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1.
Explor Target Antitumor Ther ; 5(5): 1135-1154, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39351439

RESUMO

Bladder cancer is a leading cancer type in men. The complexity of treatment in late-stage bladder cancer after systemic spread through the lymphatic system highlights the importance of modulating disease-free progression as early as possible in cancer staging. With current therapies relying on previous standards, such as platinum-based chemotherapeutics and immunomodulation with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, researchers, and clinicians are looking for targeted therapies to stop bladder cancer at its source early in progression. A new era of molecular therapies that target specific features upregulated in bladder cancer cell lines is surfacing, which may be able to provide clinicians and patients with better control of disease progression. Here, we discuss multiple emerging therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, antibody-drug conjugates, modulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cell proliferation pathway, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, and fibroblast growth factor receptor targeting. Together, these modern treatments provide potentially promising results for bladder cancer patients with the possibility of increasing remission and survival rates.

2.
Med Oncol ; 41(10): 240, 2024 Sep 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39231878

RESUMO

Interleukin-22, discovered in the year of 2000, is a pleiotropic Th17 cytokine from the IL-10 family of cytokines. IL-22 signals through the type 2 cytokine receptor complex IL-22R and predominantly activates STAT3. This pathway leads to the transcription of several different types of genes, giving IL-22 context-specific functions ranging from inducing antimicrobial peptide expression to target cell proliferation. In recent years, it has been shown that IL-22 is involved in the pathogenesis of neoplasia in some cancers through its pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects. This review highlights studies with recent discoveries and conclusions drawn on IL-22 and its involvement and function in various cancers. Such a study may be helpful to better understand the role of IL-22 in cancer so that new treatment could be developed targeting IL-22.


Assuntos
Interleucina 22 , Interleucinas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Animais , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina/genética
3.
Anticancer Res ; 44(7): 2775-2786, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38925849

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/AIM: Ovarian cancer (OVC) is a common, aggressive, and heterogeneous malignancy, with a widely variable prognosis. With the advances of modern immunology, mast cells (MCs) have been shown to play a significant role in the prognosis of some malignant tumors. However, the role of mast cells in the prognosis of OVC is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, MC-associated prognostic genes (MRGs) were used to classify OVC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-OVC cohort. Genes were evaluated using univariate cox regression analysis. Twenty-nine prognostic gene signatures were identified using LASSO-COX analysis. COX regression models and principal component analysis (PCA) algorithms were used to construct MRG scores and individual MRGs patterns. External validation was performed in the TCGA-breast cancer (BRCA) and IMvigor210 cohorts. Immunity analysis based on MRGs was performed using CIBERSORT, and GSVA methods, and immunotherapy response was evaluated using the TIDE website. RESULTS: Using TCGA-OVC data, we established a model for constructing MRG scores based on the twenty-nine identified prognostic gene signatures using the PCA algorithm. MRG scores were found to be strongly correlated with immune cell infiltration and were excellent predictors of prognosis in patients with OVC. Low MRG scores were associated with better prognosis and better response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: MC-related prognosis signature characterizes the immune landscape and predicts the prognosis of OVC. Understanding the correlation between MC-related gene signatures and immunotherapy and chemotherapy may improve the development of personalized clinical treatment strategies.


Assuntos
Mastócitos , Neoplasias Ovarianas , Humanos , Feminino , Mastócitos/imunologia , Mastócitos/patologia , Prognóstico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/mortalidade , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Imunoterapia/métodos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Transcriptoma
4.
Med Oncol ; 41(7): 181, 2024 Jun 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38900341

RESUMO

As immunotherapy gains momentum as a promising approach for treating several types of cancer, IL-21 has emerged as the latest discovery within the γ chain cytokine family, known for its decisive effects on innate and adaptive immunity and immunopathology. Through the modulation of immune cells, IL-21 has demonstrated significant anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies. The potential of IL-21 in cancer treatment has been explored in phase I and II clinical trials, where it has been utilized both as monotherapy and in combination with other drug agents. Further investigation, alongside larger studies, is necessary before final evaluation and application of IL-21 as immunotherapy. This review aims to summarize these pre-clinical and clinical studies and to discuss the possible future directions of IL-21 immunotherapy development. Such a study may be helpful to accelerate the process of clinical application for IL21 immunotherapy.


Assuntos
Imunoterapia , Interleucinas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Interleucinas/uso terapêutico , Interleucinas/imunologia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Animais
5.
Anticancer Res ; 44(5): 1807-1815, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38677738

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/AIM: Recently developed vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus utilize endogenous production of the virus' spike protein (SP), allowing the host to develop an immune response. As a result of the novelty of this virus and its vaccines, little is known overall about the potential effects of the SP on the pathogenesis of neoplasia, either from vaccination or from infection. This study was designed to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 SP has any direct effect on SiHa cervical cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of SARS-CoV-2 SP on cervical cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated by using clonogenic cell survival assay, quick cell proliferation assay, and caspase-3 activity kits in a widely-used cervical cancer cell line, SiHa. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were also performed to determine the potential molecular mechanisms. RESULTS: The growth and proliferation of SiHa cancer cells were inhibited by SARS-CoV-2 SP. SARS-CoV-2 SP also induced apoptosis in SiHa cancer cells. The anti-proliferative effect of SARS-CoV-2 SP on SiHa cancer cells was associated with the up-regulation of the anti-proliferative molecule p53. The pro-apoptotic effect of SARS-CoV-2 SP on SiHa cells was associated with the up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic molecule TRAIL. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 SP inhibits the growth of cervical cancer via up-regulation of p53 and TRAIL. Further studies are needed to elaborate on the potential effects of the SARS-CoV-2 SP on other cancer cell lines and normal physiological cell lines for comparison.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Humanos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Feminino , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , COVID-19/virologia , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/patologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Caspase 3/metabolismo
6.
Med Oncol ; 41(3): 65, 2024 Jan 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38281234

RESUMO

Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of female cancers worldwide. IL-29 is an interesting cytokine in the IFNλ family. Its role in the pathogenesis of neoplasia is complicated and has been studied in other cancers, such as lung cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. IL-29 has been previously reported to promote the growth of pancreatic cancer. However, the direct role of IL-29 in cervical cancer has not been studied yet. This study was performed to investigate the direct effect on cervical cancer cell growth. Clonogenic survival assay, cell proliferation, and caspase-3 activity kits were used to evaluate the effects of IL-29 on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis of a well-studied cervical cancer cell line, SiHa. We further investigated the potential molecular mechanisms by using RT-PCR and IHC. We found that the percentage of colonies of SiHa cells was decreased in the presence of IL-29. This was consistent with a decreased OD value of cancer cells. Furthermore, the relative caspase-3 activity in cancer cells increased in the presence of IL-29. The anti-proliferative effect of IL-29 on cancer cells correlated with increased expression of the anti-proliferative molecules p18 and p27. The pro-apoptotic effect of IL-29 on cancer cells correlated with increased expression of the pro-apoptotic molecule TRAILR1. IL-29 inhibits cervical cancer cell growth by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis. Thus, IL-29 might be a promising cytokine for immunotherapy of cervical cancer.


Assuntos
Citocinas , Interferon lambda , Interleucinas , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Feminino , Humanos , Apoptose , Caspase 3 , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Imunoterapia , Regulação para Cima , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/terapia
7.
Med Oncol ; 41(3): 67, 2024 Jan 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38286890

RESUMO

Ovarian cancer is a prominent cancer worldwide with a relatively low survival rate for women diagnosed. Many individuals are diagnosed in the late stage of the disease and are prescribed a wide variety of treatment options. Current treatment options are primarily a combination of surgery and chemotherapy as well as a new but promising treatment involving immunotherapy. Nevertheless, contemporary therapeutic modalities exhibit a discernible lag in advancement when compared with the strides achieved in recent years in the context of other malignancies. Moreover, many surgery and chemotherapy options have a high risk for recurrence due to the late-stage diagnosis. Therefore, there is a necessity to further treatment options. There have been many new advancements in the field of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has been approved for 16 various types of cancers and has shown significant treatment potential in many other cancers as well. Researchers have also found many promising outlooks for immunotherapy as a treatment for ovarian cancer. This review summarizes many of the new advancements in immunotherapy treatment options and could potentially offer valuable insights to gynecologists aimed at enhancing the efficacy of their treatment approaches for patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Ovarianas , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Imunoterapia
8.
Prog Transplant ; 33(4): 318-327, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37964572

RESUMO

Introduction: Little is known about COVID-19 impact on patient medication management. Research Question: The aim was to describe medication management, healthcare team interactions, and adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic in kidney transplant patients and those on the kidney transplant wait list. Design: Using a descriptive, correlational design 340 adults from a midwestern US transplant program were recruited. The Managing Medications in the Midst of a Pandemic Survey measured healthcare team encounters and medication management. The Basel assessment of adherence to medications scale measured medication adherence. Results: The response rate was 35% (119/340). During the pandemic, 88% had practiced/were currently practicing socially distancing, 85% had worn/were currently wearing a face mask in public, 18% had been/were currently diagnosed with COVID-19 and 82% received the vaccine. Medication management: 76% planned and organized their own medications. Healthcare team interactions: 89% met in the office, 20% via phone, 12% telehealth, and 13% delayed seeing a healthcare provider because of COVID-19 concerns. Pharmacy interactions: 11% changed their method of obtaining medications from pharmacy due to social distancing. Medication adherence implementation was problematic with 19% missing a dose; results from the binary logistic regression suggested that those with higher levels of education were more likely to report missing a dose. Conclusions: Patients acted to prevent COVID-19 but some still contracted the virus. The pandemic changed healthcare team medication management interactions. Adherence implementation problems were nearly 20%. Findings are relevant to the transplant healthcare team to understand the impact of a pandemic on patient/team interactions and medication adherence.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Transplante de Rim , Humanos , Adulto , Pandemias , Transplante de Rim/métodos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Transplantados , Adesão à Medicação
9.
Med Oncol ; 40(12): 343, 2023 Oct 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37906337

RESUMO

Prostate cancer (PC) has historically been the most diagnosed cancer in men. Though treatment for prostate cancer is often effective, it is also often very taxing on the body and commonly has negative quality of life implications. One such example is androgen suppression therapy (AST), which has severe side effects that can be mitigated through physical activity. Natural agents and protocols are increasingly studied for their merit against cancer and for their potential to treat cancer in ways that preserve the quality of life. Many agents and lifestyle choices have been shown to have success against prostate cancer. There is promising evidence that simple treatments such as green tea, pomegranate, and a regular exercise routine can be effective against prostate cancer. These treatments have the potential to enhance current treatment protocols. In this review, we will discuss the viability of many natural agents as treatments for prostate cancer and its complications.


Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos , Neoplasias da Próstata , Masculino , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Produtos Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Chá , Estilo de Vida
10.
Med Oncol ; 40(9): 262, 2023 Aug 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37544953

RESUMO

Melanoma is the most lethal malignancy in skin cancers. About 97,610 new cases of melanoma are projected to occur in the United States (US) in 2023. Artichoke is a very popular plant widely consumed in the US due to its nutrition. In recent years, it has been shown that artichoke shows powerful anti-cancer effects on cancers such as breast cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, and leukemia. However, there is little known about its effect on melanoma. This study was designed to investigate if artichoke extract (AE) has any direct effect on the growth of melanoma. Clonogenic survival assay, cell proliferation, and caspase-3 activity kits were used to evaluate the effects AE has on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis of the widely studied melanoma cell line HTB-72. We further investigated the possible molecular mechanisms using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. The percentage of colonies of HTB-72 melanoma cells decreased significantly after treated with AE. This was paralleled with the decrease in the optic density (OD) value of cancer cells after treatment with AE. This was further supported by the decreased expression of PCNA mRNA after treated with AE. Furthermore, the cellular caspase-3 activity increased after treated with AE. The anti-proliferative effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with increased p21, p27, and decreased CDK4. The pro-apoptotic effect of AE on melanoma cells correlated with decreased survivin. Artichoke inhibits growth of melanoma by inhibition of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis. Such a study might be helpful to develop a new promising treatment for melanoma.


Assuntos
Cynara scolymus , Melanoma , Humanos , Cynara scolymus/metabolismo , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Inibidores do Crescimento/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/patologia , Apoptose , Proliferação de Células
11.
Anticancer Res ; 43(7): 2933-2939, 2023 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37351982

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/AIM: Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality due to cancer death. Treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still challenging. Cranberries contain many rich bioactive components that may help fight cancer. The action of cranberry against some cancer types has been reported, however, its role in lung cancer has only been investigated in large-cell lung cancer. In this study, we expanded current research on the role of cranberry in LUAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A549 LUAD cancer cells were treated with commercial cranberry extract (CE). Proliferation of A549 cells was measured with a clonogenic survival assay and quick proliferation assay. Caspase-3 activity was used to evaluate apoptosis of A549 cells. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was conducted to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the action of CE. RESULTS: Treatment of LUAD with CE reduced the percentage of A549 colonies. This was consistent with the decrease in the optic density of cancer cells after treatment with CE. Caspase-3 activity increased after treatment with CE. The anti-proliferative effect of CE on A549 cells correlated with reduced expression of pro-proliferation molecules cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and CDK4. The pro-apoptotic effect of CE on A549 cells correlated with the reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule caspase 8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (FLIP). CONCLUSION: CE had an inhibitory effect on the growth of LUAD cells by modulation of both pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic molecules. Our research hopes to guide future treatment options for LUAD.


Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Extratos Vegetais , Vaccinium macrocarpon , Vaccinium macrocarpon/química , Frutas/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Células A549 , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Semelhante a CASP8 e FADD/metabolismo , Quinase 2 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Apoptose
12.
Pharmaceutics ; 15(6)2023 Jun 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37376169

RESUMO

As a prevalent medical problem that burdens millions of patients across the world, chronic wounds pose a challenge to the healthcare system. These wounds, often existing as a comorbidity, are vulnerable to infections. Consequently, infections hinder the healing process and complicate clinical management and treatment. While antibiotic drugs remain a popular treatment for infected chronic wounds, the recent rise of antibiotic-resistant strains has hastened the need for alternative treatments. Future impacts of chronic wounds are likely to increase with aging populations and growing obesity rates. With the need for more effective novel treatments, promising research into various wound therapies has seen an increased demand. This review summarizes photodynamic therapy, probiotics, acetic acid, and essential oil studies as developing antibiotic-free treatments for chronic wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinicians may find this review informative by gaining a better understanding of the state of current research into various antibiotic-free treatments. Furthermore. this review provides clinical significance, as clinicians may seek to implement photodynamic therapy, probiotics, acetic acid, or essential oils into their own practice.

13.
Med Oncol ; 40(7): 186, 2023 May 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37219649

RESUMO

Incidences of endometrial adenocarcinoma are increasing in the USA with poor prognosis for patients with advanced disease. The current treatment standard is surgery including total hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy with surgical staging and adjunct treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation. However, these methods do not present as an effective treatment option for poorly differentiated advanced cancers. Advancements in immunotherapy now offer a new approach for various types of cancer and specifically show promise in the treatment of endometrial adenocarcinoma. This review summarizes immunotherapeutic treatment options relevant to endometrial adenocarcinoma, such as immune checkpoint blockades, bispecific T-cell engager antibodies, vaccinations, and adoptive cell transfer. This study could be helpful for clinicians to identify treatment options more suitable for women with late-stage endometrial adenocarcinoma.


Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Imunoterapia , Humanos , Feminino , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Histerectomia , Vacinação
14.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol ; 186: 104011, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37105370

RESUMO

Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is an interleukin cytokine usually linked to inflammation. In recent years, it has been found that IL-32 exhibits both pro- and anti-tumor effects. Although most of those effects from IL-32 appear to favor tumor growth, some isoforms have shown to favor tumor suppression. This suggests that the role of IL-32 in neoplasia is very complex. Thus, the role of IL-32 in these various cancers and protein pathways makes it a very crucial component to consider when looking at potential therapeutic options in tumor treatment. In this review, we will explore what is currently known about IL-32, including its relationship with tumorigenesis and the potential for IL-32 to enhance local and systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Such a study might be helpful to accelerate the development of IL-32-based immunotherapies.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , Humanos , Carcinogênese , Citocinas/metabolismo , Imunoterapia , Inflamação , Interleucinas/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico
15.
Anticancer Res ; 43(5): 1885-1890, 2023 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37097692

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/AIM: Pancreatic cancer is the second most common gastrointestinal cancer in the world, yet the five-year survival outcome rate of less than 5% urges for improvement in medical interventions of pancreatic cancer. Currently, high dose radiation therapy (RT) is used as an adjuvant treatment; however, the high level of RT required to treat advanced neoplasms leads to high incidence rates of side effects. In recent years, the utilization of cytokines as radiosensitizing agents has been studied, in order to reduce the amount of radiation required. However, few studies have examined IL-28 regarding its potential as a radiosensitizer. This study is the first to utilize IL-28 as a radiosensitizing agent in pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MiaPaCa-2, a widely used pancreatic cancer cell line was used in this study. Clonogenic survival and cell proliferation assays were used to evaluate growth and proliferation of MiaPaCa-2 cells. Caspase-3 activity assay was used to evaluate apoptosis of MiaPaCa-2 cells and RT-PCR was used to study the possible molecular mechanisms. RESULTS: Our results showed that IL-28/RT enhanced RT-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of MiaPaCa-2 cells. Furthermore, compared to RT alone, we found that IL-28/RT up-regulated the mRNA expression of TRAILR1 and P21, while down-regulating mRNA expression of P18 and survivin in MiaPaCa-2 cells. CONCLUSION: IL-28 has the potential to be used as a radiosensitizer for pancreatic cancer and warrants further investigation.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Radiossensibilizantes , Humanos , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Radiossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Radiossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , RNA Mensageiro , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas
16.
Med Oncol ; 40(3): 95, 2023 Feb 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36786890

RESUMO

Colorectal cancer is prevalent worldwide, with various factors influencing the survival rate of late-stage metastatic cases. Current standard treatments include surgical removal, adjuvant chemotherapy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Novel immunotherapy research shows promising results for various cancer types, including colorectal cancer. Current immunotherapy options are limited to specific molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer, while the remaining are limited to standard protocol. This review article summarizes approved, developing, and potential sources for novel colorectal cancer immunotherapy treatment through active-specific, checkpoint inhibitor, cytokine, cytotoxic, and adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. Such a study would be beneficial to patients with colorectal cancer.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Imunoterapia , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Citocinas , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia
17.
Med Oncol ; 39(12): 236, 2022 Sep 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36175715

RESUMO

Bladder cancer is a prominent cancer worldwide with a relatively low survival rate for patients with increased stage and metastasis. Current treatments are based on surgical removal, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Immunotherapy, and platinum-based chemotherapy. However, treatment resistance due to genetic instability of bladder tumors, as well as intolerance to treatment adverse effects leads to the necessity to further treatment options. New advancements in immunotherapy are on the rise for treatment of various cancers and specifically has shown promise in the treatment of bladder cancer. This review summarizes these new advancements in treatment options involving cytokines and cytokine blockade. Such a study might be helpful for urologists to manage patients with bladder cancer more effectively.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Vacina BCG/uso terapêutico , Citocinas , Humanos , Fatores Imunológicos , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/terapia
18.
Anticancer Res ; 42(7): 3275-3284, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35790251

RESUMO

From radiation therapy and surgery to chemotherapy and targeted therapy, the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has remarkably evolved over the past few decades. In recent years, immunotherapy has become an increasingly attractive area of interest in the treatment of NSCLC, especially those in advanced stages. Cytokine and immune checkpoint inhibitors are among the most studied immunotherapies for many cancer types. Herein, we provide an overview of current popular cytokine and checkpoint inhibitor treatment regimens available for patients with NSCLC. Ongoing clinic trials and novel molecular targets that are discussed here could lead to promising new treatment options for NSCLC. The evidence summarized in this review might be helpful for clinicians to better manage patients with NSCLC.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Citocinas/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico
19.
Anticancer Res ; 42(6): 2903-2909, 2022 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35641300

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system. Late-stage cervical cancer treatment has been largely unsuccessful, and urgent anti-cancer therapy is needed. Mangosteen, a tropical fruit, has been studied and found to be rich in xanthones, known anti-cancer compounds. This study was designed to investigate the effect of mangosteen extract (ME) on SiHa cervical cancer cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clonogenic survival assay, Quick Cell Proliferation Assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and caspase-3 activity kits were used to investigate the in vitro role of ME treatment in SiHa cervical cancer cell growth. We further investigated the possible molecular mechanisms using RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was done with unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test and significance at p-value <0.05; each experiment was repeated three times. RESULTS: Our study found that the growth and proliferation of SiHa cervical cancer cells was inhibited by ME. ME also induced apoptosis in SiHa cervical cancer cells. The anti-proliferative effect of ME on cervical cancer cells was associated with statistically significant (p<0.05) down-regulation of the pro-proliferative molecules cyclin B, cyclin D and cyclin E. The pro-apoptotic effect of ME was associated with statistically significant (p<0.05) down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic molecules flice-like inhibitory protein (FLIP) and survivin. CONCLUSION: ME impedes the growth and survival of SiHa cervical cancer cells by down-regulating cyclin B, cyclin D, cyclin E as well as FLIP and survivin. ME may be a promising strategy for targeted cancer immunotherapy development.


Assuntos
Garcinia mangostana , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Ciclina B/farmacologia , Ciclina D , Ciclina E , Feminino , Humanos , Survivina , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genética
20.
Anticancer Res ; 42(5): 2425-2432, 2022 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35489758

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is the most lethal digestive cancer and the fourth overall cause of cancer death in the US. Asparagus, a widely consumed savory vegetable, is a rich source of antioxidants, saponins, vitamins, and minerals. In recent years, it has been shown that components of asparagus have anticancer effects on endometrial adenocarcinoma, and in prostate, breast, and colon cancer. In pancreatic cancer, it has been shown to have an anticancer effect on the KLM1-R cell line. This study was designed to investigate if asparagus extract (AE) had any effect on the growth of a widely used pancreatic cancer cell line MDAPanc-28 and to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms behind it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clonogenic survival assay, proliferation, and caspase-3 activity kits were used to evaluate the effects of AE on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis pathway of MDAPanc-28 cells. We further investigated the possible molecular mechanisms by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The colony numbers and proliferation of MDAPanc-28 cells were surprisingly increased when treated with AE. The relative caspase-3 activity in cancer cells decreased when they were treated with AE. The pro-proliferative effect of AE on MDAPanc-28 cells correlated with down-regulation of anti-proliferative molecules P21 and P53. The potential anti-apoptotic effect of AE correlated with down-regulation of the pro-apoptotic molecule Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS) and down-regulation of caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSION: AE exhibits a pro-tumor effect on MDAPanc-28 pancreatic cancer cells by down-regulation of P21, P53, and FAS.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53 , Apoptose , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas
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