A Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model for the Probability of Fall Risk Among Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Fall is a common adverse event among older adults. This study aimed to identify essential fall factors and develop a machine learning-based prediction model to predict the fall risk category among community-dwelling older adults, leading to earlier intervention and better outcomes. Three prediction models (logistic regression, random forest, and naive Bayes) were constructed and evaluated. A total of 459 people were involved, including 156 participants (34.0%) with high fall risk. Seven independent predictors (frail status, age, smoking, heart attack, cerebrovascular disease, arthritis, and osteoporosis) were selected to develop the models. Among the three machine learning models, the logistic regression model had the best model fit, with the highest area under the curve (0.856) and accuracy (0.797) and sensitivity (0.735) in the test set. The logistic regression model had excellent discrimination, calibration, and clinical decision-making ability, which could aid in accurately identifying the high-risk groups and taking early intervention with the model.

The Effect of Visual Word Segmentation Cues in Tibetan Reading.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In languages with within-word segmentation cues, the removal or replacement of these cues in a text hinders reading and lexical recognition, and adversely affects saccade target selection during reading. However, the outcome of artificially introducing visual word segmentation cues into a language that lacks them is unknown. Tibetan exemplifies a language that does not provide visual cues for word segmentation, relying solely on visual cues for morpheme segmentation. Moreover, previous studies have not examined word segmentation in the Tibetan language. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of artificially incorporated visual word segmentation cues and basic units of information processing in Tibetan reading. METHODS: We used eye-tracking technology and conducted two experiments with Tibetan sentences that artificially incorporated interword spaces and color alternation markings as visual segmentation cues. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that interword spaces facilitate reading and lexical recognition and aid in saccade target selection during reading. Color alternation markings facilitate reading and vocabulary recognition but do not affect saccade selection. Words are more likely to be the basic units of information processing and exhibit greater psychological reality than morphemes. These findings shed light on the nature and rules of Tibetan reading and provide fundamental data to improve eye movement control models for reading alphabetic writing systems. Furthermore, our results may offer practical guidance and a scientific basis for improving the efficiency of reading, information processing, and word segmentation in Tibetan reading.

High prevalence of erectile dysfunction in men with hyperthyroidism: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between hyperthyroidism and the risk of developing erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: A comprehensive search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science, was conducted to identify relevant studies investigating the relationship between hyperthyroidism and ED in men. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle‒Ottawa Quality Rating Scale, and a meta-analysis was performed using Stata 16.0 and RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of four papers encompassing 25,519 study subjects were included in the analysis. Among these, 6,429 individuals had hyperthyroidism, while 19,090 served as controls. The overall prevalence of ED in patients with hyperthyroidism was determined to be 31.1% (95% CI 0.06-0.56). In patients with uncomplicated hyperthyroidism, the incidence of ED was 21.9% (95% CI 0.05-0.38). The combined odds ratio (OR) for the four studies was 1.73 (OR: 1.73; 95% CI [1.46-2.04]; p < .00001). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate a higher incidence of ED in patients with hyperthyroidism. These results provide valuable information for healthcare professionals and can facilitate discussions surrounding appropriate treatment options for ED in patients with hyperthyroidism.

Associations among frailty status, hypertension, and fall risk in community-dwelling older adults.

Objectives: Frailty and hypertension often coexist in older adults, which may lead to fall risks. This study aimed to examine the relationship between frailty status, hypertension, and fall risk. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 401 older adults were conveniently recruited from communities in Wuxi, China, between September 2022 and November 2022. The fall risk self-assessment checklist from the Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries (STEADI) Toolkit was used to evaluate their fall risks. The FRAIL scale questionnaire was used to assess frailty status. Participants' demographic information and comorbidities were collected. Multivariate logistic regression, generalized additive model, and smooth curve fitting were used to analyze the association between frailty, hypertension, and fall risk. Results: Frailty had a strong association with increased prevalence of fall risk among the participants (OR 8.52, 95% CI 3.21-22.57; P < 0.001). Hypertension significantly increased the fall risk among older adults (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.11-3.13; P = 0.019). The group with hypertension and frailty had the highest prevalence of fall risk (OR 12.24, 95% CI 3.51-42.65). Smooth curve fitting showed a nonlinear association between frailty and fall risk in hypertension status. In the progress of pre-frailty to frailty status, a higher tendency to fall was found among older adults with hypertension. Conclusions: Frailty status and hypertension independently and jointly influenced the increased prevalence of fall risk. Enhanced frailty and hypertension management may help decrease fall risk among this population.

The association between inflammation-related biomarkers and the subtypes of cancer-related cognitive impairment in colorectal cancer patients: A latent profile analysis.

PURPOSE: Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) has garnered considerable attention, yet limited research has delved into nuanced distinctions among varying degrees of CRCI in colorectal cancer survivors. This study aimed to identify distinct subgroups based on the patterns of CRCI, assess the heterogeneity among different subgroups, and investigate the potential correlations between the subgroups of CRCI and inflammation-related biomarkers. METHODS: 268 colorectal cancer patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, followed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function. The determination of CRCI subgroups was accomplished by the latent profile analysis (LPA). The effects of inflammation-related biomarkers on CRCI were examined using the binary logistic regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves assessed the diagnostic efficacy of inflammation-related biomarkers. RESULTS: Two latent profiles were identified: CRCI (n = 64, 23.88%) and non-CRCI (n = 204, 76.12%). Independent factors for CRCI in colorectal cancer patients were SIRI (OR = 3.248, 95%CI [1.197-8.807], P = 0.021) and ALI (OR = 0.962, 95%CI [0.937-0.989], P = 0.005). The areas under the curve (AUCs) for SIRI and ALI in predicting CRCI were 0.781 and 0.774, with the optimal cut-off values being 0.70 and 37.04, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal cancer patients exhibited divergent cognitive performance profiles, categorized into two subgroups based on LPA. SIRI and ALI were identified as independent factors for CRCI, demonstrating strong diagnostic accuracy. These two inflammation-related biomarkers may potentially be novel indicators to identify and manage the development of CRCI among colorectal cancer patients.

Heterogeneity of vulnerability and taste changes in older cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a latent class analysis.

PURPOSE: Taste changes and vulnerability are commonly co-occurring in oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy. However, few studies explored the association and the inter-individual variability of these two conditions. This study aimed to identify heterogeneous subtypes of vulnerability and taste changes in older cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and explore individuals' characteristics and risk factors. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify the heterogeneous subgroups of patients with distinct vulnerability and taste change profiles. Differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics among the subpopulation were evaluated using parametric and nonparametric tests. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to investigate predictors of taste change-vulnerability subgroup classification. RESULTS: Three subgroups of those older cancer survivors were identified from the LCA: Class 1 (27.5%)-"Moderate taste change and low vulnerability", Class 2 (29.0%)-"Low taste change and moderate vulnerability", Class 3 (43.5%)-"High taste change and high vulnerability". 98.9% of Class 3 reported taste changes and 54.0% reported vulnerability. Results from multinomial logistic regression indicated that patients in Class 3 were more likely to report experiencing mouth dryness and high blood pressure, and have received more than 3 cycles of chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: The findings could provide new insights into the association between taste changes and vulnerability in older cancer adults receiving chemotherapy. Identifying different latent classes of taste changes and vulnerability would be helpful for developing interventions tailored to the heterogeneous survivors.

Examining the extraction of parafoveal semantic information in Tibetan.

This study conducted two experiments to investigate the extraction of semantic preview information from the parafovea in Tibetan reading. In Experiment 1, a single-factor (preview type: identical vs. semantically related vs. unrelated) within-subject experimental design was used to investigate whether there is a parafoveal semantic preview effect (SPE) in Tibetan reading. Experiment 2 used a 2 (contextual constraint: high vs. low) × 3 (preview type: identical vs. semantically related vs. unrelated) within-subject experimental design to investigate the influence of contextual constraint on the parafoveal semantic preview effect in Tibetan reading. Supporting the E-Z reader model, the experimental results showed that in Tibetan reading, readers could not obtain semantic preview information from the parafovea, and contextual constraint did not influence this process. However, comparing high- and low-constrained contexts, the latter might be more conducive to extracting semantic preview information from the parafovea.

Feature impact assessment: a new score to identify relevant metabolomics features in artificial neural networks using validated labels.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are increasingly used in metabolomics but are hard to interpret. OBJECTIVES: We aimed at developing a feature impact score that is model-agnostic, simple, and interpretable. METHODS: Feature Impact Assessment (FIA) is calculated by varying combinations of features within their observed value range and checking for changes in prediction outcomes. FIA was implemented in R and tested on metabolomics datasets. RESULTS: FIA exceeded LIME and SHAP in selecting biologically meaningful features. Values were comparable across different ANN architectures. CONCLUSION: FIA is a novel score ranking feature impact, helping interpreting ANN in the metabolomics field.

Effects of syllable boundaries in Tibetan reading.

Interword spaces exist in the texts of many languages that use alphabetic writing systems. In most cases, interword spaces, as a kind of word boundary information, play an important role in the reading process of readers. Tibetan also uses alphabetic writing, its text has no spaces between words as word boundary markers. Instead, there are intersyllable tshegs (" "), which are superscript dots. Interword spaces play an important role in reading as word boundary information. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate the role of tshegs and what effect replacing tshegs with spaces will have on Tibetan reading. To answer these questions, Experiment 1 was conducted in which 72 Tibetan undergraduates read three-syllable-boundary conditions (normal, spaced, and untsheged). However, in Experiment 1, because we performed the experimental operations of deleting tshegs and replacing tshegs, the spatial information distribution of Tibetan sentences under different operating conditions was different, which may have a certain potential impact on the experimental results. To rule out the underlying confounding factor, in Experiment 2, 58 undergraduates read sentences for both untsheged and alternating-color conditions. Overall, the global and local analyses revealed that tshegs, spaces, and alternating-color markers as syllable boundaries can help readers segment syllables in Tibetan reading. In Tibetan reading, both spaces and tshegs are effective visual syllable segmentation cues, and spaces are more effective visual syllable segmentation cues than tshegs.

Transcriptional reprogramming restores UBE3A brain-wide and rescues behavioral phenotypes in an Angelman syndrome mouse model.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic disorder caused by the loss of ubiquitin ligase E3A (UBE3A) gene expression in the brain. The UBE3A gene is paternally imprinted in brain neurons. Clinical features of AS are primarily due to the loss of maternally expressed UBE3A in the brain. A healthy copy of paternal UBE3A is present in the brain but is silenced by a long non-coding antisense transcript (UBE3A-ATS). Here, we demonstrate that an artificial transcription factor (ATF-S1K) can silence Ube3a-ATS in an adult mouse model of Angelman syndrome (AS) and restore endogenous physiological expression of paternal Ube3a. A single injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing ATF-S1K (AAV-S1K) into the tail vein enabled whole-brain transduction and restored UBE3A protein in neurons to ∼25% of wild-type protein. The ATF-S1K treatment was highly specific to the target site with no detectable inflammatory response 5 weeks after AAV-S1K administration. AAV-S1K treatment of AS mice showed behavioral rescue in exploratory locomotion, a task involving gross and fine motor abilities, similar to low ambulation and velocity in AS patients. The specificity and tolerability of a single injection of AAV-S1K therapy for AS demonstrate the use of ATFs as a promising translational approach for AS.

Recent advances of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of bacteria.

Rapid and sensitive bacteria detection and identification are becoming increasingly important for a wide range of areas including the control of food safety, the prevention of infectious diseases, and environmental monitoring. Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technology which provides comprehensive information for the analysis of bacteria in a short time and with high sensitivity. Raman spectroscopy offers many advantages including relatively simple operation, non-destructive analysis, and information on molecular differences between bacteria species and strains. A variety of biochemical properties can be measured in a single spectrum. This short review covers the recent advancements and applications of Raman spectroscopy for bacteria analysis with specific focuses on bacteria detection, bacteria identification and discrimination, as well as bacteria antibiotic susceptibility testing in 2022. The development of novel substrates, the combination with other techniques, and the utilization of advanced data processing tools for the improvement of Raman spectroscopy and future directions are discussed.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel biphenylsulfonamide derivatives as selective AT2 receptor antagonists.

A novel series of benzenesulfonamide derivatives that selectively act on the AT2 receptor have been designed and synthesized. The binding affinity and functional activity were evaluated by radio-ligand binding analysis and cell neurite outgrowth assay, respectively. The compounds 8d, 8h, 8i, 8j, 8l, and 9h exhibited moderate selectivity and affinity for the AT2 receptor. Among them, 8j exhibited agonist activity and 8l displayed similar selectivity to the AT2 receptor with PD123,319. Molecular docking was carried out to analyze the binding mode and binding site between the compound and the AT2 receptor to provide a reference for further development.

Eye Movement Control in Tibetan Reading: The Roles of Word Length and Frequency.

We investigated the effects of word length and frequency on eye movement control during Tibetan reading through two experiments. A preliminary experiment examined the predictive effect of word length and frequency on fixation duration and landing position using multiple linear regression analysis. In the formal experiment, we manipulated the length and frequency of target words simultaneously to investigate the effects of word length and frequency on fixation duration and landing position in Tibetan reading. In this study, we found that: (1) there were significant word-length and word-frequency effects affecting all lexical processing in Tibetan reading; (2) there are preferred viewing locations in Tibetan reading; specifically, for short words, it is the end, whereas for long words, it spans from the center to the beginning of the word; (3) word frequency does not affect preferred viewing location in Tibetan reading; (4) the preferred viewing position and the interaction of word length and viewing position found in this study supported the "strategy-tactics" approach.

A Preliminary Study on the Relationship between Serum Heparan Sulfate and Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment: The Moderating Role of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Colorectal Cancer.

Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) has been frequently reported in colorectal cancer survivors. Heparan sulfate (HS) was gradually considered to be related to cognitive disorders. The effect and potential mechanism of HS on CRCI in colorectal cancer patients were unexplored. In this study, all participants were divided into a cognitive impaired group and a cognitive normal group. The concentrations of oxidative stress factors and HS in serum were detected. Associations among HS, oxidative stress factors and CRCI were evaluated. Participants with cognitive impairment exhibited increased levels of HS, GSH, SOD and MDA, compared to the patients with normal cognitive performance. The independent significant association was found between HS and CRCI after controlling for various covariates. The higher concentrations of HS were related to the decreased cognitive performance among survivors who reported higher levels of GSH (ß = 0.080, p = 0.002). Moreover, the nonlinear association between the level of HS and cognitive scores was confirmed using the restricted cubic splines (p < 0.001). These results indicated that the increased concentrations of circulating HS had a nonlinear negative connection with cognitive performance in colorectal cancer survivors, which was moderated by GSH. HS might be a new biomolecule for the identification and management of patients with CRCI.

The Mechanism of Word Satiation in Tibetan Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements.

Two eye-tracking experiments were used to investigate the mechanism of word satiation in Tibetan reading. The results revealed that, at a low repetition level, gaze duration and total fixation duration in the semantically unrelated condition were significantly longer than in the semantically related condition; at a medium repetition level, reaction time in the semantically related condition was significantly longer than in the semantically unrelated condition; at a high repetition level, the total fixation duration and reaction time in the semantically related condition were significantly longer than in the semantically unrelated condition. However, fixation duration and reaction time showed no significant difference between the similar and dissimilar orthography at any repetition level. These findings imply that there are semantic priming effects in Tibetan reading at a low repetition level, but semantic satiation effects at greater repetition levels, which occur in the late stage of lexical processing.

Quantitative age grading of mosquitoes using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Mosquito-borne pathogens, including malaria, Zika, dengue, and chikungunya continue to be a major public health concern globally. Based on the understanding that only older female mosquitoes are infectious and represent a risk to human health, scientists have sought to age-grade mosquitoes for decades. To date, however, no reliable, cost-effective and practical methods exist to age older mosquitoes despite the tremendous epidemiological value of this approach. This study is the first attempt to develop a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) method to age mosquitoes. The water extracts of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes aged 0-22 days were mixed with silver nanoparticles. The SERS spectra, which were analysed by principal component analysis and partial least square (PLS), demonstrated the capability of this approach to predict the calendar age of mosquitoes between 0 and 22 days with the coefficient of correlation (R) = 0.994 and 0.990 for PLS model calibration and validation, respectively. Spectral analysis with both SERS and infrared spectroscopy revealed the key biological sources leading to changes in spectra allowing mosquito age-grading is adenine-containing compounds and proteins. In addition, we evaluated the impact of two arthropod-borne pathogen deactivating pre-treatments (bleach and ethanol) on the discrimination capability of the SERS approach. The result shows the ethanol treatment has the potential to enhance the discrimination capability and the safety of the approach. This study represents the first step towards developing the SERS approach as a quick, reliable and field-deployable method for mosquito age-grading, which would significantly improve the effectiveness of vector-borne disease monitoring and prevention.

Deep Learning for Rapid Identification of Microbes Using Metabolomics Profiles.

Rapid detection of viable microbes remains a challenge in fields such as microbial food safety. We here present the application of deep learning algorithms to the rapid detection of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes using metabolomics data. Microbes were incubated for 4 h in a protein-free defined medium, followed by 1D 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements. NMR spectra were analyzed by spectral binning in an untargeted metabolomics approach. We trained multilayer ("deep") artificial neural networks (ANN) on the data and used the resulting models to predict spectra of unknown microbes. ANN predicted unknown microbes in this laboratory setting with an average accuracy of 99.2% when using a simple feature selection method. We also describe learning behavior of the employed ANN and the optimization strategies that worked well with these networks for our datasets. Performance was compared to other current data analysis methods, and ANN consistently scored higher than random forest models and support vector machines, highlighting the potential of deep learning in metabolomics data analysis.

The construction of the structural equation model of burden, benefit finding, and anxiety-depression of esophageal cancer caregivers based on Lazarus stress and coping theory.

BACKGROUND: A large number of studies have shown that the assignment of long-term care duties brings great pressure and negative emotions to caregivers of cancer patients, and also affects the quality of care. Lazarus and Folkman's stress and coping theory holds that the process of cognition and evaluation of stress is key to the stress response when a stressor acts on individuals. This study is to explore the mediating effect of benefit finding between caregiver burden and anxiety-depression of esophageal cancer caregivers, according to a model hypothesis constructed based on stress and coping theory. The design of this study involved correlation and theoretical testing using a structural equation model. METHODS: A total of 228 pairs of esophageal cancer patients from 2 tertiary hospitals and their family caregivers were recruited in this study from May 2020 to January 2021. A questionnaire survey was conducted using the general information questionnaire, the caregiver burden inventory (CBI), the benefit finding scale (BFS), and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). RESULTS: A good fitting model [chi-square (χ2)/degrees of freedom (df) =2.212, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) =0.07, comparative fit index (CFI) =0.976, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) =0.964, goodness of fit (GFI) =0.954, normed fit index (NFI) =0.957] indicated the mediating effect of benefit finding between caregiver burden and anxiety-depression of esophageal cancer caregivers. A higher level of benefit finding had a negative effect on caregiver burden and anxiety-depression, which reduced the burden and psychological distress of caregivers. The theoretical hypothesis was validated. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical nurses should pay attention to the benefit finding level of caregivers. For caregivers with low-level of benefit finding, intervention measures should be taken to improve the psychological cognitive level of caregivers, which can ultimately improve the quality of life of patients.

Heparan sulfate analogues regulate tumor-derived exosome formation that attenuates exosome functions in tumor processes.

Heparan sulfate (HS) is involved in many biological activities, including the biogenesis and uptake of exosomes, which are related to the occurrence and development of tumors. This study investigated the role of HS analogues (heparin, low molecular weight heparin, and 6-O-desulfated heparin) in modulating exosome secretion, composition and functions. Exosomes derived from B16F10 cells exposed to different HS analogues were isolated and characterized by TEM, western blotting and Nanosight analyses. The number, size and protein cargo of exosomes secreted by HS analogues-induced B16F10 cells were detected. The findings indicated the reduced tumor-derived exosome secretion and protein cargo as reflected by lower levels of CD63, TSG101, heparinase and IL-6 in exosomes derived from heparin-induced B16F10 cells as compared with 6-O-desulfated heparin-induced tumor cells. Further functional assays demonstrated that exosomes from tumor cells exposed to heparin weakened tumor proliferation, migration and invasion most significantly among various exosomes derived from B16F10 cells treated with different HS analogues. Moreover, the sulfate group at 6-O position of heparan sulfate has been proved to play an important role in tumor-derived exosome formation and functions. This study suggested a vital view to develop more specific and efficient HS-based strategies in cancer treatment for targeting tumor-derived exosomes.