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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to translate and adapt the National Institute of Mental Health Life Chart Method - Self/Prospective (NIMH-LCM-S/P™) instrument for self-monitoring of mood into Brazilian Portuguese and provide evidence of content validity. Additionally, a user guide was prepared for the instrument and evaluated by mental health professionals. METHODS: The study was divided into two stages - Stage 1: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation and Stage 2: Determination of content validity index (CVI) scores. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process involved 37 participants between translators, experts, target population, and evaluators. RESULTS: The CVI was evaluated by 15 mental health professionals. 11 (78.57%) of the items evaluated attained the maximum CVI score of 1.00, which constitutes the highest level of content validity, and no changes were suggested by participants. Only one of the items evaluated had a CVI score lower than 0.80. CONCLUSION: The final translated and adapted version of the NIMH-LCM-S/P™ and its user guide were evaluated by the target population and the mental health professionals. Both groups displayed satisfactory comprehension levels, suggesting there is potential for using this instrument in clinical practice to assess therapeutic interventions in Brazilian settings.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Brasil , Humanos , National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) , Estudos Prospectivos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to translate and adapt the National Institute of Mental Health Life Chart Method - Self/Prospective (NIMH-LCM-S/P™) instrument for self-monitoring of mood into Brazilian Portuguese and provide evidence of content validity. Additionally, a user guide was prepared for the instrument and evaluated by mental health professionals. Methods The study was divided into two stages - Stage 1: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation and Stage 2: Determination of content validity index (CVI) scores. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process involved 37 participants between translators, experts, target population, and evaluators. Results The CVI was evaluated by 15 mental health professionals. 11 (78.57%) of the items evaluated attained the maximum CVI score of 1.00, which constitutes the highest level of content validity, and no changes were suggested by participants. Only one of the items evaluated had a CVI score lower than 0.80. Conclusion The final translated and adapted version of the NIMH-LCM-S/P™ and its user guide were evaluated by the target population and the mental health professionals. Both groups displayed satisfactory comprehension levels, suggesting there is potential for using this instrument in clinical practice to assess therapeutic interventions in Brazilian settings.
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Introdução: As fissuras labiopalatinas são malformações congênitas recorrentes e ocasionam prejuízos de fala, deglutição, audição e socialização. O desenvolvimento infantil compreende a evolução das habilidades motoras, cognitivas, sociais e emocionais, sendo influenciado por muitos fatores. Objetivo: investigar o desenvolvimento infantil de crianças com fissuras labiopalatinas (FLP). Método: Estudo observacional transversal realizado por análise de dados de entrevista e do resultado do teste de Denver II em um grupo de crianças com FLP, sem síndromes associadas. Foram incluídos 27 indivíduos entre sete e 68 meses, de ambos os sexos, que realizam acompanhamento fonoaudiológico em ambulatório do Sistema Único de Saúde de um hospital pediátrico. Resultados: A mediana de idade dos 27 participantes foi 25 meses, sendo 15 indivíduos do sexo feminino (55,6%); 13 com fissura pós-forame incisivo incompleta (48,1%); a maioria, o primogênito da família (51,85%); não tendo iniciado atividades escolares (59,26%). A média de idade materna foi quatro anos mais baixa que a paterna e a renda familiar é de cerca de dois salários mínimos. A FLP transforame unilateral ocorreu mais em meninos (55,6%), enquanto a fissura palatina pós-forame incompleta ocorreu mais em meninas (61,5%). No teste aplicado, a área da linguagem foi a mais acometida, tendo 37% dos indivíduos apresentando item de cautela ou atenção, com falha em uma prova. Conclusão: Observou-se desenvolvimento esperado na maioria da população estudada, possivelmente ocasionado pelo atendimento precoce recebido. Os resultados com risco para atraso ocorreram mais frequentemente no sexo feminino, nas fissuras pós-forame, no primogênito e relacionaram-se com a área de linguagem.
Introduction: Lip -palatine clefts ar e recur rent con genital malf ormations and cause speech, swallowing, hearing and socialization impairment. Child development comprises the evolution of motor, cognitive, social and emotional skills and is influenced by many factors. Objective: To investigate the child development of subjects with cleft lip and palate (CLP).Method: Cross-sectional observational study conducted by interview and Denver II assessment in a group of children with CLP without associated syndromes. We included 27 individuals between seven and 68 months, of both sexes, who perform speech therapy follow-up in the Unified Health System outpatient clinic in a pediatric hospital. Results:The median age of the 27 participants was 25 months, 15 female (55.6%). 13 participants presented incomplete incisive post-foramen cleft (48.1%) and most are the first child in the family (51.85%), having not started school activities (59.26%). The average maternal age was 4 years lower than the paternal and the family income is about two minimum wages. One-sided transforamen cleft occurred more in boys (55.6%), while post-incomplete foramen cleft palate occurred more in girls (61.5%). In the applied test, the language area was the most affected, with 37% of individuals presenting item of caution or attention, with failure in a test. Conclusion: Normal development was observed in most of the studied population, possibly caused by the early care received. Results at risk for delay occurred more frequently in females, in the post-foramen clefts, in the firstborn and were related to the language area.
Introducción: Las fisuras del paladar y labio leporino son malformaciones congénitas recurrentes. Causan alteraciones del habla, deglución, audición y socialización. El desarrollo infantil comprende la evolución de las habilidades motoras, cognitivas, sociales, emocionales y está influenciado por muchos factores. Objetivo: investigar el desarrollo infantil de niños con labio leporino y paladar hendido (CLP). Método: estudio observacional transversal realizado por entrevista y análisis de resultados de Denver II en un grupo de niños con fisura del paladar sin síndromes asociados. Se incluyeron 27 individuos entre siete y 68 meses, ambos sexos, que realizan seguimiento de terapia del habla en la clínica ambulatoria del Sistema Único de Salud en un hospital pediátrico. Resultados: La mediana de edad de los 27 participantes fue de 25 meses, 15 mujeres (55,6%). 13 presentaron hendidura incisiva post-foramen incompleta (48.1%). La mayoría son el primer hijo (51.85%), que no han comenzado las actividades escolares (59.26%). La edad materna promedio fue 4 años menor que la paterna y el ingreso familiar es de aproximadamente dos salarios mínimos. La fisura transforamen unilateral ocurrió más en niños (55.6%), mientras que el paladar hendido post-incompleto ocurrió más en niñas (61.5%). En la prueba aplicada, el área de lenguaje fue la más afectada, con el 37% de las personas presentando un elemento de precaución o atención, con fracaso en una prueba. Conclusión: Se observó desarrollo normal en la mayoría de la población estudiada, posiblemente debido a la atención temprana recibida. Los resultados con riesgo de retraso ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia en las mujeres, en las hendiduras posteriores al foramen, en el primogénito y se relacionaron con área de lenguaje.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Fenda Labial/complicações , Fissura Palatina/complicações , Universidades , Estudos Transversais , Relações Comunidade-Instituição , Fonoaudiologia/educação , Correlação de DadosRESUMO
Worldwide life expectancy has increased dramatically in recent years. Also on the rise are incidents of pathologies related to aging, such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's Disease (AD). An inaccurate diagnosis impairs the well-being and the quality of life of patients and their relatives, as well as being a financial burden on the health system. Continued education pertaining to the neuropsychological field is uncommon for health workers involved in general practice. This article aims to present the process of development and content validity of the "CENEES Program - Psychoeducation for Health Staff on The Neuropsychology of Aging". The CENEES Program was developed in six steps which include: literature review, first draft, focal group, adjustments after focal group, judgment analysis (n = 4), and finally the last version. The inter-rater reliability index after judgment analysis was 0.785. The final version of the CENEES Program contains eight meetings, divided into 4 modules: 1) Fundamentals of Neuroscience; 2) Memory; 3) Executive Functions; and 4) Communication. The final meeting was called "Review". The CENEES Program is a new resource to help professionals who work within the general practice field, especially community health workers. As far as we know, there is no psychoeducation program on aging which contains the four subjects that are covered in the CENEES Program. The CENEES Program could assist the workers' daily activities and make them comfortable to offer and build actions in the community. A pilot and follow-up studies are suggested.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Envelhecimento , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Neuropsicologia , Qualidade de Vida , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
This study searched for sociodemographic influences on visual memory and visuoconstructive ability in healthy and clinical samples evaluated with Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) in two studies. In Study 1, we searched for changes related to age in children, adolescents, adults and elderly on the performance of the BVRT. In Study 2, we investigated the relations among age, years of education and intellectual quotient (IQ) on the performance of the BVRT using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Participants were 624 individuals aged between six and 89 years old (M = 25.40; SD = 22.34) from the normatization and evidence validity studies at Brazil. We used a sociodemographic questionnaire, BVRT and IQ measure was estimated. Study 1 has shown a performance similar to the developmental graphics with a U-inverted pattern in relation to age: An increase of the visual memory ability in the children and adolescent groups as age increases, a tendency of a decrease in the performance in the adult group that intensifies in the elderly group. Study 2 found that the model for the BVRT performance tested by SEM denoted satisfactory goodness-of-fit indexes, χ2/gl = 2.67, p < .001; CFI = .92; TLI = .93; RMSEA = .004, 90% CI = [.03, .05];WLSMV = 1.79, and corroborated the theoretical assumption. The SEM model confirmed in this study highlight the strong role of years of education in the prediction of BVRT scores.
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Escolaridade , Desenvolvimento Humano/fisiologia , Inteligência/fisiologia , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Retenção Psicológica/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Análise de Classes Latentes , Masculino , Testes de Memória e Aprendizagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Realizar estimativas cognitivas é uma habilidade que envolve encontrar respostas não imediatamente disponíveis utilizando-se processos de raciocínio e resolução de problemas para se chegar a uma alternativa de resposta. Tal habilidade pode ser investigada com o Cognitive Estimation Test (CET). A tarefa existe no idioma inglês, sendo necessárias adaptações para diferentes idiomas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi adaptar o CET para o português brasileiro. O CET foi traduzido da versão original, em inglês britânico, e então submetido à análise teórica e empírica. Como resultado do estudo piloto, uma escala de 28 perguntas foi produzida, atingindo níveis de consistência interna de 0,50 (alfa de Cronbach), 0,58 (split half), e 0,73 (Guttmann). A tarefa definida no estudo piloto foi então testada em uma nova amostra, obtendo índices de fidedignidade de 0,57 (alfa de Cronbach), 0,60 (split half), e 0,74 (Guttman). Uma versão final do CET em português brasileiro foi definida e disponibilizada...
Cognitive estimation is an ability that involves searching for non-readily-available answers, requiring reasoning and problemsolving processes in order to find a response alternative. This ability can be investigated with the Cognitive Estimation Test (CET). The test exists in an English version and requires adaptations to be used in different languages. The aim of the present study was to adapt the CET to Brazilian Portuguese. The CET was translated from the original version in British English, then its items were submitted to theoretical and empirical analysis. The pilot study generated a 28-item scale with levels of internal consistency of 0.50 (Cronbachs Alpha), 0.58 (split half), and 0.73 (Guttmann). The test defined during the pilot study was then tested in a new sample, producing internal consistency values of 0.57 (Cronbachs Alpha), 0.60 (split half), and 0.74 (Guttman). A final version of the CET was produced and is now available in Brazilian Portuguese...
Realizar estimativas es una habilidad que requiere encontrar respuestas no disponibles inmediatamente, lo que comprende procesos de raciocinio y resolución de problemas para llegarse a una alternativa de respuesta. Esta habilidad puede ser investigada a través del Cognitive Estimation Test (CET). El test existe en el idioma inglés, lo que implica en adaptaciones para otros idiomas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue el de adaptar el CET al idioma portugués de Brasil. El CET fue traducido de la versión original, en inglés británico, y luego realizado un análisis teórico y empírico. Como resultado del estudio piloto, una escala de 28 ítems fue producida, alcanzando niveles de consistencia interna de 0,50 (alpha de Cronbach), 0,58 (split half), y 0,73 (Guttmann). El test definido en el estudio fue utilizado en una nueva muestra, obteniendo índices de fidedignidad de 0,57 (alpha de Cronbach), 0,60 (split half), y 0,74 (Guttman). Una versión final del CET en portugués de Brasil fue, por fin definida y ofrecida a la comunidad científica...
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Função Executiva , Lobo Frontal , Neuropsicologia , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , TraduçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The number of people with disabilities in Brazil and worldwide has grown substantially in recent decades. Cross-cultural quality of life instruments can be helpful in the development of interventions designed to meet the needs of this population and contribute to rational allocation of resources. This study sought to provide evidence of validity and reliability the Brazilian Portuguese version of WHOQOL-Dis-D (a cross-cultural, multicentre instrument developed by the WHOQOL-Group for the assessment of quality of life in persons with physical disability - PD) and WHOQOL-Dis-ID (for persons with intellectual disability - ID). METHODS: Classical psychometric methods were used to conduct independent analyses of the PD and ID samples. Criterion groups were established for analysis of construct validity. Concurrent validity was assessed in relation to SWLS and BDI-II scores; discriminant validity, in relation to WHODAS-II. Cronbach alpha was used to test the instrument scales and subscales for reliability. The ID subgroup was retested, and test-retest reliability assessed by means of intraclass correlation coefficients and paired Student's t-test. RESULTS: A total of 162 (98 females) people with PD and 156 (55 females) people with ID participated in the study. Cronbach alpha was satisfactory across practically all domains and factors in the PD subsample. In IDs, most factors or domains had coefficients higher than 0.70, but four subscales exhibited less satisfactory performance. Evidence of construct and concurrent validity and reliability were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The analyses presented herein provide satisfactory evidence of the validity and reliability of the instrument and corroborated the factor structure revealed during cross-cultural research. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to obtain additional evidence of validity and reliability.
Assuntos
Pessoas com Deficiência/psicologia , Deficiência Intelectual/psicologia , Psicometria/instrumentação , Qualidade de Vida , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Comparação Transcultural , Cultura , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) is widely used by clinicians and researchers to assess the ability to produce reasonable cognitive estimates. Although several studies have published normative data for versions of the CET, many of the items are now outdated and parallel forms of the test do not exist to allow cognitive estimation abilities to be assessed on more than one occasion. In the present study, we devised two new 9-item parallel forms of the CET. These versions were administered to 184 healthy male and female participants aged 18-79 years with 9-22 years of education. Increasing age and years of education were found to be associated with successful CET performance as well as gender, intellect, naming, arithmetic and semantic memory abilities. To validate that the parallel forms of the CET were sensitive to frontal lobe damage, both versions were administered to 24 patients with frontal lobe lesions and 48 age-, gender- and education-matched controls. The frontal patients' error scores were significantly higher than the healthy controls on both versions of the task. This study provides normative data for parallel forms of the CET for adults which are also suitable for assessing frontal lobe dysfunction on more than one occasion without practice effects.
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Cognição , Testes Neuropsicológicos/história , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Demografia , Feminino , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Componente Principal , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
O presente estudo objetivou fornecer evidências de validade convergente entre o Teste de Retenção Visual de Benton (BVRT) e outros dois instrumentos de memória visual: Teste Pictórico de Memória (TEPIC-M) e Figuras Complexas de Rey. A amostra contou com 29 idosos, de ambos os sexos, com 60 a 79 anos e escolaridades baixa e média. Aplicou-se também a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-15) e o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), para excluir participantes com indício de depressão e/ou demência. Os resultados apontaram evidências de validade convergente entre o BVRT e o TEPIC-M, o que indicou que o BVRT também possui um cunho verbal, apesar de seus estímulos com figuras geométricas abstratas. Porém, houve poucas correlações significativas entre o BVRT e o teste Figuras Complexas de Rey, o que indicou que avaliam as mesmas funções de maneiras diferentes, além de haver diversidades importantes entre suas aplicações.
This study aimed to provide evidences of convergent validity between the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) and two other instruments of visual memory: Teste Pictórico de Memória (TEPIC-M) and Rey Complex Figures. The sample consisted of 29 elderly of both sexes, 60 to 79 years old and low and middle education. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to exclude participants with signs of depression and / or dementia. The results showed evidence of convergent validity between BVRT and TEPIC-M, which indicated that BVRT also have a verbal nature, despite its abstract geometric stimuli. However, there were few significant correlations between BVRT and Rey Complex Figure test, which indicated that both evaluate the same functions in different ways, and there are important differences between their applications.
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar evidencias de validez convergente entre el Teste de Retención Visual de Benton (BVRT) y otros dos instrumentos de memoria visual: Teste Pictórico de Memória (TEPIC-M) y Figuras Complexas de Rey. La muestra consistió de 29 ancianos de ambos sexos de 60 a 79 años y escolaridad baja y media. Se aplicó también la Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) y el Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), para excluir a los sujetos con síntomas de depresión y/o demencia. Los resultados mostraron evidencias de validez convergente entre el BVRT y el TEPIC-M, lo que indica que el BVRT también tiene un carácter verbal, a pesar de sus figuras con los estímulos abstractos geométricos. Sin embargo, hubo pocas correlaciones significativas entre el BVRT y las Figuras Complexas de Rey, lo que indica que evalúan las mismas funciones de diferentes maneras, además de diferencias importantes entre sus aplicaciones.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Memória de Curto Prazo , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Retenção PsicológicaRESUMO
A relação entre linguagem e funções executivas, também conhecidas como funções cognitivas complexas, já foi estabelecida no passado por Luria e Vygotsky. Este artigo tem por objetivo revisar o conceito de funções executivas sob as perspectivas neuropsicológica e cognitiva. Alguns dos reconhecidos modelos sobre processamento das funções executivas são apresentados, assim como estudos recentes sobre funções executivas em crianças. O desenvolvimento das funções executivas é discutido sob o ponto de vista biológico, neuropsicológico e cognitivo, destacando-se a importância da linguagem nesses processos, enquanto função reguladora da ação intencional. Essa discussão propõe que aspectos do desenvolvimento sejam incluídos nos modelos futuros sobre funções executivas.
The relation between language and executive functions, also known as complex cognitive functions, has already been established in the past by Luria and Vygotsky. This article revises the concept of executive functions from a neuropsychological and cognitive perspective. Some of the executive function recognized models, as well as studies about executive functions in children, are presented. The development of executive functions is discussed from a biological, neuropsychological and cognitive perspective. The importance of language in these processes, as a regulative function of intentional action, is emphasized. This discussion proposes that developmental aspects should be included in models about executive functions.
La relación entre lenguaje y funciones ejecutivas, también conocidas como funciones cognitivas complejas, fue establecida en el pasado por Luria y Vygotsky. Este artículo revisa el concepto de funciones ejecutivas bajo las perspectivas neuropsicológica y cognitiva. Se presentan algunos modelos sobre el proceso de las funciones ejecutivas, así como estudios sobre funciones ejecutivas en niños. Se discute el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas bajo una optica biológica, neuropsicologica y cognitiva, destacándose la importancia del lenguaje en esos procesos, como función reguladora de la acción intencional. Esta discusión propone que se incluyan aspectos del desarrollo en los modelos sobre funciones ejecutivas.
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Lobo Frontal , IdiomaRESUMO
Estimation abilities are a group of processes that involve functions such as planning, attention, abstract reasoning, and also mnemonic processes, like semantic and working memory. They are allocated in order to solve problems for which the answers are not readily available. Estimation abilities can be measured using the Cognitive Estimation Test (CET). The aim of this article was to review the use of the CET and other tests of cognitive estimation in healthy and pathological populations. We discussed studies examining correlations between the CET and other measures of executive functions and the importance of the standardization of measures that assess estimation abilities.
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Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Testes Neuropsicológicos , HumanosRESUMO
Executive functions (EF) are a group of high-level cognitive processes that control and direct lower-level abilities in order to produce goal-directed behavior. Because these functions are a multidimensional entity, they can be assessed using different tests. One of the tests often used to evaluate EF is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The WCST is a task that involves hypothesis testing, identification of concepts, resistance to interference, switching categories, and inhibition. Two versions of the task have been used in neuropsychological testing, but little is known about their equivalence. In this study, we investigated the performance of two groups of elderly people in two versions of the task: manual (cards) and computer-based. Fifty-four healthy elderly participants took part in this study; half of the sample was assessed with the computer-based version of the WCST, while the other half performed the manual version. There were no differences between the two versions of the task in our sample of elderly participants (total number correct, perseverative errors, percent conceptual level responses, and number of categories completed). In this sense, the results provide evidence for the equivalence of both versions in the assessment of EF in healthy elderly participants.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Envelhecimento , Função Executiva , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
O Iowa Gambling Test é utilizado na avaliação da tomada de decisão. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se alterações nos procedimentos de aplicação do instrumento interferem na tarefa. Foi realizado um estudo transversal comparando dois grupos de idosos saudáveis em duas variações do instrumento. Vinte e sete participantes executaram a tarefa sem pista de reforço visual, enquanto 17 participantes foram submetidos à tarefa com pista. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos testes t de Student para amostras independentes e ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto à aversão ao risco. Os resultados indicam que uma pista de reforço visual permite a alocação de recursos atencionais e de memória de trabalho, possibilitando decisões menos arriscadas.
The Iowa Gambling Test is used in decision making assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate if changes in the instrument application procedures interfere in the task execution.Across sectional study was carried out comparing two groups of healthy elderly in two variations of the instrument. Twenty seven participants executed the task without visual reinforcement clues, while 17 participants were submitted to the task with clues. Statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in relation to risk aversion. Results indicate that a clue of visual reinforcement permits the allocation of attention resources and working memory, allowing less risky decisions.
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Idoso , Idoso , EnvelhecimentoRESUMO
Estudos recentes sugerem a existência de disfunções executivas no Declínio Cognitivo Leve (DCL), além das de memória. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de disfunções executivas em pacientes com DCL. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Teste Wisconsin de Classificação de Cartas (WCST) e o Iowa Gambling Test (IGT). Foram estudados dez pacientes com e 27 sem DCL. Os dados foram analisados através do teste t de Student para amostras independentes e da análise de variância (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas. Os resultados não evidenciaram diferença significativa entre os grupos nos índices de resposta do WCST e no número de cartas retiradas de cada baralho no IGT. O estudo da evolução do desempenho no IGT revelou diferença qualitativa entre os grupos. Idosos sem DCL aprendem ao longo da tarefa, enquanto idosos com DCL não o fazem, sugerindo uma interferência dos sistemas de memória na tomada de decisão.
Recent studies suggest the existence of executive dysfunctions in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). The aim of this work was to verify the presence of executive dysfunctions in patients with MCI. The instruments used were the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT). Ten patients with and 27 without MCI were assessed. The data were analyzed through Student t test for independent samples and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. The results did not show significant difference between groups in the answer rates of WCST and in the number of cards with drawn from each pack of cards in the IGT. The study of the performance evolution in the IGT revealed a qualitative difference between the groups. Elderly without MCI learn along the task, while elderly with MCI did not, suggesting an interference of memory systems in decision making.
Recientes estudios hacen sugerencia a la existencia de disfunciones ejecutivas, más allá de las de la memoria, en el Deterioro Cognitivo Ligero (DCL). El objetivo de ese trabajo fue verificar la presencia de disfunciones ejecutivas en ancianos con DCL en comparación a un grupo control. Los instrumentos utilizados fueran el Test de Ordenamiento de Cartas de Winsconsin (WCST) y el Iowa Gambling Test (IGT). Fueran estudiados diez pacientes con DCL y 27 controles. Los datos fueran analizados a través del test t de Student para muestras independientes y de la ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Los resultados no traen evidencia de significativa distinción entre los grupos en los índices de respuesta del WCST en el número de cartas tiradas de cada baraja en IGT. El estudio de la evolución del desempeño en el IGT revelo diferencia cualitativa entre los grupos. Ancianos sin DCL aprenden a lo longo de la tarea, mientras ancianos con DCL no lo hacen, haciendo sugerencia de una interferencia de los sistemas de memoria en la tomada de decisión.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Cognição , MemóriaRESUMO
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) assesses decision-making. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to investigate whether specific changes in administering the IGT can affect performance of older adults completing the task. METHOD: Three versions of the IGT were compared regarding the feedback on the amount of money won or lost over the course of the test. The first version (I) consisted of a replication of the original version (Bechara et al., 1994), which utilizes a computerized visual aid (green bar) that increases or decreases according to the gains or the losses. The second version (II), however, involved a non-computerized visual aid (cards) and, in the third version (III) the task did not include any visual aid at all. Ninety-seven older adults, divided into three groups, participated in this study. Group I received computerized cues (n=40), group II, non-computerized cues (n=17) and III was submitted to a version without any cues (n=40). RESULTS: The participants without any cues achieved only a borderline performance, whereas for those with non-computerized cues, twice the number of participants showed attraction to risk in relation to those with aversion. The participants of the computerized version were homogeneously spread across the three performance levels (impaired, borderline and unimpaired). CONCLUSIONS: Aspects of the complexity of the decision process as well as of the task used are proposed as possible theoretical explanations for the performance variation exhibited.
A Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) consiste em um instrumento que avalia tomada de decisão. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se alterações específicas na administração da IGT podem afetar o desempenho de idosos na execução da tarefa. MÉTODO: Três versões da IGT foram comparadas, de acordo com o resultado obtido em termos do número de cartas selecionadas de cada um dos baralhos. A primeira versão (I) consistiu em uma replicação da versão original (Bechara et al., 1994), a qual apresenta uma pista visual (barra verde) que aumenta ou diminui de acordo com ganhos e perdas monetários. A segunda versão (II) envolveu uma pista visual não computadorizada (cartões) e, na terceira versão (III), não houve nenhuma espécie de pista. Noventa e sete idosos, divididos entre os três grupos, participaram do estudo. O grupo I (pista computadorizada) foi composto por 40 idosos, enquanto os grupo II (pista não computadorizada) contou com 17 e, por fim, o grupo III (sem pista), foi formado por 40 idosos. RESULTADOS: Os participantes submetidos à versão sem pista apresentaram um desempenho limítrofe. Em relação aos idosos submetidos à variação com pista não computadorizada, os participantes apresentaram duas vezes mais atração ao risco, quando comparados àqueles com aversão. Os participantes que realizaram a tarefa com pista computadorizada apresentaram desempenho homogêneo entre os três subgrupos de desempenho quanto à busca ou aversão pelo risco. CONCLUSÕES: Possíveis explicações teóricas das diferenças de desempenho decorrem principalmente de diferentes aspectos da complexidade do processo de decisão e da tarefa.