Surgical treatment of Roussouly type 1 with realigning Roussouly spinal shape and improving SRS-Schwab modifier: effect on minimal clinically important difference.

PURPOSE: To evaluate outcomes of choosing different Roussouly shapes and improving in Schwab modifiers for surgical Roussouly type 1 patients. METHODS: Baseline (BL) and 2-year (2Y) clinical data of adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients presenting with Roussouly type 1 sagittal spinal alignment were isolated in the single-center spine database. Patients were grouped into Roussouly type 1, 2 and 3 with anteverted pelvis (3a) postoperatively. Schwab modifiers at BL and 2Y were categorized as follows: no deformity (0), moderate deformity (+), and severe deformity (++) for pelvic tilt (PT), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis mismatch (PI-LL). Improvement in SRS-Schwab was defined as a decrease in the severity of any modifier at 2Y. RESULTS: A total of 96 patients (69.9 years, 72.9% female, 25.2 kg/m2) were included. At 2Y, there were 34 type 1 backs, 60 type 2 backs and only 2 type 3a. Type 1 and type 2 did not differ in rates of reaching 2Y minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores (all P > 0.05). Two patients who presented with type 3a had poor HRQOL scores. Analysis of Schwab modifiers showed that 41.7% of patients improved in SVA, 45.8% in PI-LL, and 36.5% in PT. At 2Y, patients who improved in SRS-Schwab PT and SVA had lower Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores and significantly more of them reached MCID for ODI (all P < 0.001). Patients who improved in SRS-Schwab SVA and PI-LL had more changes of VAS Back and Short Form-36 (SF-36) outcomes questionnaire physical component summary (SF-36 PCS), and significantly more reached MCID (all P < 0.001). By 2Y, type 2 patients who improved in SRS-Schwab grades reached MCID for VAS back and ODI at the highest rate (P = 0.003, P = 0.001, respectively), and type 1 patients who improved in SRS-Schwab grades reached MCID for SF-36 PCS at the highest rate (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: For ASD patients classified as Roussouly type 1, postoperative improvement in SRS-Schwab grades reflected superior patient-reported outcomes while type 1 and type 2 did not differ in clinical outcomes at 2Y. However, development of type 3a should be avoided at the risk of poor functional outcomes. Utilizing both classification systems in surgical decision-making can optimize postoperative outcomes.

Construction of circ_0071922-miR-15a-5p-mRNA network in intervertebral disc degeneration by RNA-sequencing.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is the main factor of global disease burden. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) has long been known as the leading reason of LBP. Increasing studies have verified that circular RNAs (circRNAs)-microRNAs (miRNAs)-mRNAs network is widely involved in the pathological processes of IVDD. However, no study was made to demonstrate the circRNAs-mediated ferroptosis, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix metabolism, and immune response in IVDD. Methods: We collected 3 normal and 3 degenerative nucleus pulposus tissues to conduct RNA-sequencing to identify the key circRNAs and miRNAs in IVDD. Bioinformatics analysis was then conducted to construct circRNAs-miRNAs-mRNAs interaction network associated with ferroptosis, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix metabolism, and immune response. We also performed animal experiments to validate the therapeutic effects of key circRNAs in IVDD. Results: We found that circ_0015435 was most obviously upregulated and circ_0071922 was most obviously downregulated in IVDD using RNA-sequencing. Then we observed that hsa-miR-15a-5p was the key downstream of circ_0071922, and hsa-miR-15a-5p was the top upregulated miRNA in IVDD. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict that 56 immunity-related genes, 29 ferroptosis-related genes, 23 oxidative stress-related genes and 8 ECM-related genes are the targets mRNAs of hsa-miR-15a-5p. Then we constructed a ceRNA network encompassing 24 circRNAs, 6 miRNAs, and 101 mRNAs. Additionally, we demonstrated that overexpression of circ_0071922 can alleviate IVDD progression in a rat model. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggested that circ_0071922-miR-15a-5p-mRNA signaling network might affect IVDD by modulating the nucleus pulposus cells ferroptosis, oxidative stress, ECM metabolism, and immune response, which is an effective therapeutic targets of IVDD.

Breeding maize of ideal plant architecture for high-density planting tolerance through modulating shade avoidance response and beyond.

Maize is a major staple crop widely used as food, animal feed, and raw materials in industrial production. High-density planting is a major factor contributing to the continuous increase of maize yield. However, high planting density usually triggers a shade avoidance response and causes increased plant height and ear height, resulting in lodging and yield loss. Reduced plant height and ear height, more erect leaf angle, reduced tassel branch number, earlier flowering, and strong root system architecture are five key morphological traits required for maize adaption to high-density planting. In this review, we summarize recent advances in deciphering the genetic and molecular mechanisms of maize involved in response to high-density planting. We also discuss some strategies for breeding advanced maize cultivars with superior performance under high-density planting conditions.

ZmELF3.1 integrates the RA2-TSH4 module to repress maize tassel branching.

Tassel branch number (TBN) is a key agronomic trait for adapting to high-density planting and grain yield in maize. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying tassel branching are still largely unknown. Here, we used molecular and genetic studies together to show that ZmELF3.1 plays a critical role in regulating TBN in maize. Previous studies showed that ZmELF3.1 forms the evening complex through interacting with ZmELF4 and ZmLUX to regulate flowering in maize and that RA2 and TSH4 (ZmSBP2) suppresses and promotes TBN in maize, respectively. In this study, we show that loss-of-function mutants of ZmELF3.1 exhibit a significant increase of TBN. We also show that RA2 directly binds to the promoter of TSH4 and represses its expression, thus leading to reduced TBN. We further demonstrate that ZmELF3.1 directly interacts with both RA2 and ZmELF4.2 to form tri-protein complexes that further enhance the binding of RA2 to the promoter of TSH4, leading to suppressed TSH4 expression and consequently decreased TBN. Our combined results establish a novel functional link between the ELF3-ELF4-RA2 complex and miR156-SPL regulatory module in regulating tassel branching and provide a valuable target for genetic improvement of tassel branching in maize.

Containing anti-PLA2R IgG antibody induces podocyte injury in idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

Background: Idiopathic membranous nephropathy is widely recognized as an autoimmune kidney disease that is accompanied by the discovery of several autoantibodies, and the antibody subclass in the circulation of patients with iMN is mainly IgG. However, the direct pathogenic effect of the containing anti-PLA2R IgG antibody on podocytes is not clear.Method: A protein G affinity chromatography column was used to purify serum IgG antibodies. Containing anti-PLA2R IgG antibodies from iMN patients and IgG from healthy controls were also obtained. Based on the established in vitro podocyte culture system, purified IgG antibodies from the two groups were used to stimulate podocytes, and the expression of essential podocyte proteins (podocin), the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the cell supernatant, cytoskeletal disorders, and podocyte apoptosis were analyzed.Results: Compared with that in the normal IgG group, the expression of podocin and podocin mRNA was reduced (p = 0.016 and p = 0.005, respectively), the fluorescence intensity of podocin on the surface of podocytes was reduced, the cytoskeleton of podocytes was disordered and reorganized, and the ratio of podocyte apoptosis was increased in the iMN group (p = 0.008).Conclusion: The containing anti-PLA2R IgG antibody might have a direct damaging effect on podocytes in idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

Modeling and Insights into the Structural Characteristics of Chemical Mitochondrial Toxicity.

Mitochondria are the energy metabolism center of cells and are involved in a number of other processes, such as cell differentiation and apoptosis, signal transduction, and regulation of cell cycle and cell proliferation. It is of great significance to evaluate the mitochondrial toxicity of drugs and other chemicals. In the present study, we aimed to propose easily available artificial intelligence (AI) models for the prediction of chemical mitochondrial toxicity and investigate the structural characteristics with the analysis of molecular properties and structural alerts. The consensus model achieved good predictive results with high total accuracy at 87.21% for validation sets. The models can be accessed freely via https://ochem.eu/article/158582. Besides, several commonly used chemical properties were significantly different between chemicals with and without mitochondrial toxicity. We also detected the structural alerts (SAs) responsible for mitochondrial toxicity and integrated them into the web-server SApredictor (www.sapredictor.cn). The study may provide useful tools for in silico estimation of mitochondrial toxicity and be helpful to understand the mechanisms of mitochondrial toxicity.

Unraveling Prevalence and Effects of Deleterious Mutations in Maize Elite Lines across Decades of Modern Breeding.

Future breeding is likely to involve the detection and removal of deleterious alleles, which are mutations that negatively affect crop fitness. However, little is known about the prevalence of such mutations and their effects on phenotypic traits in the context of modern crop breeding. To address this, we examined the number and frequency of deleterious mutations in 350 elite maize inbred lines developed over the past few decades in China and the United States. Our findings reveal an accumulation of weakly deleterious mutations and a decrease in strongly deleterious mutations, indicating the dominant effects of genetic drift and purifying selection for the two types of mutations, respectively. We also discovered that slightly deleterious mutations, when at lower frequencies, were more likely to be heterozygous in the developed hybrids. This is consistent with complementation as a potential explanation for heterosis. Subsequently, we found that deleterious mutations accounted for more of the variation in phenotypic traits than nondeleterious mutations with matched minor allele frequencies, especially for traits related to leaf angle and flowering time. Moreover, we detected fewer deleterious mutations in the promoter and gene body regions of differentially expressed genes across breeding eras than in nondifferentially expressed genes. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence and impact of deleterious mutations in modern maize breeding and establish a useful baseline for future maize improvement efforts.

ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 act together to promote vegetative and reproductive transition in maize.

Flowering time is a key agronomic trait determining environmental adaptation and yield potential of crops. The regulatory mechanisms of flowering in maize still remain rudimentary. In this study, we combine expressional, genetic, and molecular studies to identify two homologous SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 as positive regulators of juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition and floral transition in maize. We show that both ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 are preferentially expressed in leaf phloem, vegetative and reproductive meristem. We show that vegetative phase change and flowering time are moderately delayed in the Zmspl13 and Zmspl29 single knockout mutants and more significantly delayed in the Zmspl13/29 double mutants. Consistently, the ZmSPL29 overexpression plants display precocious vegetative phase transition and floral transition, thus early flowering. We demonstrate that ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 directly upregulate the expression of ZmMIR172C and ZCN8 in the leaf, and of ZMM3 and ZMM4 in the shoot apical meristem, to induce juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition and floral transition. These findings establish a consecutive signaling cascade of the maize aging pathway by linking the miR156-SPL and the miR172-Gl15 regulatory modules and provide new targets for genetic improvement of flowering time in maize cultivars.

Gene expression and expression quantitative trait loci analyses uncover natural variations underlying the improvement of important agronomic traits during modern maize breeding.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major staple crop worldwide, and during modern maize breeding, cultivars with increased tolerance to high-density planting and higher yield per plant have contributed significantly to the increased yield per unit land area. Systematically identifying key agronomic traits and their associated genomic changes during modern maize breeding remains a significant challenge because of the complexity of genetic regulation and the interactions of the various agronomic traits, with most of them being controlled by numerous small-effect quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Here, we performed phenotypic and gene expression analyses for a set of 137 elite inbred lines of maize from different breeding eras in China. We found four yield-related traits are significantly improved during modern maize breeding. Through gene-clustering analyses, we identified four groups of expressed genes with distinct trends of expression pattern change across the historical breeding eras. In combination with weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified several candidate genes regulating various plant architecture- and yield-related agronomic traits, such as ZmARF16, ZmARF34, ZmTCP40, ZmPIN7, ZmPYL10, ZmJMJ10, ZmARF1, ZmSWEET15b, ZmGLN6 and Zm00001d019150. Further, by combining expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) analyses, correlation coefficient analyses and population genetics, we identified a set of candidate genes that might have been under selection and contributed to the genetic improvement of various agronomic traits during modern maize breeding, including a number of known key regulators of plant architecture, flowering time and yield-related traits, such as ZmPIF3.3, ZAG1, ZFL2 and ZmBES1. Lastly, we validated the functional variations in GL15, ZmPHYB2 and ZmPYL10 that influence kernel row number, flowering time, plant height and ear height, respectively. Our results demonstrates the effectiveness of our combined approaches for uncovering key candidate regulatory genes and functional variation underlying the improvement of important agronomic traits during modern maize breeding, and provide a valuable genetic resource for the molecular breeding of maize cultivars with tolerance for high-density planting.

QTL Analysis Reveals Conserved and Differential Genetic Regulation of Maize Lateral Angles above the Ear.

Improving the density tolerance and planting density has great importance for increasing maize production. The key to promoting high density planting is breeding maize with a compact canopy architecture, which is mainly influenced by the angles of the leaves and tassel branches above the ear. It is still unclear whether the leaf angles of different stem nodes and tassel branches are controlled by similar genetic regulatory mechanisms, which limits the ability to breed for density-tolerant maize. Here, we developed a population with 571 double haploid lines derived from inbred lines, PHBA6 and Chang7-2, showing significant differences in canopy architecture. Phenotypic and QTL analyses revealed that the genetic regulation mechanism was largely similar for closely adjacent leaves above the ears. In contrast, the regulation mechanisms specifying the angles of distant leaves and the angles of leaves vs. tassel branches are largely different. The liguless1 gene was identified as a candidate gene for QTLs co-regulating the angles of different leaves and the tassel branch, consistent with its known roles in regulating plant architecture. Our findings can be used to develop strategies for the improvement of leaf and tassel architecture through the introduction of trait-specific or pleiotropic genes, thus benefiting the breeding of maize with increased density tolerance in the future.

ZmSIZ1a and ZmSIZ1b play an indispensable role in resistance against Fusarium ear rot in maize.

Fusarium ear rot (FER) is a destructive fungal disease of maize caused by Fusarium verticillioides. FER resistance is a typical complex quantitative trait controlled by micro-effect genes, leading to difficulty in identifying the host resistance genes. SIZ1 encodes a SUMO E3 ligase regulating a wide range of plant developmental processes and stress responses. However, the function of ZmSIZ1 remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that ZmSIZ1a and ZmSIZ1b possess SUMO E3 ligase activity, and that the Zmsiz1a/1b double mutant, but not the Zmsiz1a or Zmsiz1b single mutants, exhibits severely impaired resistance to FER. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in plant disease resistance-related pathways, especially in plant-pathogen interaction, MAPK signalling, and plant hormone signal transduction. Thirty-five candidate genes were identified in these pathways. Furthermore, the integration of the transcriptome and metabolome data revealed that the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was induced by F. verticillioides infection, and that accumulation of flavone and flavonol was significantly reduced in the Zmsiz1a/1b double mutant. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that ZmSIZ1a and ZmSIZ1b play a redundant, but indispensable role against FER, and provide potential new gene resources for molecular breeding of FER-resistant maize cultivars.

Local auxin biosynthesis regulates brace root angle and lodging resistance in maize.

Root lodging poses a major threat to maize production, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality, and increased harvest costs. Here, we combined expressional, genetic, and cytological studies to demonstrate a role of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 in regulating gravitropic response of the brace root and lodging resistance in maize. We show that both ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are preferentially expressed in root tips with partially overlapping expression patterns, and the protein products of ZmYUC2 and ZmYUC4 are localized in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. The Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant exhibit enlarged brace root angle compared with the wild-type plants, with larger brace root angle being observed in the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant. Consistently, the brace root tips of the Zmyuc4 single mutant and Zmyuc2/4 double mutant accumulate less auxin and are defective in proper reallocation of auxin in response to gravi-stimuli. Furthermore, we show that the Zmyuc4 single mutant and the Zmyuc2/4 double mutant display obviously enhanced root lodging resistance. Our combined results demonstrate that ZmYUC2- and ZmYUC4-mediated local auxin biosynthesis is required for normal gravity response of the brace roots and provide effective targets for breeding root lodging resistant maize cultivars.

De novo genome assembly and analyses of 12 founder inbred lines provide insights into maize heterosis.

Hybrid maize displays superior heterosis and contributes over 30% of total worldwide cereal production. However, the molecular mechanisms of heterosis remain obscure. Here we show that structural variants (SVs) between the parental lines have a predominant role underpinning maize heterosis. De novo assembly and analyses of 12 maize founder inbred lines (FILs) reveal abundant genetic variations among these FILs and, through expression quantitative trait loci and association analyses, we identify several SVs contributing to genomic and phenotypic differentiations of various heterotic groups. Using a set of 91 diallel-cross F1 hybrids, we found strong positive correlations between better-parent heterosis of the F1 hybrids and the numbers of SVs between the parental lines, providing concrete genomic support for a prevalent role of genetic complementation underlying heterosis. Further, we document evidence that SVs in both ZAR1 and ZmACO2 contribute to yield heterosis in an overdominance fashion. Our results should promote genomics-based breeding of hybrid maize.

UB2/UB3/TSH4-anchored transcriptional networks regulate early maize inflorescence development in response to simulated shade.

Increasing planting density has been adopted as an effective means to increase maize (Zea mays) yield. Competition for light from neighbors can trigger plant shade avoidance syndrome, which includes accelerated flowering. However, the regulatory networks of maize inflorescence development in response to high-density planting remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that shade-mimicking treatments cause precocious development of the tassels and ears. Comparative transcriptome profiling analyses revealed the enrichment of phytohormone-related genes and transcriptional regulators among the genes co-regulated by developmental progression and simulated shade. Network analysis showed that three homologous Squamosa promoter binding protein (SBP)-like (SPL) transcription factors, Unbranched2 (UB2), Unbranched3 (UB3), and Tasselsheath4 (TSH4), individually exhibited connectivity to over 2,400 genes across the V3-to-V9 stages of tassel development. In addition, we showed that the ub2 ub3 double mutant and tsh4 single mutant were almost insensitive to simulated shade treatments. Moreover, we demonstrated that UB2/UB3/TSH4 could directly regulate the expression of Barren inflorescence2 (BIF2) and Zea mays teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor30 (ZmTCP30). Furthermore, we functionally verified a role of ZmTCP30 in regulating tassel branching and ear development. Our results reveal a UB2/UB3/TSH4-anchored transcriptional regulatory network of maize inflorescence development and provide valuable targets for breeding shade-tolerant maize cultivars.

The evening complex promotes maize flowering and adaptation to temperate regions.

Maize (Zea mays) originated in southern Mexico and has spread over a wide latitudinal range. Maize expansion from tropical to temperate regions has necessitated a reduction of its photoperiod sensitivity. In this study, we cloned a quantitative trait locus (QTL) regulating flowering time in maize and show that the maize ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY FLOWERING3, ZmELF3.1, is the causal locus. We demonstrate that ZmELF3.1 and ZmELF3.2 proteins can physically interact with ZmELF4.1/4.2 and ZmLUX1/2, to form evening complex(es; ECs) in the maize circadian clock. Loss-of-function mutants for ZmELF3.1/3.2 and ZmLUX1/2 exhibited delayed flowering under long-day and short-day conditions. We show that EC directly represses the expression of several flowering suppressor genes, such as the CONSTANS, CONSTANS-LIKE, TOC1 (CCT) genes ZmCCT9 and ZmCCT10, ZmCONSTANS-LIKE 3, and the PSEUDORESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes ZmPRR37a and ZmPRR73, thus alleviating their inhibition, allowing florigen gene expression and promoting flowering. Further, we identify two closely linked retrotransposons located in the ZmELF3.1 promoter that regulate the expression levels of ZmELF3.1 and may have been positively selected during postdomestication spread of maize from tropical to temperate regions during the pre-Columbian era. These findings provide insights into circadian clock-mediated regulation of photoperiodic flowering in maize and new targets of genetic improvement for breeding.

Screening the immune-related circRNAs and genes in mice of spinal cord injury by RNA sequencing.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a pathological condition that leading to serious nerve damage, disability and even death. Increasing evidence have revealed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) and mRNA are widely involved in the regulation of the pathological process of neurological diseases by sponging microRNAs (miRNAs). Nevertheless, the potential biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in the subacute stage of SCI remain unclear. We analyzed the expression and regulatory patterns of circRNAs and mRNAs in SCI mice models using RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 24 circRNAs and 372 mRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed. Then we identifying the immune-related genes (IRGs) from them. The protein-protein interaction network were constructed based on the STRING database and Cytoscape software. Furthermore, Go and KEGG enrichment analysis were conducted to predict the functions of the IRGs and host genes of DECs. These findings will contribute to elucidate the pathophysiology of SCI and provide effective therapeutic targets for SCI patients.

Roussouly type 2 could evolve into type 1 shape as sagittal spinal alignment deterioration progresses with age.

Study design: Cross-sectional study. Objective: To identify whether Roussouly type 2 could evolve into type 1 as the deterioration progresses. Methods: The study group comprised subjects with a low pelvic incidence (PI). All subjects underwent a standing whole spinal radiograph and sagittal parameters were measured: T1 pelvic angle (TPA), lumbar lordosis (LL), PI, pelvic tilt (PT), L4-S1 angle, thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK), thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar sagittal apex (LSA), lordosis distribution index (LDI) and number of vertebrae included in the lordosis (NVL). All subjects were distributed into two groups; with primary (de novo) degenerative scoliosis (PDS) and without PDS. Subjects without PDS were divided into young adult, adult, middle-aged and elderly groups. The differences in sagittal parameters of each subgroup were compared. Results: In total, 270 subjects were included with a mean age of 58.6 years (range 20-87 years). There was a stepwise increase in the proportion of type 1 with age, whereas type 2 decreased. The TPA, PT, PI-LL, TK, TLK and LDI increased with age in subjects without PDS. The TPA, LDI, TLK and TK increased with age in subjects who displayed type 1, whereas the PT, LL, L4-S1 and PI-LL were unchanged. The TPA, PT, PI-LL and TLK increased with age in subjects who displayed type 2, whereas LL and L4-S1 were decreased, while the LDI and TK remained unchanged. The LSA of subjects without PDS became lower and the NVL decreased with age, with similar phenomena found in the subjects with type 2. There was no statistical difference among the groups for the LSA or NVL distribution of subjects with type 1. The TPA, PT and PI-LL of subjects with PDS were greater than those in Group IV, while the SS, LL and TK were less. The Roussouly-type, NVL and LSA distribution were identical between these two groups. Conclusion: Roussouly type 1 shape may not be an actual individual specific spine type. Rather, type 2 could evolve into the "type 1" shape as deterioration of the sagittal spinal alignment progresses with age. Primary (de novo) degenerative scoliosis had little effect on whether type 2 became type 1. This should be taken into consideration during the assessment and restoration of sagittal balance.

Identification of differentially expressed genes in mouse paraspinal muscle in response to microgravity.

Lower back pain (LBP) is the primary reason leading to dyskinesia in patients, which can be experienced by people of all ages. Increasing evidence have revealed that paraspinal muscle (PSM) degeneration (PSMD) is a causative contributor to LBP. Current research revealed that fatty infiltration, tissue fibrosis, and muscle atrophy are the characteristic pathological alterations of PSMD, and muscle atrophy is associated with abnormally elevated oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. Interestingly, microgravity can induce PSMD and LBP. However, studies on the molecular mechanism of microgravity in the induction of PSMD are strongly limited. This study identified 23 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the PSM (longissimus dorsi) of mice which were flown aboard the Bion M1 biosatellite in microgravity by bioinformatics analysis. Then, we performed protein-protein interaction, Gene Ontology function, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis for the DEGs. We found that Il6ra, Tnfaip2, Myo5a, Sesn1, Lcn2, Lrg1, and Pik3r1 were inflammatory genes; Fbox32, Cdkn1a, Sesn1, and Mafb were associated with muscle atrophy; Cdkn1a, Sesn1, Lcn2, and Net1 were associated with ROS; and Sesn1 and Net1 were linked to oxidative stress. Furthermore, Lcn2, Fbxo32, Cdkn1a, Pik3r1, Sesn1, Net1, Il6ra, Myo5a, Lrg1, and Pfkfb3 were remarkably upregulated, whereas Tnfaip2 and Mafb were remarkably downregulated in PSMD, suggesting that they might play a significant role in regulating the occurrence and development of PSMD. These findings provide theoretical basis and therapeutic targets for the treatment of PSMD.