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INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) continues to impact the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients despite various available therapeutic interventions. There is a dearth of information on how patient-centered factors holistically predict HRQoL to provide more insights on addressing MetS. OBJECTIVES: To predict the HRQoL of patients with MetS in the Southern states, using the predisposing, enabling, and need factors. METHOD: The study adopted a cross-sectional approach in collecting 706 complete surveys on HRQoL assessment using the EQ-5D-5L survey and demographic characteristics based on the predisposing, enabling, and need factors of Andersen's Behavioral model. The study focused on people with MetS in the southern states of the United States. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to investigate the relationship between the number of comorbidities and each HRQoL dimension. Ordinal regression was used to explore factors predicting HRQoL. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using bootstrapping analysis to evaluate the regression's robustness. RESULTS: Over 70% were female and 30% had at least a bachelor's degree, while 47% were married. Most respondents (71.1%) had no problem with self-care. However, 20.0% had severe problems with pain, while the highest proportion (8.6%) was observed for extreme problems with anxiety or depression. A unit increase in comorbidities resulted in higher odds of having extreme problems with mobility (OR = 1.95), usual activities (OR = 1.73), and pain (OR = 1.70). Only 40.8% of the respondents had good HRQoL, compared to 26.2% with poor HRQoL. Age, race, geographical area, marital status, household income, number of prescription drugs, comorbidities, and body mass index were predictors of HRQoL. CONCLUSION: An increase in comorbidities significantly increased the odds of having challenges with the HRQoL dimensions. Demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors significantly predicted HRQoL. Therefore, healthcare providers must consider these factors as a component of patient-centered care to address health disparities and promote optimal health outcomes among people with MetS.
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Background: One factor for the poor health outcomes among adult people with metabolic syndrome (MetS) is poor utilization of disease management resources, which may be attributable to prior experience with pharmacists (PEwP) and perceptions of disease management resource utilization (PMU). Therefore, understanding patients' experience could be critical to improving their perceptions and promoting health outcomes. Objectives: The study explored the influence of PEwP and PMU on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of people with MetS. Methods: Data on perceptions of healthcare, medication, and pharmacy services utilization, PEwP, and HRQoL were collected using validated tools via an electronic survey. Chi-square and ordinal regression tests were used to predict the association between PMU, PEwP, and HRQoL. Also, mediation analysis through Haye's model 4 explored the direct and indirect relationship of PMU and PEwP on HRQoL. Results: A total of 706 completed surveys were collected and used for analyses. On average, respondents reported three comorbidities. Of the respondents, 72.0% had good PEwP, while 32.6% had good PMU. Comparatively, 38.4% of those with good PEwP had good PMU, compared to 17.3% of those with poor PEwP. Also, 47.0% of those with good PMU had good HRQoL compared to 35.3% with poor PMU. The odds of having fair or good PMU were nearly triple (OR = 2.97, p < 0.001) among those with good PEwP compared to those with poor PEwP. Also, respondents with good PMU had 58% (OR = 1.58, p = 0.008) higher odds of having fair or good HRQoL. Analysis through bootstrap indicated a significant relationship (BootCI = -0.072, -0.022) between PEwP and HRQoL via respondents' PMU. Conclusions: MetS individuals with good experience and PMU were more likely to have good HRQoL. Prior experience with pharmacists influenced PMU and indirectly impacted HRQoL. Therefore, pharmacists must consider patients' experience and management utilization perceptions to promote health outcome among people with MetS, while implementing interventions.
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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of arterial hypertension in China. METHODS: The Beijing Eye Study 2006 is a population-based investigation including 3,251 subjects aged 45+ years. Blood pressure measurements were performed for 3,222 (99.1%) subjects. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure > or =140 mm Hg and/or a diastolic blood pressure > or =90 mm Hg, and/or self-reported current treatment for hypertension. RESULTS: A diastolic blood pressure of >or =90 mm Hg was detected in 106 (3.3%) subjects, and a systolic blood pressure > or =140 mm Hg was measured in 866 (26.9%) subjects. Arterial hypertension was present in 1,500 (46.6%) subjects. Prevalence of arterial hypertension was significantly associated with age (P < 0.001), body mass index (P < 0.001), serum concentration of cholesterol (P = 0.02), diabetes mellitus (P < 0.001; odds ratio: 1.48), family history of hypertension (P < 0.001; odds ratio: 2.96), and rural region (P < 0.001; odds ratio: 2.27). Among the arterial hypertensive subjects, 82.7% were aware of the diagnosis. Awareness of hypertension was significantly associated with urban area, higher age, higher body mass index, and family history of hypertension. Out of the 1,500 hypertensive subjects, 1,106 (73.7%) were treated for arterial hypertension. Out of the treated subjects, 487 (44%) had abnormally high arterial blood pressure measurements. CONCLUSIONS: These survey results underscore the fact that hypertension is highly prevalent, relatively poorly treated, and an escalating health challenge in China. As in other studies, people in metropolitan areas had the highest rates of awareness, treatment, and control. It implies that effective public health measures are needed to enhance the treatment, and control rates in the Chinese population, particularly in the rural regions.