Ethylene-responsive VviERF003 modulates glycosylated monoterpenoid synthesis by upregulating VviGT14 in grapes.

Terpenoids are important contributors to the aroma of grapes and wines. Grapes contain terpenoids in both volatile free form and non-volatile glycosidic form, with the latter being more abundant. Glycosylated terpenoids are deemed as latent aromatic potentials for their essential role in adding to the flowery and fruity bouquet of wines. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism underlying glycosylated terpenoid biosynthesis remains poorly understood. Our prior study identified an AP2/ERF transcription factor, VviERF003, through DNA pull-down screening using the promoter of terpenoid glycosyltransferase VviGT14 gene. This study demonstrated that both genes were co-expressed and synchronized with the accumulation of glycosylated monoterpenoids during grape maturation. VviERF003 can bind to the VviGT14 promoter and promote its activity according to yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays. VviERF003 upregulated VviGT14 expression in vivo, leading to increased production of glycosylated monoterpenoids based on the evidence from overexpression or RNA interference in leaves, berry skins, and calli of grapes, as well as tomato fruits. Additionally, VviERF003 and VviGT14 expressions and glycosylated monoterpenoid levels were induced by ethylene in grapes. The findings suggest that VviERF003 is ethylene-responsive and stimulates glycosylated monoterpenoid biosynthesis through upregulating VviGT14 expression.

Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome to Unveil Impact on Enhancing Grape Aroma Quality with Synthetic Auxin: Spotlight the Mediation of ABA in Crosstalk with Auxin.

It is widely accepted that prevéraison application of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) can delay the ripening of grapes and improve their quality. However, how NAA impacts grape aroma compound concentrations remains unclear. This study incorporated the analyses of aroma metabolome, phytohormones, and transcriptome of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes cultivated in continental arid/semiarid regions of western China. The analyses demonstrated that NAA application increased ß-damascenone and 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) in the harvested grapes by delaying véraison and upregulating VvPSY1 and VvCCD4b expressions. Additionally, NAA treatment decreased 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) at the same phenological stage. Notably, abscisic acid (ABA) levels increased in NAA-treated grapes during véraison, which triggered further changes in norisoprenoid metabolisms. The ABA-responsive factor VvABF2 was potentially involved in VvPSY1 positive modulation, while the auxin response factor VvARF10 may play a role in VvCCD4b upregulation and VvOMT2 downregulation during NAA induction. VvARF10 possibly acts as a crosstalk node between the ABA and auxin signaling pathways following NAA treatment in regulating aroma biosynthesis.

[Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Co-pollution of PM2.5 and Ozone over BTH with Surrounding Area from 2015 to 2021].

PM2.5 and ozone co-pollution, which are harmful to not only human health but also the social economy, has become the pivotal issue in air pollution prevention and synergistic control, especially in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas and "2+26" cities. It is necessary to analyze the correlation between PM2.5 and ozone concentration and explore the mechanism of PM2.5 and ozone co-pollution. In order to study the characteristics of PM2.5 and ozone co-pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei with its surrounding area, ArcGIS and SPSS software were used to analyze the correlation between air quality data and meteorological data of the "2+26" cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas from 2015 to 2021. The results indicated:① PM2.5 pollution constantly decreased from 2015 to 2021, and the pollution was concentrated in the central and southern parts of the region; ozone pollution showed a trend of fluctuation and presented a pattern of "low in the southwest and high in the northeast" spatially. In terms of seasonal variation, PM2.5concentration was mainly in the order of winter>spring ≈ autumn>summer, and O3-8h concentration was in the order of summer>spring>autumn>winter. ② In the research area, days with PM2.5 exceeding the standard continued to decline, whereas days with ozone exceeding the standard fluctuated, and days with co-pollution decreased significantly; there was a strong positive correlation between PM2.5 and ozone concentration in summer, with the highest correlation coefficient of 0.52, and a strong negative correlation in winter. ③ Comparing the meteorological conditions of typical cities during the ozone pollution period with that of the co-pollution period, the co-pollution occurred under the temperature range of 23.7-26.5℃, humidity of 48%-65%, and S-SE wind direction.

Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote repair of neonatal brain injury caused by hypoxia/ischemia in rats.

Administration of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) is believed to be an effective method for treating neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, we investigated the possibility of hUC-MSCs treatment of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury associated with maternal immune activation and the underlying mechanism. We established neonatal rat models of hypoxic/ischemic brain injury by exposing pregnant rats to lipopolysaccharide on day 16 or 17 of pregnancy. Rat offspring were intranasally administered hUC-MSCs on postnatal day 14. We found that polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-1 (PTBP-1) participated in the regulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced maternal immune activation, which led to neonatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury. Intranasal delivery of hUC-MSCs inhibited PTBP-1 expression, alleviated neonatal brain injury-related inflammation, and regulated the number and function of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes, thereby promoting plastic regeneration of neurons and improving brain function. These findings suggest that hUC-MSCs can effectively promote the repair of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury related to maternal immune activation through inhibition of PTBP-1 expression and astrocyte activation.

A neurovascular unit-on-a-chip: culture and differentiation of human neural stem cells in a three-dimensional microfluidic environment.

Biological studies typically rely on a simple monolayer cell culture, which does not reflect the complex functional characteristics of human tissues and organs, or their real response to external stimuli. Microfluidic technology has advantages of high-throughput screening, accurate control of the fluid velocity, low cell consumption, long-term culture, and high integration. By combining the multipotential differentiation of neural stem cells with high throughput and the integrated characteristics of microfluidic technology, an in vitro model of a functionalized neurovascular unit was established using human neural stem cell-derived neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and a functional microvascular barrier. The model comprises a multi-layer vertical neural module and vascular module, both of which were connected with a syringe pump. This provides controllable conditions for cell inoculation and nutrient supply, and simultaneously simulates the process of ischemic/hypoxic injury and the process of inflammatory factors in the circulatory system passing through the blood-brain barrier and then acting on the nerve tissue in the brain. The in vitro functionalized neurovascular unit model will be conducive to central nervous system disease research, drug screening, and new drug development.

Retrograde arterial perfusion and its outcome in robotic mitral-valve surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Retrograde arterial perfusion is frequently used in minimally invasive cardiac surgery. However, there are concerns about its safety. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted in a tertiary university affiliated medical center during 2016-2018. Right side femoral artery and femoral vein are used for bypass route. We set cardiopulmonary bypass flow to 2.5-3.0 L/min/m2, and adjust pump flow rate to achieve adequate cerebral oxygenation. The upper limit of arterial cannula pressure was 250 mmHg. We divided our patients into four groups by average pump flow 2.2 L/min/m2 and average mean arterial pressure 45 mmHg. Compared outcomes included surgical mortality, hospital stay, ventilator use, neurological outcomes, acute kidney injury, distal limb saturations, and post-operative clinical complications. RESULTS: We included 117 patients in this study, and all participants had successful mitral valve repair or replacement. Our longest CPB duration was 210 minutes. Surgical mortality was 1.7%. Hemorrhagic stroke rate was 1.7%, and there was no ischemic stroke event. CPB flow did not affect survival rate, hospital stay, intensive care unit stay, or serum lactate in post-operative day 1, but serum creatinine (mg/dL) level increased transiently in patients with low pump flow group(0.9 ± 0.4 vs 1.3 ± 0.7,p < 0.05). Cannulation limb had decreased oxygenation during CPB, but their oxygenation all recovered after surgery. No limb ischemia event happened. CONCLUSION: Retrograde arterial perfusion is a safe method for minimally invasive cardiac surgery less than 3.5 hours under mild hypothermic status.

Enhanced CO2 Electrochemical Reduction Performance over Cu@AuCu Catalysts at High Noble Metal Utilization Efficiency.

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) represents a viable alternative to help close the anthropogenic carbon cycle and convert intermittent electricity from renewable energy sources to chemical energy in the form of value-added chemicals. The development of economic catalysts possessing high faradaic efficiency (FE) and mass activity (MA) toward CO2RR is critical in accelerating CO2 utilization technology. Herein, an elaborate Au-Cu catalyst where an alloyed AuCu shell caps on a Cu core (Cu@AuCu) is developed and evaluated for CO2-to-CO electrochemical conversion. Specific roles of Cu and Au for CO2RR are revealed in the alloyed core-shell structure, respectively, and a compositional-dependent volcano-plot is disclosed for the Cu@AuCu catalysts toward selective CO production. As a result, the Au2-Cu8 alloyed core-shell catalyst (only 17% Au content) achieves an FECO value as high as 94% and an MACO of 439 mA/mgAu at -0.8 V (vs RHE), superior to the values for pure Au, reflecting its high noble metal utilization efficiency.

Caveolin-1 downregulation promotes the dopaminergic neuron-like differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Previous studies have shown that caveolin-1 is involved in regulating the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. However, its role in the differentiation of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells into dopaminergic neurons remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether caveolin-1 regulates the differentiation of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells into dopaminergic-like neurons. We also examined whether the expression of caveolin-1 could be modulated by RNA interference technology to promote the differentiation of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells into dopaminergic-like neurons. The differentiation of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells into dopaminergic neurons was evaluated morphologically and by examining expression of the markers tyrosine hydroxylase, Lmx1a and Nurr1. The analyses revealed that during the differentiation of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells into dopaminergic neurons, the expression of caveolin-1 is decreased. Notably, the downregulation of caveolin-1 promoted the differentiation of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells into dopaminergic-like neurons, and it increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, Lmx1a and Nurr1. Together, our findings suggest that caveolin-1 plays a negative regulatory role in the differentiation of dopaminergic-like neurons from stem cells, and it may therefore be a potential molecular target for strategies for regulating the differentiation of these cells. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University of China (approval No. PJ-KS-KY-2020-54) on March 7, 2017.

Mapping theme trends and knowledge structures for human neural stem cells: a quantitative and co-word biclustering analysis for the 2013-2018 period.

Neural stem cells, which are capable of multi-potential differentiation and self-renewal, have recently been shown to have clinical potential for repairing central nervous system tissue damage. However, the theme trends and knowledge structures for human neural stem cells have not yet been studied bibliometrically. In this study, we retrieved 2742 articles from the PubMed database from 2013 to 2018 using "Neural Stem Cells" as the retrieval word. Co-word analysis was conducted to statistically quantify the characteristics and popular themes of human neural stem cell-related studies. Bibliographic data matrices were generated with the Bibliographic Item Co-Occurrence Matrix Builder. We identified 78 high-frequency Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms. A visual matrix was built with the repeated bisection method in gCLUTO software. A social network analysis network was generated with Ucinet 6.0 software and GraphPad Prism 5 software. The analyses demonstrated that in the 6-year period, hot topics were clustered into five categories. As suggested by the constructed strategic diagram, studies related to cytology and physiology were well-developed, whereas those related to neural stem cell applications, tissue engineering, metabolism and cell signaling, and neural stem cell pathology and virology remained immature. Neural stem cell therapy for stroke and Parkinson's disease, the genetics of microRNAs and brain neoplasms, as well as neuroprotective agents, Zika virus, Notch receptor, neural crest and embryonic stem cells were identified as emerging hot spots. These undeveloped themes and popular topics are potential points of focus for new studies on human neural stem cells.

Assessment of signature handwriting evidence via score-based likelihood ratio based on comparative measurement of relevant dynamic features.

This paper extends on previous research on the extraction and statistical analysis on relevant dynamic features (width, grayscale and radian combined with writing sequence information) in forensic handwriting examinations. In this paper, a larger signature database was gathered, including genuine signatures, freehand imitation signatures, random forgeries and tracing imitation signatures, which are often encountered in casework. After applying Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of the variables describing the proximity between specimens, a two-dimensional kernel density estimation was used to describe the variability of within-genuine comparisons and genuine-forgery comparisons. We show that the overlap between the within-genuine comparisons and the genuine-forgery comparisons depends on the imitated writer and on the forger as well. Then, in order to simulate casework conditions, cases were simulated by random sampling based on the collected signature dataset. Three-dimensional normal density estimation was used to estimate the numerator and denominator probability distribution used to compute a likelihood ratio (LR). The comparisons between the performance of the systems in SigComp2011 (based on static features) and the method presented in this paper (based on relevant dynamic features) showed that relevant dynamic features are better than static features in terms of accuracy, false acceptance rate, false rejection rate and calibration of likelihood ratios.

Effect of ATF3-deletion on apoptosis of cultured retinal ganglion cells.

AIM: To investigate the effect of activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3)-deletion on apoptosis of cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). METHODS: Three ATF3 siRNA (ATF3-rat-651, ATF3-rat-319, ATF3-rat-520) were constructed, and were transiently transfected into RGC-5 cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine ATF3 expression and the most effective ATF3 siRNA was selected for further studies. Flow cytometry was applied to investigate the effects of ATF3 deletion on RGC-5 apoptosis under elevated hydrostatic pressure. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were performed to validate differentially expressed genes and proteins in ATF3-knockdown RGC-5 cells. RESULTS: ATF3 specific siRNA effectively down-regulated ATF3 expression and significantly inhibited cell apoptosis in RGC-5 cells. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot confirmed that ATF3 knockdown remarkably decreased Jun-B and increased c-Jun at both mRNA and protein levels in RGC-5 cells. CONCLUSION: ATF/cAMP-response element-binding family of transcription factors may be involved in the development of glaucoma and could be novel treatment targets for glaucoma.

The outcome of patients requiring multiple extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: how many runs of ECMO is reasonable?

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been proven effective in life support for patients with refractory cardiopulmonary failure. Deteriorating patients who have removed their first ECMO support and required second or more courses of ECMO support have rarely been discussed. METHODS AND RESULTS: All the records of the patients who experienced at least 2 courses of ECMO during single admission were retrieved. Survival was defined as survival to discharge. Demographic data and clinical information were compared between survival and nonsurvival groups. There were 86 patients who received at least 2 courses of ECMO in the 20-year database, and 27 (31.3%) were <18 years old. Of them, 87.3% received 2 runs of ECMO, 10.4% 3 runs, and 2.3% 4 runs. Overall survival rate was 30.2%. The survival rate for patients with 2 runs of ECMO was 33.3% (25 out of 75), 11.1% (1 out of 9) for 3 runs, and 0% (0 out of 2) for 4 runs. Multivariate analysis revealed that only ARF with hemodialysis was the independent risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: The decision to perform repeated ECMO implantation is a complex and difficult process. Despite the arguments debating the consumption of resources and increased complications, there are still nearly 1 out of 3 patients who will survive to discharge. More than 2 courses of ECMO may be carefully considered for further rescue.

Inhibition on Apoptosis Induced by Elevated Hydrostatic Pressure in Retinal Ganglion Cell-5 via Laminin Upregulating ß1-integrin/Focal Adhesion Kinase/Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by degeneration of neurons due to loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). High intraocular pressure (HIOP), the main risk factor, causes the optic nerve damage. However, the precise mechanism of HIOP-induced RGC death is not yet completely understood. This study was conducted to determine apoptosis of RGC-5 cells induced by elevated hydrostatic pressures, explore whether laminin is associated with apoptosis under pressure, whether laminin can protect RGCs from apoptosis and affirm the mechanism that regulates the process of RGCs survival. METHODS: RGC-5 cells were exposed to 0, 20, 40, and 60 mmHg in a pressurized incubator for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The effect of elevated hydrostatic pressure on RGC-5 cells was measured by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and Western blotting of cleaved caspase-3 protein. Location and expression of laminin were detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of ß1-integrin, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and protein kinase B (PKB, or AKT) were investigated with real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: Elevated hydrostatic pressure induced apoptosis in cultured RGC-5 cells. Pressure with 40 mmHg for 24 h induced a maximum apoptosis. Laminin was declined in RGC-5 cells after exposing to 40 mmHg for 24 h. After pretreating with laminin, RGC-5 cells survived from elevated pressure. Furthermore, ß1-integrin and phosphorylation of FAK and AKT were increased compared to 40 mmHg group. CONCLUSIONS: The data show apoptosis tendency of RGC-5 cells with elevated hydrostatic pressure. Laminin can protect RGC-5 cells against high pressure via ß1-integrin/FAK/AKT signaling pathway. These results suggest that the decreased laminin of RGC-5 cells might be responsible for apoptosis induced by elevated hydrostatic pressure, and laminin or activating ß1-integrin/FAK/AKT pathway might be potential treatments to prevent RGC loss in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

Heterogeneity of Monosymptomatic Resting Tremor in a Prospective Study: Clinical Features, Electrophysiological Test, and Dopamine Transporter Positron Emission Tomography.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between monosymptomatic resting tremor (mRT) and Parkinson's disease (PD) remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to assess the function of presynaptic dopaminergic neurons in patients with mRT by dopamine transporter positron emission tomography (DAT-PET) and to evaluate the utility of clinical features or electrophysiological studies in differential diagnosis. METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive patients with mRT were enrolled prospectively. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and electromyography were tested before DAT-PET. Striatal asymmetry index (SAI) was calculated, and a normal DAT-PET was defined as a SAI of <15%. Scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficits (SWEDDs) were diagnosed in patients with a subsequent normal DAT-PET and structural magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Twenty-eight mRT patients with a significant reduction in uptake of DAT binding in the striatum were diagnosed with PD, while the remained 5 with a normal DAT-PET scan were SWEDDs. As for UPRDS, the dressing and hygiene score, walking in motor experiences of daily living (Part II) and motor examination (Part III) were significant different between two groups (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Bilateral tremor was more frequent in the SWEDDs group (P < 0.05). The frequency of resting tremor and the amplitude of postural tremor tend to be higher in the SWEDDs group (P = 0.08 and P = 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: mRT is heterogeneous in presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration, which can be determined by DAT-PET brain imaging. Clinical and electrophysiological features may provide clues to distinguish PD from SWEDDs.

Multiple sclerosis patients and clinical care in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: Multiple sclerosis (MS) displays marked clinical heterogeneity. However, what healthcare services MS patients would use is not clear. The purpose of this retrospective study is to understand how patients diagnosed with MS used clinical services over a 10-year period in Taiwan. METHODS: Data from 123 consecutive patients meeting Poser or McDonald criteria for a diagnosis of MS treated at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, were reviewed. Data were analyzed in a descriptive manner and non-categorical variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test or student's t-test. Associated factors were analyzed with logistic regression and/or a multiple regression model. RESULTS: The average age at the first signs of MS was 35·5±13·1 years, and the average duration between the first disease episode and confirmed diagnosis was 1·6±3·3 years. We found that 51·6% (33/64) of patients with optic pathway symptoms visited a medical center as their first choice when seeking medical care, followed by 48·4% (31/64) of patients with brainstem/cerebellum symptoms. There was no significant difference in time lag between the first attack and the confirmed diagnosis. DISCUSSION: These observations may be helpful in raising further awareness of the disease among general practitioners and neurologists.

Effects of antenatal corticosteroids on neonatal outcomes in very-low-birth-weight preterm newborns: a 10-year retrospective study in a medical center.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects on neonatal outcomes between very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) preterm newborns with and without maternal use of antenatal corticosteroids (ACS). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of VLBW premature infants who were admitted to Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital between 1999 and 2008. A total of 256 infants were enrolled in this study. A total of 174 neonates did not receive any ACS, and 82 neonates received ACS. A total of 37 neonates received one dose of ACS, and 45 neonates received more than one dose of ACS, referred to as "multiple-dose ACS." In addition, these 82 infants were divided to betamethasone group (n=8) and dexamethasone group (n=50) with 24 infants excluded because of inadequate information. RESULTS: Neonates with multiple-dose ACS had lower incidence of surfactant use and lower rate of intubation than neonates without ACS. There were no differences in the occurrences of intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, sepsis, and chronic lung disease with one-dose vs. multiple-dose ACS and in the betamethasone group vs. the dexamethasone group. CONCLUSIONS: ACS reduces the need for exogenous surfactant, and the need for endotracheal tube insertion at birth in VLBW premature infants.

Comparing the survival between extracorporeal rescue and conventional resuscitation in adult in-hospital cardiac arrests: propensity analysis of three-year data.

AIM: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) has been shown to have survival benefit over conventional CPR (CCPR) in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin. We compared the survival of patients who had return of spontaneous beating (ROSB) after ECPR with the survival of those who had return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after conventional CPR. METHODS: Propensity score-matched cohort of adults with in-hospital prolonged CPR (>10min) of cardiac origin in a university-affiliated tertiary extracorporeal resuscitation center were included in this study. Fifty-nine patients with ROSB after ECPR and 63 patients with sustained ROSC by CCPR were analyzed. Main outcome measures were survival at hospital discharge, 30 days, 6 months, and one year, and neurological outcome. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in survival to discharge (29.1% of ECPR responders vs. 22.2% of CCPR responders, p=0.394) and neurological outcome at discharge and one year later. In the propensity score-matched groups, 9 out of 27 ECPR patients survived to one month (33.3%) and 7 out of 27 CCPR patients survived (25.9%). Survival analysis showed no survival difference (HR: 0.856, p=0.634, 95% CI: 0.453-1.620) between the groups, either at 30 days or at the end of one year (HR: 0.602, p=0.093, 95% CI: 0.333-1.088). CONCLUSIONS: This study failed to demonstrate a survival difference between patients who had ROSB after institution of ECMO and those who had ROSC after conventional CPR. Further studies evaluating the role of ECMO in conventional CPR rescued patients are warranted.

Protection against radiation-induced bone marrow and intestinal injuries by Cordyceps sinensis, a Chinese herbal medicine.

Bone marrow and intestinal damage limits the efficacy of radiotherapy for cancer and can result in death if the whole body is exposed to too high a dose, as might be the case in a nuclear accident or terrorist incident. Identification of an effective nontoxic biological radioprotector is therefore a matter of some urgency. In this study, we show that an orally administered hot-water extract from a Chinese herbal medicine, Cordyceps sinensis (CS), protects mice from bone marrow and intestinal injuries after total-body irradiation (TBI). CS increased the median time to death from 13 to 20 days after 8 Gy TBI and from 9 to 18 days after 10 Gy TBI. Although CS-treated mice receiving 10 Gy TBI survived intestinal injury, most died from bone marrow failure, as shown by severe marrow hypoplasia in mice dying between 18 and 24 days. At lower TBI doses of 5.5 and 6.5 Gy, CS protected against bone marrow death, an effect that was confirmed by the finding that white blood cell counts recovered more rapidly. In vitro, CS reduced the levels of free radical species (ROS) within cells, and this is one likely mechanism for the radioprotective effects of CS, although probably not the only one.