path toward clinical trials targeting BTK and SYK signaling in moderate-to-severe HS.

A novel nicastrin mutation in a three-generation Dutch family with hidradenitis suppurativa: a search for functional significance.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the γ-secretase enzyme subunits have been described in multiple kindreds with familial hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). OBJECTIVE: In this study, we report a novel nicastrin (NCSTN) mutation causing HS in a Dutch family. We sought to explore the immunobiological function of NCSTN mutations using data of the Immunological Genome Project. METHODS: Blood samples of three affected and two unaffected family members were collected. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood leucocytes. Sanger sequencing was done to confirm the causative NCSTN variant and the familial segregation. The microarray data set of the Immunological Genome Project was used for thorough dissection of the expression and function of wildtype NCSTN in the immune system. RESULTS: In a family consisting of 23 members, we found an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of HS and detected a novel splice site mutation (c.1912_1915delCAGT) in the NCSTN gene resulting in a frameshift and subsequent premature stop. All affected individuals had HS lesions on non-flexural and atypical locations. Wildtype NCSTN appears to be upregulated in myeloid cells like monocytes and macrophages, and in mesenchymal cells such as fibroblastic reticular cells and fibroblasts. In addition, within the 25 highest co-expressed genes with NCSTN we identified CAPNS1, ARNT and PPARD. CONCLUSION: This study reports the identification a novel NCSTN gene splice site mutation which causes familial HS. The associated immunobiological functions of NCSTN and its co-expressed genes ARNT and PPARD link genetics to the most common environmental and metabolic HS risk factors which are smoking and obesity.

The anti-inflammatory potency of biologics targeting tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-12/23 and CD20 in hidradenitis suppurativa: an ex vivo study.

BACKGROUND: Biologics targeting inflammatory mediators can achieve clinical improvements in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). However, their clinical efficacy shows great interpatient variability in daily practice. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the anti-inflammatory potency of a selection of currently available biologics and prednisolone for the treatment of HS in an ex vivo skin culture system using lesional HS biopsies. METHODS: Lesional skin samples from 10 patients with HS and skin samples from five healthy controls were cultured ex vivo and exposed to prednisolone or biologics targeting tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-12/23p40 or CD20 (adalimumab, infliximab, secukinumab, ustekinumab and rituximab, respectively). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and cytokine bead arrays were used to measure the inhibitory effect of the biologics on cytokines and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). RESULTS: The relative mRNA expression of all tested cytokines and AMPs was significantly downregulated by all anti-inflammatory agents (P < 0·001). The protein production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, interferon γ, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-17A was significantly inhibited by adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab, prednisolone (all P < 0·001) and rituximab (P = 0·0071), but not by secukinumab (P = 0·0663). On both mRNA and protein levels, adalimumab, infliximab and prednisolone reduced the levels of a broader mix of individual cytokines than secukinumab, ustekinumab and rituximab. Moreover, a significant inhibitory effect on mRNA expression levels of inflammatory markers in healthy control skin was observed only for TNF-α inhibitors (P < 0·001) and prednisolone (P = 0·0015). CONCLUSIONS: This ex vivo study suggests that TNF-α inhibitors and prednisolone are the most powerful inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines and AMPs in HS lesional skin, which concurs with our clinical experience in patients with HS.

Correlation of the refined Hurley classification for hidradenitis suppurativa with patient-reported quality of life and objective disease severity assessment.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, debilitating, heterogeneous disease requiring different treatment approaches. Recently, we refined the classic Hurley classification into a seven-stage classification in order to guide these treatment choices. This new classification subdivides Hurley stage I and II into three substages, namely mild (A), moderate (B) and severe (C) HS disease. Hurley stage III is not subcategorized and is always severe. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlation between the given severity grades of Hurley I and Hurley II in the refined Hurley classification, and the patient-reported quality of life and physician-assessed objective severity score. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, patients with HS participating in the observational cohorts of two Dutch tertiary referral centres were included before June 2017. The patient-reported Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and physician-assessed International HS Severity Score System (IHS4) scores were compared between the refined Hurley stages. RESULTS: In total, 433 patients were analysed. DLQI and IHS4 scores increased within Hurley stage I and II from A through C. There was a significant positive correlation of DLQI and IHS4 with increasing refined Hurley substages [refined Hurley stage I (A, B and C) to DLQI: rs = 0·259, P < 0·001 and refined Hurley stage II (A, B and C) to DLQI: rs = 0·185, P = 0·010; refined Hurley stage I (A, B and C) to IHS4: rs = 0·603, P < 0·001 and refined Hurley stage II (A, B and C) to IHS4: rs = 0·532, P < 0·001]. CONCLUSIONS: The refined Hurley classification accurately correlates with HS severity assessed by both patients and clinicians. Therefore, the refined Hurley classification is a useful tool for the quick assessment of severity in HS.

Hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa: a practical framework for treatment optimization - systematic review and recommendations from the HS ALLIANCE working group.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)/acne inversa is a debilitating chronic disease that remains poorly understood and difficult to manage. Clinical practice is variable, and there is a need for international, evidence-based and easily applicable consensus on HS management. We report here the findings of a systematic literature review, which were subsequently used as a basis for the development of international consensus recommendations for the management of patients with HS. A systematic literature review was performed for each of nine clinical questions in HS (defined by an expert steering committee), covering comorbidity assessment, therapy (medical, surgical and combinations) and response to treatment. Included articles underwent data extraction and were graded according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine criteria. Evidence-based recommendations were then drafted, refined and voted upon, using a modified Delphi process. Overall, 5310 articles were screened, 171 articles were analysed, and 65 were used to derive recommendations. These articles included six randomized controlled trials plus cohort studies and case series. The highest level of evidence concerned dosing recommendations for topical clindamycin in mild disease (with systemic tetracyclines for more frequent/widespread lesions) and biologic therapy (especially adalimumab) as second-line agents (following conventional therapy failure). Good-quality evidence was available for the hidradenitis suppurativa clinical response (HiSCR) as a dichotomous outcome measure in inflammatory areas under treatment. Lower-level evidence supported recommendations for topical triclosan and oral zinc in mild-to-moderate HS, systemic clindamycin and rifampicin in moderate HS and intravenous ertapenem in selected patients with more severe disease. Intralesional or systemic steroids may also be considered. Local surgical excision is suggested for mild-to-moderate HS, with wide excision for more extensive disease. Despite a paucity of good-quality data on management decisions in HS, this systematic review has enabled the development of robust and easily applicable clinical recommendations for international physicians based on graded evidence.

Apremilast for moderate hidradenitis suppurativa: no significant change in lesional skin inflammatory biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with apremilast has recently demonstrated clinically meaningful improvement in moderate hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the change in expression of inflammatory markers in lesional skin of HS patients receiving apremilast 30 mg twice daily (n = 15) for 16 weeks compared with placebo (n = 5). METHODS: At baseline, 5-mm punch biopsies were obtained from an index lesion (HSL) and non-lesional (HSN) skin in the same anatomical area. Subsequent HSL samples were taken as close as possible to the previously biopsied site at week 4 and week 16. After sampling, biopsies were split; one half was processed for in vivo mRNA analysis using real-time quantitative PCR; the other half was cultured for ex vivo protein analysis using a proximity extension assay (Olink). Linear mixed effects models were calculated to compare the levels of inflammatory markers in HSL skin between apremilast and placebo over time. RESULTS: At baseline, 17 proteins with a fold change >2 in HSL vs. HSN skin were identified in 20 patients. The top five were IL-17A (5), S100A12, CST5, IL-12/23p40, CD6 (1) with fold changes ranging from 6.6 to 1638, respectively (FDR <0.044). Linear mixed effects models for 75 assays were calculated. Protein levels of S100A12 decreased during treatment in the apremilast group compared with the placebo group (p = 0.014, FDR = 0.186). None of the 14 genes exhibited significant changes in expression over time. However, an evident downward trend in relative mRNA expression of IL-17A and IL-17F was demonstrated in patients receiving apremilast. CONCLUSION: We did not detect statistically significant changes in inflammatory markers in HSL skin of HS patients receiving apremilast compared with placebo, despite clinical improvement in the apremilast group. Nonetheless, S100A12 and IL-17A were significantly elevated in HSL skin and showed a decrease in response to apremilast. The translational model in clinical trials involving HS clearly needs further improvement.