RESUMO
Tuberculosis (TB) causes approximately 2 million deaths annually worldwide, with 2 billion persons estimated to be actively infected with TB. While rates of active TB disease in the US military are low, military service in TB-endemic countries remains an uncommon, but important source of infection. United States Special Operations Forces (USSOF) and enablers often operate in TB-endemic countries and, as an inherent risk of their mission sets, are more likely to have high-risk exposure to TB disease. Military medical authorities have provided excellent diagnostic guidance; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently updated preferred regimens for the treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI). This review serves as a refresher and update to the management of LTBI in USSOF to optimize medical readiness through targeted testing and short treatment regimens.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Latente , Militares , Tuberculose , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Humanos , Tuberculose Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Latente/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Latente/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Cateteres de Demora , Cistite/diagnóstico por imagem , Cistostomia , Enfisema/diagnóstico por imagem , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/diagnóstico , Pielite/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Citrobacter , Cistite/tratamento farmacológico , Enterobacter cloacae , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Hiperplasia Prostática/complicações , Pielite/tratamento farmacológico , Estreitamento Uretral/complicações , Obstrução do Colo da Bexiga Urinária/etiologia , Obstrução do Colo da Bexiga Urinária/terapia , Infecções UrináriasRESUMO
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is an important opportunistic infection among patients with liver disease and liver transplants. Diagnosis of IA may be challenging, especially among patients with central nervous system infection. Herein, we demonstrate the utility of next-generation sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in the diagnosis of fungal brain abscess in a liver transplant recipient.
Assuntos
Aspergilose , Transplante de Fígado , Neuroaspergilose , Aspergilose/diagnóstico , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Neuroaspergilose/diagnóstico , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Targeted HIV cure strategies require definition of the mechanisms that maintain the virus. Here, we tracked HIV replication and the persistence of infected CD4 T cells in individuals with natural virologic control by sequencing viruses, T cell receptor genes, HIV integration sites, and cellular transcriptomes. Our results revealed three mechanisms of HIV persistence operating within distinct anatomic and functional compartments. In lymph node, we detected viruses with genetic and transcriptional attributes of active replication in both T follicular helper (TFH) cells and non-TFH memory cells. In blood, we detected inducible proviruses of archival origin among highly differentiated, clonally expanded cells. Linking the lymph node and blood was a small population of circulating cells harboring inducible proviruses of recent origin. Thus, HIV replication in lymphoid tissue, clonal expansion of infected cells, and recirculation of recently infected cells act together to maintain the virus in HIV controllers despite effective antiviral immunity.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/fisiologia , Sangue/virologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Doença Crônica , DNA Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Linfonodos/virologia , Provírus/imunologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Virais , Replicação ViralRESUMO
We studied the effects of a C60 water suspension at 4 microg/mL (nC60) and the water soluble fullerenol C60(OH)24 at final concentrations of 1-100 microg/mL on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in culture. We found that a 24 hr treatment of HUVECs with C60(OH)24 at 100 microg/mL significantly increased cell surface expression of ICAM-1(CD54) (67 +/- 4% CD54+ cells vs. 19 +/- 2 % CD540 cells in control; p < 0.001). In addition, this treatment induced the expression of tissue factor (CD142) on HUVECs (54 +/- 20% CD142+ cells vs 4 +/- 2% CD142+ cells in control; p = 0.008) and increased exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) (29 +/- 2% PS+ cells vs. 12 +/- 5% PS+ cells in control; p < 0.001). Analysis of cell cycle and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) showed that both nC60 and C60(OH)24 caused G1 arrest of HUVECs and C60(OH)24 induced significant apoptosis (21 +/- 2% TUNEL+ cells at 100 microg/mL of C60(OH)24 vs. 4 +/- 2% TUNEL+ cells in control; p < 0.001). We also demonstrated that both nC60 and C60(OH)24 induced a rapid concentration dependent elevation of intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i. This could be inhibited by EGTA, suggesting that the source of [Ca2+]i in fullerene stimulated calcium flux is predominantly from the extracellular environment. In conclusion, fullerenol C60(OH)24 had both pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects on HUVECs, indicating possible adverse effects of fullerenes on the endothelium.