Comparison of Questionnaire and Performance-Based Physical Frailty Scales to Predict Survival and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure.

Background Frailty is prevalent in older adults with heart failure and is associated with poor outcomes; however, there remains uncertainty on how to measure frailty in clinical practice. Methods and Results A multicentric prospective cohort study was assembled at 4 heart failure clinics to compare the prognostic value of 3 physical frailty scales in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Outcomes were all-cause death or hospitalization and health-related quality of life using the 36-Item Short Form survey questionnaire (SF-36) at 3 months. Multivariable regression was adjusted for age, sex, Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure score, and baseline SF-36 score. The cohort included 215 patients (mean age 77.6 years). All 3 frailty scales were independently associated with death or hospitalization at 3 months; the adjusted odds ratios standardized per 1 SD worsening of the Short Physical Performance Battery; Fried, and strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls scales were 1.67 (95% CI, 1.09-2.55), 1.60 (95% CI, 1.04-2.46), and 1.55 (95% CI, 1.03-2.35), respectively, with C statistics of 0.77 to 0.78. All 3 frailty scales were independently associated with worsening SF-36 scores, especially the Short Physical Performance Battery, for which 1 SD worsening of frailty translated to a decrement of -5.86 (-8.55 to -3.17) and -5.51 (-7.82 to -3.21) points in the Physical Component Score and Mental Component Score. Conclusions All 3 physical frailty scales were associated with death, hospitalization, and reduced health-related quality of life in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Questionnaire or performance-based physical frailty scales can be used to offer prognostic value and a therapeutic target in this vulnerable population. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03887351.

Adaptive web-based stress management programs among adults with a cardiovascular disease: A pilot Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and acceptability of using a Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) to optimize the delivery of a web-based, stress management intervention for patients with a cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: 59 patients with a CVD and moderate stress were randomized to a self-directed web-based stress management program (n = 30) or the same intervention plus lay telephone coaching (n = 29). After 6 weeks, non-responders were re-randomized to continue with their initial intervention or switched to motivational interviewing (MI). Feasibility, acceptability, and clinical significance were assessed. RESULTS: SMART procedures were feasible. Attrition rates were almost twice as high in the web-only group than the lay coach group. This might be because of the low satisfaction (47%) in the web-only group. On average, 1.7/5 modules were completed. Effect sizes for stress and quality of life generally exceeded 0.2 (clinical benchmark), except for the group that initially received lay coaching and then switched to MI. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that a larger trial would be feasible. Issues pertaining to attrition and satisfaction for non-responders need to be addressed. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Findings contribute to the evidence on how best to develop and deliver e-Health interventions to maximize their efficacy while remaining cost-effective.

Quantifying the medical student learning curve for ECG rhythm strip interpretation using deliberate practice.

Objectives: Obtaining competency in medical skills such as interpretation of electrocardiograms (ECGs) requires repeated practice and feedback. Structured repeated practice and feedback for ECGs is likely not provided to most medical students, so skill development is dependent on opportunistic training during clinical rotations. Our aim was to describe: the amount of deliberate practice completed for learning ECG rhythm strip diagnoses in first year medical students, the learning curve for rhythm strip diagnosis, and student experiences with deliberate practice. Methods: First year medical students from two medical schools were provided with online rhythm strip practice cases. Diagnostic accuracy was measured throughout practice, and students were provided feedback for every case they completed. Total cases practiced and time spent practicing were correlated with their performance during practice and on an exam. Results: 314 of 384 (82%) students consented. The mean number of ECGs each student practiced was 59 (range 0-280), representing 18,466 total instances of deliberate practice. We generated mathematical models that accurately correlated both the number of cases practiced and time spent practicing, with diagnostic accuracy on an exam (p<0.001). For example, students would need to spend on average of 112 minutes and complete 34 practice cases to obtain 75% on an ECG rhythm strip exam. Student satisfaction was high using the online cases. Conclusions: We succeeded in delivering deliberate practice for ECG rhythm strip interpretation to a large cohort of students at 2 medical schools. We quantified a learning curve that estimates the number of cases and practice time required to achieve pre-determined levels of diagnostic accuracy. This data can help inform a competency-based approach to curriculum development.

Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus: a rare entity confirmed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.

Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus (CCMA) is a rare variant of mitral annulus calcification which presents as a semilunar echodense mass with smooth borders and central areas of echolucency. It is an under-recognized benign entity and can be misdiagnosed for a number of pathologies including tumors, abscesses and thrombi. We present a representative CCMA case and highlight its typical appearance on magnetic resonance imaging.