Distribution characteristics of Purkinje fibres in the canine left ventricle.

Purkinje-related ventricular arrhythmias have been increasingly reported, and with the development of catheter ablation techniques, intervention for Purkinje-related arrhythmias has been shown to be effective. The characteristics of Purkinje fibres orientation in the 12 canine left ventricles were observed at a gross level by staining the endocardium with Lugol's solution. Purkinje fibres were observed microscopically by HE, Masson's, PAS glycogen, and Cx40 immunohistochemical staining. Staining was successful, and the transverse orientation characteristics of Purkinje fibres were observed by Lugol's staining, and the longitudinal distribution was observed microscopically. The distribution of Purkinje fibres in the canine left ventricle is 'graded', 'layered', and 'networked', which can guide catheter ablation of Purkinje-related ventricular arrhythmia.

Efficacy and safety of a novel hexaspline pulsed field ablation system in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the PLEASE-AF study.

AIMS: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is an emerging non-thermal ablative modality demonstrating considerable promise for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, these PFA trials have almost universally included only Caucasian populations, with little data on its effect on other races/ethnicities. The PLEASE-AF trial sought to study the 12-month efficacy and the safety of a multi-electrode hexaspline PFA catheter in treating a predominantly Asian/Chinese population of patients with drug-refractory paroxysmal AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients underwent pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) by delivering different pulse intensities at the PV ostium (1800 V) and atrium (2000 V). Acute success was defined as no PV potentials and entrance/exit conduction block of all PVs after a 20-min waiting period. Follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months included 12-lead electrocardiogram and 24-h Holter examinations. The primary efficacy endpoint was 12-month freedom from any atrial arrhythmias lasting at least 30 s. The cohort included 143 patients from 12 hospitals treated by 28 operators: age 60.2 ± 10.0 years, 65.7% male, Asian/Chinese 100%, and left atrial diameter 36.6 ± 4.9 mm. All PVs (565/565, 100%) were successfully isolated. The total procedure, catheter dwell, total PFA application, and total fluoroscopy times were 123.5 ± 38.8 min, 63.0 ± 30.7 min, 169.7 ± 34.6 s, and 27.3 ± 10.1 min, respectively. The primary endpoint was observed in 124 of 143 patients (86.7%). One patient (0.7%) developed a small pericardial effusion 1-month post-procedure, not requiring intervention. CONCLUSION: The novel hexaspline PFA catheter demonstrated universal acute PVI with an excellent safety profile and promising 12-month freedom from recurrent atrial arrhythmias in an Asian/Chinese population with paroxysmal AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05114954.

Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure with SeaLA device in non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

OBJECTIVES: The clinical efficacy and safety of a novel left atrial appendage (LAA) occluder of the SeaLA closure system in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) were reported. BACKGROUND: Patients with NVAF are at a higher risk of stroke compared to healthy individuals. Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) has emerged as a prominent strategy for reducing the risk of thrombosis in individuals with NVAF. METHODS: A prospective, multicenter study was conducted in NVAF patients with a high risk of stroke. RESULTS: The LAAC was successfully performed in 163 patients. The mean age was 66.93 ± 7.92 years, with a mean preoperative CHA2DS2-VASc score of 4.17 ± 1.48. One patient with residual flow >3 mm was observed at the 6-month follow-up, confirmed by TEE. During the follow-up, 2 severe pericardiac effusions were noted, and 2 ischemic strokes were observed. Four device-related thromboses were resolved after anticoagulation treatment. There was no device embolism. CONCLUSIONS: The LAAC with the SeaLA device demonstrates encouraging feasibility, safety, and efficacy outcomes.

One-year outcomes of wide antral cryoballoon ablation guided by high-density mapping vs. conventional cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation: a propensity score-matched study.

Background: Pulmonary vein isolation with wide antral ablation leads to better clinical outcomes for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, but the isolation lesion is invisible in conventional cryoballoon ablation. In this study, we aim to investigate the efficacy of the wide pulmonary vein isolation technique that includes the intervenous carina region, guided by high-density mapping, compared with pulmonary vein isolation alone without the mapping system. Methods: We conducted a propensity score-matched comparison of 74 patients who underwent a wide cryoballoon ablation guided by high-density mapping (mapping group) and 74 controls who underwent conventional cryoballoon ablation in the same period (no-mapping group). The primary outcome was a clinical recurrence of documented atrial arrhythmias for >30 s during the 1-year follow-up. Results: Of 74 patients in the mapping group, residual local potential in the pulmonary vein antrum was found in 30 (40.5%) patients, and additional cryothermal applications were performed to achieve a wide pulmonary vein isolation. Compared with the no-mapping group, the use of the mapping system in the mapping group was associated with a longer fluoroscopic time (26.97 ± 8.07 min vs. 23.76 ± 8.36 min, P = 0.023) and greater fluoroscopic exposure [339 (IQR181-586) mGy vs. 224 (IQR133-409) mGy, P = 0.012]. However, no significant differences between the two groups were found in terms of procedural duration and left atrial dwell time (104.10 ± 18.76 min vs. 102.45 ± 21.01 min, P = 0.619; 83.52 ± 17.01 min vs. 79.59 ± 17.96 min, P = 0.177). The rate of 12-month freedom from clinical atrial arrhythmia recurrence was 85.1% in the mapping group and 70.3% in the no-mapping group (log-rank P = 0.029). Conclusion: Voltage and pulmonary vein potential mapping after cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation can identify residual potential in the pulmonary vein antrum, and additional cryoablation guided by mapping leads to improved freedom from atrial arrhythmias compared with conventional pulmonary vein isolation without the mapping system. Clinical Trial Registration Number: ChiCTR2200064383.

Guidewire Ablation within the Coronary Venous System for Epicardial or Intramural Ventricular Arrhythmia: A Preclinical Study of Biophysical Characterization.

Background: Catheter ablation failure poses a clinical challenge for epicardial or intramural ventricular arrhythmia (VA); however, guidewire ablation within the coronary venous system (CVS) may be effective and safe for targeting VAs. Methods: The ex vivo phase included four steps. In step 1, the steam pop incidence rates during guidewire ablation at power settings of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 W were analyzed using 10 mm- and 20 mm-tip guidewires. In step 2, guidewire ablation was performed for application durations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90 s, and the lesion size was measured. In step 3, the effects of saline infusion (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mL/min) on lesion dimensions and steam pop formation were examined. In step 4, an orthogonal array was constructed to obtain the optimal guidewire ablation parameters. In the in vivo phase, guidewire ablation within the CVS was performed in three dogs, and the lesion features in 10 days after ablation were observed. Results: In step 1, the steam pop incidence rates at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 W were 0%, 0%, 12.5%, 62.5%, and 100% using the 10 mm-tip guidewires and 0%, 0%, 0%, 25%, and 75% using the 20 mm-tip guidewires, respectively. In step 2, we found that the lesion areas increased with an increase in the ablation duration (the maximum lesion diameters at 30, 60, and 90 s were 4.9 ± 0.4, 7.0 ± 0.8, and 9.2 ± 0.7 mm in the 10 mm group and 3.2 ± 0.5, 4.5 ± 0.4, and 5.3 ± 0.7 mm in the 20 mm-tip group, respectively). In step 3, we observed that saline infusion was negatively correlated with ablation lesions but had a lower risk of steam pop. The optimal parameters for the 20 mm-tip guidewire ablation were 15 W, 50 s, and 2 mL/min or 20 W, 70 s, and 2 mL/min. In the in vivo phase, effective ablation lesions with maximum and minimum diameters of 3.2 ± 0.3 and 2.8 ± 0.5 mm, respectively, were created by the guidewires during the 10-day observation period after ablation. Conclusion: This novel radiofrequency guidewire ablation technique can feasibly create effective lesions within the CVS, which may improve the efficacy of catheter ablation for challenging epicardial or intramural VA.

An individualized criterion for left bundle branch capture in patients with a narrow QRS complex.

BACKGROUND: Left bundle branch (LBB) pacing (LBBP) is a physiological pacing; however, the accuracy of current electrocardiographic criteria for LBBP remains inadequate. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish a novel individualized criterion to improve the accuracy of LBBP determination in patients with a narrow QRS complex. METHODS: Patients in whom both LBBP and left ventricular septal pacing (LVSP) were acquired during operation were enrolled. LBB conduction time (LBBCT) was measured from LBB potential (LBBpo) to intrinsic QRS onset. LBBpo-V6RWPT, Native-V6RWPT, and Paced-V6RWPT were respectively measured from LBBpo, intrinsic QRS onset, and stimulus to R-wave peak in V6. ΔV6RWPT was the difference value between Paced-V6RWPT and Native-V6RWPT. The accuracy of ΔV6RWPT criterion for determining LBBP was evaluated. RESULTS: In all 71 enrolled patients, ΔV6RWPT was <30 ms during LBBP (21.3 ± 4.6 ms; range 9.3-28.3 ms) but was >30 ms during LVSP (38.5 ± 4.6 ms; range 31.1-47.0 ms). The probability distribution of ΔV6RWPT was well separated between LBBP and LVSP. Sensitivity and specificity of the novel criterion of "ΔV6RWPT <30 ms" for determining LBBP both were 100%. However, the optimal cutoff value of Paced-V6RWPT for validation of LBBP was 64.2 ms, and sensitivity and specificity were 84.5% and 97.2%, respectively. Paced-V6RWPT during LBBP was equivalent to LBBpo-V6RWPT in all patients. There was a strong linear correlation between Native-V6RWPT and LBBpo-V6RWPT (r = 0.796; P <.001). CONCLUSION: ΔV6RWPT could be an accurate individualized criterion for determining LBB capture with high sensitivity and specificity and was superior over the fixed Paced-V6RWPT criterion.

Bachmann's Bundle Modification in Addition to Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation: A Novel Ablation Strategy.

Background: Bachmann's bundle (BB) is the main pathway of interatrial connection that could be involved in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). Based on this hypothesis, we raised a novel ablation strategy, BB modification in addition to circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI-BB) in patients with AF. Methods: A retrospective cohort of patients with AF who underwent CPVI-BB or CPVI alone from March 2018 to July 2021 was enrolled in our study. Propensity score matching was performed in patients with paroxysmal AF and persistent AF, respectively, to reduce the risk of selection bias between the treatment strategies (CPVI-BB or CPVI alone). The primary endpoint was overall freedom from atrial arrhythmia recurrence through 12 months of follow-up. Results: Our propensity score-matched cohort included 82 patients with paroxysmal AF (CPVI group: n = 41; CPVI-BB group: n = 41) and 168 patients with persistent AF (CPVI group: n = 84; CPVI-BB group: n = 84). Among patients with persistent AF, one-year freedom from atrial arrhythmia recurrence rate was 83.3% in the CPVI-BB group and 70.2% in the CPVI group (log-rank P = 0.047). Among patients with paroxysmal AF, no significant difference was found in the primary endpoint between two groups (85.4% in the CPVI-BB group vs. 80.5% in the CPVI group; log-rank P = 0.581). In addition, procedure-related complications and recurrence of atrial tachycardia or atrial flutter were similar between the two treatment groups, regardless of the type of AF. Conclusions: BB modification in addition to CPVI is an effective approach in increasing the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with persistent AF, while it does not improve the clinical outcomes of radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal AF.

Comparison of intracardiac vs. transesophageal echocardiography for "one-stop" procedures of combined radiofrequency catheter ablation and left atrial appendage closure with the Watchman device in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Background and objective: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of "one-stop" procedures that combined radiofrequency catheter ablation and left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) with the Watchman device under the guidance of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) vs. transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods and results: In this study, we prospectively enrolled patients who underwent "one-stop" procedures under the guidance of ICE (n = 193, 109 men, 65.02 ± 8.47 years) or TEE (n = 109, 69 men, 64.23 ± 7.75 years) between January 2021 and October 2022. Intraprocedural thrombus formation in the left atrial appendage (LAA) was observed in 3 (1.46%) patients in the ICE group and 15 (11.63%) patients in the TEE group (P < 0.05) before LAAC. Total fluoroscopy time and dose in the ICE group were less than those in the TEE group. The total "one-stop" turnaround time and LAAC procedure time in the ICE group were significantly shorter than those in the TEE group (P < 0.05). Postoperative esophagus discomfort, nausea and vomiting, and hypotension were more often seen in the TEE group (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in matched cases between ICE and fluoroscopy measurements (P = 0.082). The TEE results related to LAAC and clinical events were similar between the two groups during the follow-up (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The ICE-guided "one-stop" procedure was safe and feasible with less radiation exposure, shorter turnaround time, and fewer complications and intraoperative thrombus formations than the TEE group. ICE offered accurate measurements in the LAA dimension during LAAC. Echocardiography during the "one-stop" procedures was necessary to rule out the intraoperative thrombus.

Effects of parameters on radiofrequency guidewire ablation: In vitro and in vivo experiments.

BACKGROUND: A novel ablation technique with guidewire has emerged as a promising approach for mapping and ablation of arrhythmias originating from left ventricular summit. However, its biophysical characteristics have not been fully clarified. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the in vitro experiment, guidewire ablation (GA) was performed in vessel models of 1.17 and 2.24 mm to determine the maximum safety power. Then with the maximum safety power, the predictive value of generator impedance (GI) drop on lesion radius was explored. In the in vivo experiment, the feasibility of the maximum safety power and lesion formation was verified in the living swine. It was found that in both groups, the incidence of steam pops increased along with the raise of ablation power, and the maximum safety power was 10 W for the 1.17-mm group and 15 W for the 2.24-mm group. There was a strong linear correlation between GI drop and maximum lesion radius (in 1.17 mm-10-W group: r = .961; in 2.24 mm-15-W group: r = .918). In the in vivo experiment, besides ventricular fibrillation happened once, no other complications were observed, and lesions were found at both 48-h and 8-week groups. CONCLUSIONS: The safety power of GA should be adjusted according to the diameter of the vessel. Besides, the GI drop can predict the lesion radius during GA.

Catheter ablation of idiopathic left fascicular ventricular tachycardia: Implications of false tendons for mapping and ablation.

INTRODUCTION: The anatomical substrate for idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT) remains speculative. Purkinje networks surrounding false tendons (FTs) might be involved in the reentrant circuit of ILVT. The objective was to evaluate the anatomical and electrophysiological features of false tendons FTs in relation to ILVT. METHODS: Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) was conducted on patients with ILVT. The relationship of the FTs with ILVT was determined using electro-anatomical mapping. RESULTS: Electrophysiological evaluation and radiofrequency ablation were conducted in 23 consecutive patients with ILVT. FTs were identified in 19/23 cases (82.6%) with P1 potentials during VT recorded at the FT in 14 of these patients (73.7%). Three FT types were identified. In type 1, the FT attached the septum to the base of the posteromedial papillary muscle (PPM) (4/19); type 2 FTs ran between the septum and the PPM apex (3/19), while in type 3, the connection occurred between the septum and apex (11/19) or between the septum and the LV free wall (1/19). The effective ILVT ablation sites were situated at the FT-PPM (3/19) and the FT-septum (16/19) attachment sites. CONCLUSIONS: This series demonstrates the association between Purkinje fibers and FTs during catheter ablation of ILVT and verifies that left ventricular FTs are an important substrate in this type of tachycardia.

Bilateral septal pacing in combination with coronary venous pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy.

BACKGROUND: Conventional right ventricular pacing combined with coronary venous pacing (CVP) is a mainstay for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, QRS duration of conventional CRT may be frequently more than 130 ms. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of QRS narrowing by bilateral septal pacing (BSP) in combination with CVP for CRT (BSP-CRT). METHODS: Fourteen patients with QRS > 130 ms of conventional CRT after failure of physiological conduction system pacing were enrolled. Electrophysiologic characteristics were compared among different modes of CRT during procedure. BSP which was defined as capture of both sides of interventricular septum manifested as shortened R wave peak time without a right bundle branch block QRS pattern. RESULTS: BSP-CRT were successfully achieved in 85.7% (12/14) patients. QRS duration at baseline was 185 ± 13 ms and significantly narrowed to 156 ± 9 ms during conventional CRT (n = 14, P < .001), to 143 ± 7 ms during left ventricular septal pacing (LVSP) in combination with CVP for CRT (LVSP-CRT) (n = 9, P < .001), and further to 122 ± 10 ms during BSP-CRT (n = 12, P < .001). Notably, among 7 patients in whom both LVSP and BSP were achieved, BSP-CRT outperformed LVSP-CRT at QRS narrowing by 16% (P < .001). At 3-month follow-up, left ventricular ejection fraction improved from 29 ± 6% to 41 ± 8% (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: BSP-CRT resulted in superior acute electrical synchronization to conventional CRT and might be considered as an alternative to conventional CRT with QRS more than 130 ms.

Characteristics and Ablation Outcomes of Atrial Tachycardia in Patients with Prior Cardiac Surgery vs. Spontaneous Scars: Where Are the Differences?

(1) Background: Atrial scars play an important role in atrial tachycardia (AT). They can not only be found in patients with prior cardiac surgery (PCS) but also in patients without PCS or significant structural heart disease, in which case the scar is called a spontaneous scar (SS). This study aims to compare the characteristics, mechanisms and ablation outcomes of AT in patients with PCS and SS. (2) Methods: We retrospectively reviewed electrophysiological and ablative characteristics of ATs in 46 patients with PCS and 18 patients with SS. (3) Results: There were averages of 1.52 and 2.33 ATs per patient in the PCS group and SS group, respectively (p < 0.01). Cavo-tricuspid isthmus dependent atrial flutter (CTI-AFL) was presented in most patients in both groups (93.50% vs. 77.80%, p = 0.17), whereas the SS group had a higher occurrence of scar-mediated reentrant AT (SMAT) and focal AT (FAT) compared with the PCS group (88.90% vs. 39.10%, p < 0.01; 22.2% vs. 2.2%, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in acute success rate between the two groups, whereas patients with SS had lower long-term success rate (87.0% vs. 61.1%, p < 0.05) and higher occurrence of sinus node dysfunction (SND) (4.3% vs. 22.2%, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: CTI-AFL is common in both patients with PCS and SS, and routine CTI ablation is recommended. Compared with patients with PCS, patients with SS have more ATs, especially with higher occurrence of SMAT and FAT, and had a lower long-term success rate and higher incidence of SND.

2021 Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations on the Use of P2Y12 Receptor Antagonists in the Asia-Pacific Region: Special Populations.

Advanced age, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease not only increase the risk for ischaemic events in chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) but also confer a high bleeding risk during antiplatelet therapy. These special populations may warrant modification of therapy, especially among Asians, who have displayed characteristics that are clinically distinct from Western patients. Previous guidance has been provided regarding the classification of high-risk CCS and the use of newer-generation P2Y12 inhibitors (i.e. ticagrelor and prasugrel) after acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Asia. The authors summarise evidence on the use of these P2Y12 inhibitors during the transition from ACS to CCS and among special populations. Specifically, they present recommendations on the roles of standard dual antiplatelet therapy, shortened dual antiplatelet therapy and single antiplatelet therapy among patients with coronary artery disease, who are either transitioning from ACS to CCS; elderly; or with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, multivessel coronary artery disease and bleeding events during therapy.

Derivation and Verification of the Relationship between Ablation Index and Baseline Impedance.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the quantitative adjustment of ablation index (AI) under different baseline impedance to achieve similar lesion dimensions. METHODS: (1) Keeping the AIs relatively constant, the lesion dimensions in different baseline impedances were studied. (2) According to Joule's law, Q = I 2RT, keeping the current (I) unchanged, the powers corresponding to different baseline impedances can be obtained. Under different baseline impedances and corresponding powers, the swine hearts were ablated for 30 s in simulated human circumstances. The baseline impedances, the lesion dimensions, and AIs were recorded. And the derivation of empirical formula was achieved according to the AIs and baseline impedance values in similar lesions dimension. (3) Basic AI and baseline impedance (AI0/R 0) were set as 400/120 Ω in the common AI groups and 550/120 Ω in the high AI groups, AI values in different baseline impedances were calculated using the empirical formula, and the corresponding lesion dimensions were measured to verify this formula. RESULTS: (1) Higher baseline impedances were related to smaller lesion dimensions at similar AIs. (2) The lesion dimensions were roughly the same after modulating the baseline impedance and power to keep the electric current relatively constant. The relationship between AI and R fitted with experimental data is AI = 1.9933R + 203.61 (r = 0.9649), and the formula derived is ΔAI = (AI0 - 203)/R 0 × ΔR. (3) Under the guidance of the empirical formula, there was no significant difference in lesion dimensions between the standard group and the formula guiding groups when AI0 = 400, but there was a shrinking tendence when AI > 700. CONCLUSION: The lesion depths are negatively correlated with baseline impedance at a certain AI. The relationship between baseline impedance and AI is "ΔAI = (AI0 - 203)/R 0 × ΔR". It is verified that when the AI is not too high, the empirical formula can be used to guide the quantitative adjustment of AIs at different baseline impedance, and the lesion depths achieved are roughly the same.

Catheter ablation of premature ventricular complexes associated with left ventricular false tendons.

BACKGROUND: Clinical studies have suggested that there is a significant correlation between left ventricular (LV) false tendon and premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics and the outcome of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for this category of PVCs. METHODS: From a total of 2284 patients with idiopathic PVCs who underwent catheter ablation at 6 institutions in China, intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) was used during the procedure in 346 cases; 10 patients (2.9%) with PVCs associated with false tendon were retrospectively reviewed and enrolled in the present study. Activation mapping and pace mapping were performed to localize the origin of PVCs. ICE was used in all patients. If the false tendon was directly visualized and identified, we attempted to identify the distinct relationship with the PVC origin. RESULTS: The PVCs were successfully eliminated by ablation in all patients. The target sites were confirmed to be related to false tendon. The origin of PVCs was located at the attachment of the false tendon to the papillary muscle, LV septum, or LV apex. At the target site, high-frequency Purkinje potentials were observed preceding local ventricular activation in 7 patients. CONCLUSION: LV false tendon can be associated with PVCs, which can be cured by RFCA. An ICE-guided electroanatomical approach should be considered to improve the safety and feasibility of this procedure.

The change of cardiac axis deviation in catheter ablation of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: The underlying mechanism of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT) has been postulated to be reentrant activation in the Purkinje fiber network of the left posterior fascicle or the left anterior fascicle (LAF). However, changing of cardiac axis deviation in sinus rhythm (SR) or during ILVT after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has been rarely analyzed. METHODS: Of the 232 patients with sustained ILVT induced and surface electrocardiogram (ECG) in SR recorded before and after RFCA, the changes of ECG morphology in SR and during ILVT were analyzed. RESULTS: The surface ECG in SR changed in 114 (49.1%) patients after RFCA. ILVT could still be induced in 27 (23.7%) patients. In comparison with the original ILVT, three forms of ECG morphology were observed. In eight patients, the ILVT morphology was unchanged. In the 13 patients with ILVT axis deviation conversion after ablation, the successful target was more proximal. In the six patients with ILVT morphology change but without axis deviation conversion after ablation, the successful ablation site was more distal. Among 15 patients with recurrent ILVT during follow-up, seven patients had previous axis deviation changes in SR after RFCA, the changes maintained in four patients and recovered in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: The morphology changes on surface ECG in SR after RFCA would not be a necessary prerequisite or a good endpoint for ILVT ablation. To analyze ILVT morphology changes after ablation would help to further clarify an appropriate approach for catheter ablation of ILVT.

Circulating Soluble ST2 Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Severe Heart Failure Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is the terminal stage of all cardiovascular events. Although implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapies have reduced mortality among the high-risk HF population, it is necessary to determine whether certain factors can predict mortality even after cardiac device implantation. Growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (ST2) is an emerging biomarker for HF patient stratification in different clinical settings. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between baseline soluble ST2 (sST2) levels in serum and the clinical outcomes of high-risk HF patients with device implantation. METHODS: Between January 2017 and August 2018, we prospectively recruited consecutive patients implanted with an ICD for heart failure, with LVEF ≤35% as recommended, and analyzed the basic characteristics, baseline serum sST2, and NT-proBNP levels, with at least 1-year follow-up. All-cause mortality was the primary endpoint. RESULTS: During a 643-day follow-up, all-cause mortality occurred in 16 of 150 patients (10.67%). Incidence of all-cause mortality increased significantly in patients with sST2 levels above 34.98846 ng/ml (16.00% vs. 5.33%, P = 0.034). After adjusting the model (age, gender, device implantation, prevention of sudden death, LVEDD, LVEF, WBC and CLBBB, hsTNT, etiology, and eGFR) and the model combined with NT-proBNP, the risk of all-cause death was increased by 2.5% and 1.9%, respectively, per ng/ml of sST2. The best sST2 cutoff for predicting all-cause death was 43.42671 ng/ml (area under the curve: 0.72, sensitive: 0.69, and specificity: 0.69). Compared to patients with sST2 levels below 43.42671 ng/ml, the risk of all-cause mortality was higher in those with values above the threshold (5.1% vs. 21.2%, P = 0.002). ST2 level ≥43.42671 ng/ml was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (HR: 3.30 [95% CI 1.02-10.67]). Age (HR: 1.06 [95% CI: 1.01-1.12]) and increased NT-proBNP per 100 (HR: 1.02 [95% CI: 1.01-1.03]) were also associated with all-cause mortality in ICD patients. CONCLUSIONS: sST2 level was associated with risk of all-cause mortality, and a threshold of 43.43 ng/ml showed good distinguishing performance to predict all-cause mortality in patients with severe heart failure, recommended for ICD implantation. Patients with sST2 levels more than 43.42671 ng/ml even after ICD implantation should therefore be monitored carefully.