RESUMO
Carbonates constitute a significant proportion of the world's hydrocarbon reserves, accounting for approximately 43%. Despite their substantial potential, accurately characterizing these reserves is a challenging task due to their complex and anisotropic nature. In the upper Indus basin of Pakistan, Eocene carbonates exhibit strong production capabilities. However, the Eocene reservoir (comprising the Chorgali and Sakesar formations) and the deeper Lockhart formation of the Paleocene age present a considerable challenge. The Chorgali formation is dolomitic in composition, featuring both primary and secondary porosity, while the Sakesar formation has only secondary porosity resulting from tectonic activity. The delineation of tectonically induced porosities is a highly demanding task that requires exceptional quality seismic and well data for reliable results. To address the complex heterogeneities present in the Eocene reservoir of the upper Indus basin, a variety of seismic attributes, such as sweetness, instantaneous frequency, amplitude, curvature, similarity variance, lateral continuity, and fault likelihood, have been employed in conjunction with fundamental interpreting techniques. These advanced seismic attributes greatly contribute to delineating fracture zones and identifying sweet spots with remarkable precision. They also enable a focus on high-frequency data content and differentiate between shale beds and reservoir zones based on frequency and amplitude. This helps in the concise marking of fractured zones to enhance our understanding of secondary porosity. Moreover, these attributes help delineate the continuity of reflectors and pinpoint disruptions caused by compression forces and tectonic activities. This study aims to capture the heterogeneity and complexity of reservoir zones to address a critical question regarding the Balkassar structure. The Western lobe of the field, which demonstrates promising oil production, outperforms the structurally higher Eastern part, which lags behind in production. This research seeks to recognize the geological elements contributing to the superior performance of the Western lobe and provide guidance for maximizing the potential of the Eastern lobe through advanced characterization techniques.
RESUMO
Background: The ObsQoR-11 is a validated scale that assesses recovery after cesarean delivery (CD). This observational study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of its Arabic version. Methods: The original ObsQoR-11 was translated into an Arabic version (ObsQoR-10A). All participants completed the ObsQoR-10A at 24 h and 48 h postoperatively after CD. Validity, reliability, responsiveness, and feasibility were assessed. Results: The ObsQoR-10A correlated with Global Health Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) at 24 h (R = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.56-0.80, P < 0.001) and at 48 h (R = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.54-0.78, P < 0.001) and differentiated between good and poor recovery (median scores at 24 h 88 vs. 71, P < 0.001; at 48 h 95.5 vs. 70, P < 0.001). ObsQoR-10A correlated with hospital length of stay at 24 h (R = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.40 to -0.02, P = 0.03) and at 48 h (R = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.40 to -0.03, P = 0.02); gestational age at 24 h (R = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.03-0.40, P = 0.02); change in hemoglobin at 24 h (R = -0.30, 95% CI: 0.51 to -0.10, P < 0.01); and total opioids at 48 h (R = -0.45, 95% CI: -0.62 to -0.27, P < 0.001). There was a significant difference between 24 h and 48 h postoperative ObsQoR-10A scores (median difference: -18; P < 0.001 which shows responsiveness). Other key measures included a Cronbach's alpha of 0.87, split-half 0.75, and intra-class correlation >0.62 with no floor or ceiling effects. Median (IQR) completion time was 3 (3-5) and 3 (2.5-3.5) minutes at 24 h and 48 h. Conclusions: ObsQoR-10A is a valid, reliable, responsive, and a clinically feasible tool in an Arabic-speaking obstetric population.