RESUMO
Type IV pili (T4P) are thin, flexible filaments exposed on the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria and are involved in pathogenesis-related processes, including cell adsorption, biofilm formation, and twitching motility. Bacteriophages often use these filaments as receptors to infect host cells. Here, we describe the identification of a protein that inhibits T4P assembly in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, discovered during a screen for host factors influencing phage infection. We show that expression of PA2560 (renamed PlzR) in P. aeruginosa inhibits adsorption of T4P-dependent phages. PlzR does this by directly binding the T4P chaperone PilZ, which in turn regulates the ATPase PilB and results in disturbed T4P assembly. As the plzR promoter is induced by cyclic di-GMP, PlzR might play a role in coupling T4P function to levels of this second messenger.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias , Proteínas de Fímbrias , Fímbrias Bacterianas , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolismo , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Fímbrias Bacterianas/metabolismo , Fímbrias Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Fímbrias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fímbrias/genética , Ligação Proteica , GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , GMP Cíclico/análogos & derivados , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Chaperonas Moleculares/genética , OxirredutasesRESUMO
Bacterial trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases (trans-AT PKSs) are modular megaenzymes that employ unusual catalytic domains to assemble diverse bioactive natural products. One such PKS is responsible for the biosynthesis of the oximidine anticancer agents, oxime-substituted benzolactone enamides that inhibit vacuolar H+ -ATPases. Here, we describe the identification of the oximidine gene cluster in Pseudomonas baetica and the characterization of four novel oximidine variants, including a structurally simpler intermediate that retains potent anticancer activity. Using a combination of in vivo, in vitro and computational approaches, we experimentally elucidate the oximidine biosynthetic pathway and reveal an unprecedented mechanism for O-methyloxime formation. We show that this process involves a specialized monooxygenase and methyltransferase domain and provide insight into their activity, mechanism and specificity. Our findings expand the catalytic capabilities of trans-AT PKSs and identify potential strategies for the production of novel oximidine analogues.