RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Gender equity studies have shown that women are underrepresented in journal editor in chief positions, which confer major professional opportunities and influence. We sought to systematically investigate editor in chief gender and journal attributes within pathology. METHODS: We constructed a journal data set using the Scimago Journal & Country Rank and Clarivate Journal Citation Reports databases. We also included official journals of the major medical societies for the 12 pathology subspecialties recognized by the Association of American Medical Colleges. The final data set included 126 journals. We obtained editor in chief gender, impact factor, publication model (ie, hybrid access vs open access), year of founding, and geographic location for all included pathology journals. RESULTS: Women made up only 18% of the 141 total editor in chief positions. This inequity was present irrespective of all pathology journal variables studied. Among 10 journals with 2 editor in chief positions, 5 had only men and 5 had 1 man and 1 woman. All 3 journals with 3 editor in chief positions had 2 men and 1 woman. CONCLUSIONS: Women are significantly underrepresented among editor in chiefs across pathology journals. Journals and affiliated members should advocate for diversity among these influential positions, given their impact on research, science, and medicine.
Assuntos
Patologia , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Humanos , Feminino , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Fator de Impacto de Revistas , Equidade de GêneroRESUMO
Forkhead box R2 (FOXR2) is a forkhead transcription factor located on the X chromosome whose expression is normally restricted to the testis. In this study, we performed a pan-cancer analysis of FOXR2 activation across more than 10,000 adult and pediatric cancer samples and found FOXR2 to be aberrantly upregulated in 70% of all cancer types and 8% of all individual tumors. The majority of tumors (78%) aberrantly expressed FOXR2 through a previously undescribed epigenetic mechanism that involves hypomethylation of a novel promoter, which was functionally validated as necessary for FOXR2 expression and proliferation in FOXR2-expressing cancer cells. FOXR2 promoted tumor growth across multiple cancer lineages and co-opted ETS family transcription circuits across cancers. Taken together, this study identifies FOXR2 as a potent and ubiquitous oncogene that is epigenetically activated across the majority of human cancers. The identification of hijacking of ETS transcription circuits by FOXR2 extends the mechanisms known to active ETS transcription factors and highlights how transcription factor families cooperate to enhance tumorigenesis. SIGNIFICANCE: This work identifies a novel promoter that drives aberrant FOXR2 expression and delineates FOXR2 as a pan-cancer oncogene that specifically activates ETS transcriptional circuits across human cancers. See related commentary by Liu and Northcott, p. 2977.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead , Neoplasias , Adulto , Carcinogênese/genética , Proliferação de Células , Criança , Epigênese Genética , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias/genética , Oncogenes/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ets/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-ets/metabolismo , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
We analyzed the contributions of structural variants (SVs) to gliomagenesis across 179 pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs). The most recurrent SVs targeted MYC isoforms and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), including an SV amplifying a MYC enhancer in 12% of diffuse midline gliomas (DMG), indicating an underappreciated role for MYC in pHGG. SV signature analysis revealed that tumors with simple signatures were TP53 wild type (TP53WT) but showed alterations in TP53 pathway members PPM1D and MDM4. Complex signatures were associated with direct aberrations in TP53, CDKN2A and RB1 early in tumor evolution and with later-occurring extrachromosomal amplicons. All pHGGs exhibited at least one simple-SV signature, but complex-SV signatures were primarily restricted to subsets of H3.3K27M DMGs and hemispheric pHGGs. Importantly, DMGs with complex-SV signatures were associated with shorter overall survival independent of histone mutation and TP53 status. These data provide insight into the impact of SVs on gliomagenesis and the mechanisms that shape them.