Percepción de riesgo de infección por HIV y conocimiento sobre uso de antirretrovirales en prevención / Perception of risk of HIV infection and knowledge about the use of antiretrovirals in prevention

Resumen Introducción : La prevención combinada (PC) se con sidera la estrategia clave frente a la epidemia de HIV. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la percepción de riesgo de infección por HIV y el conocimiento sobre uso de antirretrovirales (ARV) para prevención, entre pacien tes que concurren a un consultorio de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS). Métodos : Una encuesta sobre datos personales y percepción de riesgo de infección por HIV, conocimiento sobre profilaxis posterior a la exposición (PEP) y previa a la exposición (PrEP), fue administrada a pacientes al momento de aplicar dosis de penicilina para tratamiento de sífilis, o de extraer muestra de sangre para diagnós tico de ITS, entre mayo y diciembre, 2022. Resultados : De 100 personas encuestadas, 43 eran menores de 25 años, 67 reportaron sexo-género mascu lino y 33 femenino. Treinta de 91, (33%), percibían haber tenido en su vida algún riesgo de infección, 19 de ellas en el último año; 77/96 (80%) manifestaron no tener conocimiento sobre PEP, y 82/100, sobre PrEP. Solo 22% respondió que los antirretrovirales podrían brindar be neficio para prevenir el HIV; 26 (60%) de los 43 menores de 25 años, y 18 de los 57 ≥ 25 años (31.6%) respondieron haber tenido dos o más parejas sexuales el último año. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signifi cativas, relacionadas con género y grupo etario. Discusión : La baja percepción de riesgo de infección y del conocimiento sobre uso de antirretrovirales para prevención de HIV, evidencian las dificultades existentes en la implementación de prevención combinada (PEP-PrEP) en esta población.

Abstract Introduction : Combined prevention (CP) is considered the key strategy against the HIV epidemic. The objective of the study was to evaluate the perception of risk of HIV infection and the knowledge about the use of antiretro virals (ARV) for prevention, among patients who attend a Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) clinic. Methods : A survey on personal data and perception of risk of HIV infection, knowledge about post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), was administered to patients at the time of applying doses of penicillin for the treatment of syphilis, or when taking a blood sample for STI diagnosis, between May and December, 2022. Results : 100 persons were surveyed: 43 were under 25 years of age, 67 reported male sex-gender and 33 fe males. Thirty of 91 (33%) perceived they had had some risk of infection in their lives, 19 of them in the last year; 77/96 (80%) stated that they had no knowledge about PEP, and 82/100, about PrEP. Only 22 out of 100 responded that antiretrovirals could provide benefit in preventing HIV; 26 (60%) of the 43 patients <25 years of age, and 18 of the 57 ≥ 25 years (31.6%) responded they have had two or more sexual partners in the last year. No statistically significant differences were observed related to gender and age group. Discussion : The low perception of infection risk and knowledge about the use of antiretrovirals in HIV pre vention, show the existing difficulties for the imple mentation of combined prevention (PEP-PrEP) in this population.

[Perception of risk of HIV infection and knowledge about the use of antiretrovirals in prevention]. / Percepción de riesgo de infección por HIV y conocimiento sobre uso de antirretrovirales en prevención.

INTRODUCTION: Combined prevention (CP) is considered the key strategy against the HIV epidemic. The objective of the study was to evaluate the perception of risk of HIV infection and the knowledge about the use of antiretrovirals (ARV) for prevention, among patients who attend a Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) clinic. METHODS: A survey on personal data and perception of risk of HIV infection, knowledge about post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), was administered to patients at the time of applying doses of penicillin for the treatment of syphilis, or when taking a blood sample for STI diagnosis, between May and December, 2022. RESULTS: 100 persons were surveyed: 43 were under 25 years of age, 67 reported male sex-gender and 33 females. Thirty of 91 (33%) perceived they had had some risk of infection in their lives, 19 of them in the last year; 77/96 (80%) stated that they had no knowledge about PEP, and 82/100, about PrEP. Only 22 out of 100 responded that antiretrovirals could provide benefit in preventing HIV; 26 (60%) of the 43 patients <25 years of age, and 18 of the 57 ≥ 25 years (31.6%) responded they have had two or more sexual partners in the last year. No statistically significant differences were observed related to gender and age group. DISCUSSION: The low perception of infection risk and knowledge about the use of antiretrovirals in HIV prevention, show the existing difficulties for the implementation of combined prevention (PEP-PrEP) in this population.

Introducción: La prevención combinada (PC) se considera la estrategia clave frente a la epidemia de HIV. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la percepción de riesgo de infección por HIV y el conocimiento sobre uso de antirretrovirales (ARV) para prevención, entre pacientes que concurren a un consultorio de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS). Métodos: Una encuesta sobre datos personales y percepción de riesgo de infección por HIV, conocimiento sobre profilaxis posterior a la exposición (PEP) y previa a la exposición (PrEP), fue administrada a pacientes al momento de aplicar dosis de penicilina para tratamiento de sífilis, o de extraer muestra de sangre para diagnóstico de ITS, entre mayo y diciembre, 2022. Resultados: De 100 personas encuestadas, 43 eran menores de 25 años, 67 reportaron sexo-género masculino y 33 femenino. Treinta de 91, (33%), percibían haber tenido en su vida algún riesgo de infección, 19 de ellas en el último año; 77/96 (80%) manifestaron no tener conocimiento sobre PEP, y 82/100, sobre PrEP. Solo 22% respondió que los antirretrovirales podrían brindar beneficio para prevenir el HIV; 26 (60%) de los 43 menores de 25 años, y 18 de los 57 ≥ 25 años (31.6%) respondieron haber tenido dos o más parejas sexuales el último año. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, relacionadas con género y grupo etario. Discusión: La baja percepción de riesgo de infección y del conocimiento sobre uso de antirretrovirales para prevención de HIV, evidencian las dificultades existentes en la implementación de prevención combinada (PEPPrEP) en esta población.

Tratamiento de la hepatitis C en el conurbano de Buenos Aires / Hepatitis C treatment in the surrounding area of Buenos Aires

Resumen La principal infección viral transmisible por sangre es actualmente la debida al virus de hepatitis C (VHC). Uno de los mayores obstáculos para el logro de su control en la Argentina se relaciona con las dificultades de acceso al diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de las personas infectadas. Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de caracterizar a los pacientes infectados con VHC que iniciaron tratamiento con antivirales de acción directa (AAD) y describir la experiencia vinculada al tratamiento. Se seleccionaron las historias clínicas de 82 pacientes, 44 (53.7%) de sexo masculino, 37 (45.1%) de sexo femenino, y uno (1.2%) transgénero. La media de edad fue de 49 años. Se halló una frecuencia de cirrosis de 39%, 32 pacientes, coinfección con HIV en 48 (58.5%) y con VHB en 27 (32.9%). En 52 (63.4%) no se observó ningún factor de riesgo claramente asociado a infección. Todos completaron la terapia, de ellos 72 (87.8%) efectuaron el control para confirmar respuesta viral sostenida (RVS), que fue de 98.6%. Concluimos que el testeo universal debe implementarse por sobre el testeo con enfoque de riesgo, y que debe promoverse un criterio de atención simplificado y descentralizado, reservando la atención especializada para pacientes con cirrosis descompensada y cáncer de hígado.

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is currently the main blood-borne viral infection. One of the main obstacles to achieving its control in Argentina is related to difficulties in accessing the diagnosis and timely treatment of infected people. We carried out this study with the aim of characterizing the HCV-infected patients who started treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and to describe the experience related to treatment. The medical records of 82 patients, 44 (53.7%) male, 37 (45.1%) female, and one (1.2%) transgender, were selected. The mean age was 49 years. We report a frequency of cirrhosis, 39%, in 32 patients, coinfection with HIV in 48 (58.5%) and with HBV in 27 (32.9%). In 52 patients (63.4%), no risk factor clearly associated with infection was observed. All completed the therapy, of them 72 (87.8%) carried out the control to confirm sustained viral response (SVR), that attained 98.6%. We conclude that universal testing should be implemented over testing based on a risk approach, and that a simplified and decentralized care criterion should be promoted, reserving specialized care for patients with decompensated cirrhosis and liver cancer.

[Hepatitis C treatment in the surrounding area of Buenos Aires]. / Tratamiento de la hepatitis C en el conurbano de Buenos Aires.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is currently the main blood-borne viral infection. One of the main obstacles to achieving its control in Argentina is related to difficulties in accessing the diagnosis and timely treatment of infected people. We carried out this study with the aim of characterizing the HCV-infected patients who started treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and to describe the experience related to treatment. The medical records of 82 patients, 44 (53.7%) male, 37 (45.1%) female, and one (1.2%) transgender, were selected. The mean age was 49 years. We report a frequency of cirrhosis, 39%, in 32 patients, coinfection with HIV in 48 (58.5%) and with HBV in 27 (32.9%). In 52 patients (63.4%), no risk factor clearly associated with infection was observed. All completed the therapy, of them 72 (87.8%) carried out the control to confirm sustained viral response (SVR), that attained 98.6%. We conclude that universal testing should be implemented over testing based on a risk approach, and that a simplified and decentralized care criterion should be promoted, reserving specialized care for patients with decompensated cirrhosis and liver cancer.

La principal infección viral transmisible por sangre es actualmente la debida al virus de hepatitis C (VHC). Uno de los mayores obstáculos para el logro de su control en la Argentina se relaciona con las dificultades de acceso al diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de las personas infectadas. Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de caracterizar a los pacientes infectados con VHC que iniciaron tratamiento con antivirales de acción directa (AAD) y describir la experiencia vinculada al tratamiento. Se seleccionaron las historias clínicas de 82 pacientes, 44 (53.7%) de sexo masculino, 37 (45.1%) de sexo femenino, y uno (1.2%) transgénero. La media de edad fue de 49 años. Se halló una frecuencia de cirrosis de 39%, 32 pacientes, coinfección con HIV en 48 (58.5%) y con VHB en 27 (32.9%). En 52 (63.4%) no se observó ningún factor de riesgo claramente asociado a infección. Todos completaron la terapia, de ellos 72 (87.8%) efectuaron el control para confirmar respuesta viral sostenida (RVS), que fue de 98.6%. Concluimos que el testeo universal debe implementarse por sobre el testeo con enfoque de riesgo, y que debe promoverse un criterio de atención simplificado y descentralizado, reservando la atención especializada para pacientes con cirrosis descompensada y cáncer de hígado.

Profilaxis pre-exposición para la prevención de infección por VIH (PrEP) en mujeres de áreas vulnerables del conurbano de Buenos Aires / Pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection (PrEP) in women from vulnerable areas of the suburbs of Buenos Aires

Se describen una serie de casos desarrollados en la región oeste del conurbano bonaerense, en los cuales se presentaron situaciones de alto riesgo de infección por VIH, de modo de poder analizar y explorar el potencial uso de PrEP en mujeres como parte de la estrategia combinada de prevención. Si bien la eficacia de la PrEP está adecuadamente documentada, su implementación se encuentra demorada en la región. Las mujeres no parecen estar dentro de las poblaciones consideradas clave y por lo tanto son alejadas de esas estrategias. Incorporar el uso de PrEP en mujeres jóvenes con riesgo de infección puede contribuir al logro de los objetivos de control de la epidemia y evitar la transmisión vertical del VIH. La falta de un adecuado conocimiento y la baja percepción del riesgo de infección se describen como barreras para una implementación exito

A series of cases developed in the western region of Buenos Aires, in which there were situations of high risk of HIV infection, are described in order to analyze and explore the potential use of PrEP in women as part of the combined prevention strategy. Although the effectiveness of PrEP is well documented, its implementation is delayed in the region. Women do not seem to be within the considered key populations and therefore far from those strategies. Incorporating the use of PrEP in young women at risk of infection can contribute to the achievement of the objectives of epidemic control and avoid vertical transmission of HIV. The lack of adequate knowledge and the low perception of the risk of infection are described as barriers to a successful implementation. Keywords:

HIV and Chagas Disease Coinfection, a Tractable Disease?

We present 2 patients born in Argentina who were newly diagnosed with advanced HIV disease and Chagas disease reactivation with central nervous system involvement. The patients received concurrent benznidazole treatment and antiretroviral therapy, showing good response. Improvement in morbidity and mortality due to early treatment makes this treatment appropriate for coinfected patients.

Enfermedad avanzada al diagnóstico de infección por VIH en el Conurbano de Buenos Aires / Advanced disease at HIV diagnosis in the surrounding area of the city of Buenos Aires

Objetivos: Analizar las características de la población y determinar frecuente de infección por VIH. Método: Se realizó un estudio analítico descriptivo de corte transversal mediante análisis retrospectivo de los datos reportados en dos cohortes de seguimiento de pacientes de dos hospitales de la región oeste del Conurbano de Buenos Aires.Resultados: Analizamos las HC de 211 pacientes. Sexo femenino 108 (51,2 %), masculino 102 (48,3 %) y transgénero 1 (0,5 %). El modo primario de trans-misión se describió como heterosexual en el 89 % de los pacientes. El recuento de CD4 fue menor a 200 cel/ml en 60,2 % de los pacientes y menor a 350 cel/ml en el 77 %. Al momento de diagnóstico de infección presentaban un evento marcador de sida 65 pacientes (30 %) y se hallaban sintomáticos 86 (40,8 %). Ser de sexo masculino (OR 3,1 IC95 % 1,7-5,6), presentar edad de 45 años o superior (OR 4.0 IC95 % 2,1-7,8), y estar desempleado o con empleo informal (OR 3,3 IC95 % 1,8-5,9) se asociaron estadísticamente a EA tanto en el análisis bivariado como en el multivariado mientras que haber ingresado al nivel secundario de educación se asoció con baja posibilidad sólo en el bivariado. Conclusiones: Observamos una elevada frecuencia de EA en la población estudiada caracterizada como asociada desde el punto de vista estadístico al sexo masculino, la falta de empleo y la edad superior a los 45 años. La situación de los hombres referidos asi-mismo como heterosexuales debería ser especialmente estudiada

Objectives: To analyze characteristics of the population and determine frequency and possible associated factors with advanced disease (AD) at the time of diagnosis of HIV infection.Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. Retrospective analysis of the reported data in two patient follow-up cohorts of two hospitals of the western region of Buenos Aires.Results: We analyzed HCs from 211 patients. Female gender 108 (51.2%), male 102 (48.3%) and transgender 1 (0.5%). The primary mode of transmission was described as heterosexual in 89% of patients. The CD4 count was less than 200 cells / ml in 60.2% of patients and less than 350 cells / ml in 77%. At the time of diagnosis of infection, 65 patients (30%) had an AIDS event and were symptomatic 86 (40.8%). Male sex (OR 3.1 IC95% 1.7-5.6), age of 45 years or above (OR 4.0 IC95% 2.1-7.8), and to be unemployed or with informal employment (OR 3.3 IC95% 1.8-5.9) were statistically associated to EA in both the bivariate and multivariate analyzes, while have begun the secondary level of education was associated with a low probability only in the bivariate. Conclusions: We observed a high frequency of AD in the studied population. characterized as statistically associated to male sex, lack of employment and age above 45 years. The situation of men referred as heterosexual should be specially evaluated

[Pregnancy and postpartum control in HIV infected women]. / Control de embarazo y postparto en mujeres infectadas por HIV.

Pregnancy and postpartum control in HIV infected women. We present data from a retrospective observational descriptive study with the objective of evaluating characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women, analyze the level of control of pregnancy and assess adherence to treatment and loss of follow up after delivery. We analyzed reported data of 104 pregnancies, 32.7% of them under 25 years old. The diagnosis was performed as part of pregnancy control in 36.5% of women. TARV started before 24 weeks of pregnancy in 70% of them and a regimen with 2 nucleos(t)ides and 1 ritonavir potenciated protease inhibitor (PIr) was prescribed in 84.5%. Elective c-section was the most frequent mode of delivery. The viral load after 32 weeks of pregnancy was available in 82.7%, being less than 1000 cop/ml in 78 (75%), less than 200 cop/ml in 70 (67.3%) and not available in 18 (17.3%) of cases. We observed a considered high rate of adherence failure and loss of follow up after delivery. Reported data should alert programs on the need to implement strategies to promote early pregnancy control and increase adherence and retention in care, especially in the postpartum period.

Control de embarazo y postparto en mujeres infectadas por HIV / Pregnancy and postpartum control in HIV infected women

Presentamos los datos de un estudio descriptivo observacional retrospectivo realizado con el objetivo de evaluar las características de las mujeres embarazadas infectadas por HIV, analizar el nivel de control del embarazo y evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento y las pérdidas de seguimiento posterior al parto. Analizamos los datos informados de 104 embarazos, 32.7% de mujeres menores de 25 años. El diagnóstico se realizó durante el control del embarazo en 36.5% de ellos. La terapia antirretroviral (TARV) se inició antes de la semana 24 en 70% de los embarazos. El régimen utilizado incluyó 2 nucleós(t)idos + 1 inhibidor de la proteasa potenciado con ritonavir (IPr) en 84.5% de los casos. La cesárea electiva fue el modo mas frecuente de parto. La carga viral luego de la semana 32 de embarazo estaba disponible en el 82.7% de las pacientes siendo menor a 1000 copias/ml en 78 (75%) y menor a 200 en 70 (67.3%), no hallándose disponible en 18 (17.3%) de los casos. Observamos una alta frecuencia de fallos de adherencia y pérdidas de seguimiento posteriores al parto. Los datos comunicados deben alertar a los programas y centro de atención sobre la necesidad de implementar estrategias que promuevan el control temprano del embarazo e incrementen la adherencia y la retención en cuidado, especialmente en el período posterior al parto.

We present data from a retrospective observational descriptive study with the objective of evaluating characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women, analyze the level of control of pregnancy and assess adherence to treatment and loss of follow up after delivery. We analyzed reported data of 104 pregnancies, 32.7% of them under 25 years old. The diagnosis was performed as part of pregnancy control in 36.5% of women. TARV started before 24 weeks of pregnancy in 70% of them and a regimen with 2 nucleos(t)ides and 1 ritonavir potenciated protease inhibitor (PIr) was prescribed in 84.5%. Elective c-section was the most frequent mode of delivery. The viral load after 32 weeks of pregnancy was available in 82.7%, being less than 1000 cop/ml in 78 (75%), less than 200 cop/ml in 70 (67.3%) and not available in 18 (17.3%) of cases. We observed a considered high rate of adherence failure and loss of follow up after delivery. Reported data should alert programs on the need to implement strategies to promote early pregnancy control and increase adherence and retention in care, especially in the postpartum period.

[Factors associated to late clinical stage at the initiation of antiretroviral therapy]. / Factores asociados al estadio clínico avanzado en el inicio de la terapia antirretroviral.

In order to evaluate the frequency of a late clinical stage in HIV infected patients at onset of antiretroviral therapy (LART) and to identify possible associated factors, we performed a retrospective analysis of data reported in two prospective cohorts of HIV infected patients who started antiretroviral therapy for the first time between 2005 and 2009. Medical records of 265 patients -123 women (46.6%) and 141 men, median age 37.7 years old- were analyzed. LART was observed in 132 cases (50%), out of them 102 (77.2%) were associated to late diagnosis of HIV infection and 30 (22.8%) to patients that had not been retained in HIV care. The median of CD4 was 120 cells/ml and that of viral load 58 038 copies/ml. CD4 cells count was below 200 cells/ml in 174 patients (71.3%). There was a higher incidence of LART in men than in women (59.8% and 42.2% respectively). Diagnosis in women took place during pregnancy control in 25:2% of the cases. High alcohol consumption (p 0.006), single hood (p 0.04) and level of education lower than secondary (p 0.008) were associated to LART at bivariate analysis. Male sex (p 0.003) was the only associated factor both in bivariate and multivariate analysis. Our data reinforce the need of expanding HIV testing and should assist programs to define actions promoting early entry in HIV care.

Factores asociados al estadio clínico avanzado en el inicio de la terapia antirretroviral / Factors associated to late clinical stage at the initiation of antiretroviral therapy

A fin de evaluar la frecuencia y posibles factores asociados a la presencia de estadio clínico avanzado al inicio de terapia antirretroviral (ECAITA), efectuamos un análisis retrospectivo de datos de dos cohortes prospectivas de pacientes infectados por HIV que iniciaron terapia antirretroviral (sin tratamiento anterior) entre 2005 y 2009. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 264 pacientes, 123 mujeres (46.6%) y 141 hombres (53.4%). La mediana de edad fue de 37.7 años. Observamos ECAITA en 132 casos (50%), de los cuales 102 (77.2%) se asociaron a diagnóstico tardío de infección por HIV y 30 (22.8%) a pacientes con diagnóstico previo no retenidos en el cuidado clínico de la salud. La mediana de células CD4 fue 120/ml y de carga viral 58 038 copias/ml. El recuento de células CD4 era inferior a 200 cel/ml en 174 pacientes (71.3%). Los hombres presentaron ECAITA con mayor frecuencia que las mujeres (59.8% vs. 40.2%), en quienes el diagnóstico se realizó durante el control de un embarazo en el 25.2% de los casos. Consumo elevado de alcohol (p 0.006), ser soltero (p 0.04) y nivel de educación menor al secundario completo (p 0.008) se asociaron a ECAITA en el análisis bivariado. Ser de sexo masculino (p 0.003) fue el único factor asociado tanto en el análisis bivariado como en el multivariado. Nuestros datos refuerzan la necesidad de expandir el testeo para HIV y deberían impulsar a definir acciones programáticas que promuevan el ingreso precoz al cuidado de la infección por HIV.

In order to evaluate the frequency of a late clinical stage in HIV infected patients at onset of antiretroviral therapy (LART) and to identify possible associated factors, we performed a retrospective analysis of data reported in two prospective cohorts of HIV infected patients who started antiretroviral therapy for the first time between 2005 and 2009. Medical records of 265 patients -123 women (46.6%) and 141 men, median age 37.7 years old- were analyzed. LART was observed in 132 cases (50%), out of them 102 (77.2%) were associated to late diagnosis of HIV infection and 30 (22.8%) to patients that had not been retained in HIV care. The median of CD4 was 120 cells/ml and that of viral load 58 038 copies/ml. CD4 cells count was below 200 cells/ml in 174 patients (71.3%). There was a higher incidence of LART in men than in women (59.8% and 42.2% respectively). Diagnosis in women took place during pregnancy control in 25:2% of the cases. High alcohol consumption (p 0.006), single hood (p 0.04) and level of education lower than secondary (p 0.008) were associated to LART at bivariate analysis. Male sex (p 0.003) was the only associated factor both in bivariate and multivariate analysis. Our data reinforce the need of expanding HIV testing and should assist programs to define actions promoting early entry in HIV care.

[Development of AIDS-related malignancies and infections after starting HAART]. / Desarrollo de neoplasias e infecciones definitorias de sida después de iniciar la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia.

In order to evaluate the incidence rate and possible risk factors associated with AIDS-related malignancies and infections (ARMI) we performed data analysis of clinical charts of HIV patients in two hospital cohorts, that started high activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) between July 2003 and October 2007. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and Azithromycin prophylaxis was provided according to current guidelines. We evaluated development of ARMI six months after-starting HAART and its association with clinical and epidemiological variables. Of 235 patients analyzed -118 women (50.2%) and 117 men (49.8%)- 11 presented ARMI: 3 pulmonary TB and 3 lymph nodes TB cases, 3 cases with meningeal Cryptococcus, one Chagas's disease presenting brain mass and one with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ARMI incidence: 4.7%. A CD4 cell count < 100/150 was associated with risk of developing ARMI. The mean CD4 cell count was 73 in patients who developed ARMI and 143 in those who did not. No association was found with the other analyzed variables. In the CD4 cell count < 150 group one out of 4 patients with reactive serology presented Chagas's disease causing brain mass; none of the 46 patients with reactive serology presented toxoplasmosis encephalitis. The incidence rate of ARMI was 4.7%. TB in first place and cryptococcosis in second were the AIDS events more frequently observed. A low CD4 cell count was the only observed risk factor statistically associated with development of ARMI. The role of prophylaxis in this population should be re-evaluated.

Desarrollo de neoplasias e infecciones definitorias de sida después de iniciar la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia / Development of AIDS-related malignancies and infections after starting HAART

Con el objetivo de evaluar la incidencia de neoplasias e infecciones definitorias de Sida (NIDS) y los posibles factores asociados a su desarrollo luego de iniciada la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (HAART) analizamos las historias clínicas de los pacientes que iniciaron tratamiento entre julio 2003 y octubre 2007. Todos recibieron profilaxis con trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol y azitromicina según la recomendación actual. Evaluamos el desarrollo de NIDS en los 6 meses posteriores al inicio de la terapia y su asociación con variables clínicas y epidemiológicas. Analizamos 235 historias clínicas: 118 mujeres (50.2%) y 117 hombres (49.8%). Observamos 11 casos de NIDS: 3 formas pulmonares y 3 ganglionares de tuberculosis, 3 meningitis por Criptococcus neoformans, 1 chagoma cerebral y 1 linfoma no Hodgkin. Presentar recuento de células CD4 menor a 100 o 150 células/ml se asoció con riesgo de desarrollar NIDS. La media de células CD4 fue 73 en los pacientes que desarrollaron NIDS y 143 en los que no la desarrollaron. No hubo asociación con las otras variables analizadas. En pacientes con CD4 menor a 150 células/ml observamos un caso de chagoma cerebral entre 4 con serología reactiva para Chagas, y ninguno de toxoplasmosis cerebral entre 46 con serología reactiva para toxoplasmosis. Concluimos que la tasa de incidencia de NIDS fue del 4.7%, siendo tuberculosis en primer lugar y criptococosis en segundo las enfermedades más frecuentemente observadas. Presentar bajo recuento de células CD4 se asoció de manera significativa al desarrollo de NIDS. Debería reevaluarse el rol de la quimioprofilaxis.

In order to evaluate the incidence rate and possible risk factors associated with AIDS-related malignancies and infections (ARMI) we performed data analysis of clinical charts of HIV patients in two hospital cohorts, that started high activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) between July 2003 and October 2007. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and azytromicin prophylaxis was provided according to current guidelines. We evaluated development of ARMI six months after-starting HAART and its association with clinical and epidemiological variables. Of 235 patients analyzed -118 women (50.2%) and 117 men (49.8%)- 11 presented ARMI: 3 pulmonary TB and 3 lymph nodes TB cases, 3 cases with meningeal Cryptococcus, one Chagas' disease presenting brain mass and one with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ARMI incidence: 4.7%. A CD4 cell count < 100/150 was associated with risk of developing ARMI. The mean CD4 cell count was 73 in patients who developed ARMI and 143 in those who did not. No association was found with the other analyzed variables. In the CD4 cell count < 150 group one out of 4 patients with reactive serology presented Chagas's disease causing brain mass; none of the 46 patients with reactive serology presented toxoplasmosis encephalitis. The incidence rate of ARMI was 4.7%. TB in first place and cryptococcosis in second were the AIDS events more frequently observed. A low CD4 cell count was the only observed risk factor statistically associated with development of ARMI. The role of prophylaxis in this population should be re-evaluated.

[A study of occupational blood and body fluid exposure among nursing staff at a reference hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina]. / Estudio sobre la exposición ocupacional a sangre y fluidos corporales en el personal de enfermería de un hospital de referencia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of occupational blood and body fluids exposure (OBBFE) among the nursing staff at the Dr. Diego Paroissien Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina; analyze the possible risk factors associated; and assess the level of knowledge regarding universal precautions and control procedures following exposure: METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed using a voluntary and anonymous survey administered between April and May 2005. In addition to personal and professional data, information was collected on knowledge and practice of universal precautions and procedures, OBBFE experienced, barriers to following the standards, and whether or not the Hepatitis B vaccine had been received. The dependent variable in the analysis was ever having experienced an OBBFE accident: RESULTS: Of the 186 responses analyzed, 77.7% were female, the mean age was 44.6 +/- 8.9 years, and the institution was 13.3 +/- 6.4 years old. Of those surveyed, 91 (48.9%) indicated that at some time they had an OBBFE, with 33 (17.7%) of these having occurred during the previous year; 73.0% confirmed that the tools necessary for complying with universal precautions were available always or almost always; 76.2% felt they had complete information, although 56.3% said they had not received adequate training; and, 94.1% claimed to have been vaccinated against Hepatitis B. Being overworked (54.5%), insufficient training (21.8%), and a lack of protective tools (18.8%) were the reasons most often identified as impeding compliance with universal precaution guidelines. Not having received training during the preceding year and having recently started work in a clinical or adult intensive-care unit were significantly associated with having experienced an OBBFE: CONCLUSIONS: These results signal a risk alert for OBBFE among health care workers and underscore the need for improving standards and surveillance.

[Characteristics of HIV infection by sex in a suburban district of Buenos Aires for the periods 1998 to 2002 and 2003 to 2005]. / Características de la infección por HIV/sida según sexo en una región del Gran Buenos Aires. Períodos 1998-2002/ 2003-2005.

With the aim of evaluating gender differences in one of the poorest districts of Buenos Aires, we reviewed epidemiological and clinical data of newly-diagnosed HIV patients at the Diego Paroissien Hospital between 1998 and 2005.We analyzed 524 clinical charts, 329 (62.8%) of which were from the 1998 to 2002 period and 195 (37.2%) from 2003 to 2005. Women accounted for 241 (46%) of the patients. The dominant mode of transmission was sexual intercourse in women and intravenous drug-use in men. At the time of diagnosis, women were at a significantly lower clinical stage, were younger, and had higher CD4 counts and lower viral loads. No gender differences were found in the rates of continued clinical care or continued antiretroviral therapy at one year follow-up. Comparing the periods 1998 to 2002 and 2003 to 2005, there was a statistically significant increase in diagnoses made during the pregnancy screening in women, in sexual transmission as the primary route of HIV infection, in the frequency of patients (both men and women) who had continued clinical care at one year follow-up, and a decreasing of intravenous drug-use in both sexes.The observed gender differences in the 2003-2005 period persisted even when those women who were diagnosed during their pregnancy screening were excluded from the analysis.

Características de la infección por HIV/sida según sexo en una región del Gran Buenos Aires: Períodos 1998-2002/ 2003-2005 / Characteristics of HIV infection by sex in a suburban district of Buenos Aires for the periods 1998 to 2002 and 2003 to 2005

Con el propósito de evaluar características de la infección por HIV/sida en uno de los distritos más pobres del Gran Buenos Aires, revisamos datos clínicos y epidemiológicos de las historias clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de infección por HIV en el hospital Dr. Diego Paroissien entre 1998 y 2005. Analizamos 524 historias clínicas, 329 (62.8%) correspondientes al período 1998-2002 y 195 (37.2%) al 2003-2005, 241 mujeres (46%) y 283 hombres (54%). El modo dominante de transmisión en las mujeres fue sexual y en los hombres el uso de drogas intravenosas. Las mujeres presentaron al momento del diagnóstico de infección por HIV, de manera estadísticamente significativa, menor estadio clínico, menor edad, mayores valores de recuento de células CD4 y menores de carga viral. No observamos diferencias entre ambos sexos en la frecuencia con que los pacientes continuaron en control clínico al año de seguimiento, iniciaron terapia antirretroviral y continuaron en tratamiento al año de haber iniciado el mismo. Comparando los períodos 1998- 2002 y 2003-2005 se determinó un aumento, estadísticamente significativo, del diagnóstico como parte del control del embarazo en la mujer, del modo primario sexual de adquisición, de la frecuencia de pacientes que continuaron en control clínico al año de seguimiento y de la disminución del uso de drogas inyectables para ambos sexos. Las diferencias de sexo observadas persisten en el período 2003-2005 cuando se excluyeron del análisis las mujeres en las que se realizó el diagnóstico como parte del control del embarazo.

With the aim of evaluating gender differences in one of the poorest districts of Buenos Aires, we reviewed epidemiological and clinical data of newly-diagnosed HIV patients at the Diego Paroissien Hospital between 1998 and 2005.We analyzed 524 clinical charts, 329 (62.8%) of which were from the 1998 to 2002 period and 195 (37.2%) from 2003 to 2005. Women accounted for 241 (46%) of the patients. The dominant mode of transmission was sexual intercourse in women and intravenous drug-use in men. At the time of diagnosis, women were at a significantly lower clinical stage, were younger, and had higher CD4 counts and lower viral loads. No gender differences were found in the rates of continued clinical care or continued antiretroviral therapy at one year follow-up. Comparing the periods 1998 to 2002 and 2003 to 2005, there was a statistically significant increase in diagnoses made during the pregnancy screening in women, in sexual transmission as the primary route of HIV infection, in the frequency of patients (both men and women) who had continued clinical care at one year follow-up, and a decreasing of intravenous drug-use in both sexes.The observed gender differences in the 2003-2005 period persisted even when those women who were diagnosed during their pregnancy screening were excluded from the analysis.

Estudio sobre la exposición ocupacional a sangre y fluidos corporales en el personal de enfermería de un hospital de referencia de Buenos Aires, Argentina / A study of occupational blood and body fluid exposure among nursing staff at a reference hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la frecuencia de la exposición ocupacional a sangre y fluidos corporales (EOSFC) en el personal de enfermería del Hospital Dr. Diego Paroissien, de Buenos Aires, Argentina, analizar los posibles factores de riesgo asociados y evaluar el nivel de conocimientos sobre las normas vigentes de prevención y control después de la exposición. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal mediante una encuesta voluntaria y anónima aplicada entre abril y mayo de 2005. Además de los datos personales y profesionales, se recabó información acerca de los conocimientos y la capacitación sobre las medidas de precaución universales y los procedimientos a seguir, los accidentes de EOSFC sufridos, los factores que atentaban contra el cumplimiento de las normas y si estaban vacunados contra la hepatitis B. La variable dependiente para el análisis fue haber sufrido alguna vez una EOSFC. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 186 encuestas, de ellas 77,7 por ciento correspondían a mujeres; la edad promedio era de 44,6 ± 8,9 años y la antigüedad en la institución de 13,3 ± 6,4 años. De los encuestados, 91 (48,9 por ciento) refirieron haber sufrido alguna vez una EOSFC y 33 (17,7 por ciento) de ellas ocurrieron el año previo; 73,0 por ciento afirmó disponer de los elementos adecuados para cumplir con las normas de precaución universal siempre o casi siempre, 76,2 por ciento consideró tener la información adecuada, aunque 56,3 por ciento afirmó no haber recibido una capacitación adecuada; 94,1 por ciento refirió estar vacunado contra la hepatitis B. La sobrecarga de trabajo (54,5 por ciento), la insuficiente capacitación (21,8 por ciento) y la carencia de los elementos de protección necesarios (18,8 por ciento) fueron las situaciones señaladas con mayor frecuencia que atentaban contra el cumplimiento de las precauciones universales. No haber recibido capacitación el año previo y desempeñarse en una unidad de cuidados clínicos o intensivos de adultos...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of occupational blood and body fluids exposure (OBBFE) among the nursing staff at the Dr. Diego Paroissien Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina; analyze the possible risk factors associated; and assess the level of knowledge regarding universal precautions and control procedures following exposure. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed using a voluntary and anonymous survey administered between April and May 2005. In addition to personal and professional data, information was collected on knowledge and practice of universal precautions and procedures, OBBFE experienced, barriers to following the standards, and whether or not the Hepatitis B vaccine had been received. The dependent variable in the analysis was ever having experienced an OBBFE accident. RESULTS: Of the 186 responses analyzed, 77.7 percent were female, the mean age was 44.6 ± 8.9 years, and the institution was 13.3 ± 6.4 years old. Of those surveyed, 91 (48.9 percent) indicated that at some time they had an OBBFE, with 33 (17.7 percent) of these having occurred during the previous year; 73.0 percent confirmed that the tools necessary for complying with universal precautions were available always or almost always; 76.2 percent felt they had complete information, although 56.3 percent said they had not received adequate training; and, 94.1 percent claimed to have been vaccinated against Hepatitis B. Being overworked (54.5 percent), insufficient training (21.8 percent), and a lack of protective tools (18.8 percent) were the reasons most often identified as impeding compliance with universal precaution guidelines. Not having received training during the preceding year and having recently started work in a clinical or adult intensive-care unit were significantly associated with having experienced an OBBFE. CONCLUSIONS: These results signal a risk alert for OBBFE among health care workers and underscore the need for improving...

Adherencia a las terapias antirretrovirales en una población de bajos recursos económicos de la región suburbana de Buenos Aires / Adherence to the antiretroviral therapy in a low income population of the suburban area of Buenos Aires

Es necesario un elevado nivel de adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral para obtener beneficios a largo plazo. Mediante una encuesta previamente validada, evaluamos el nivel de adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral y exploramos posibles factores relacionados con la no adherencia en una población de bajos recursos económicos. Realizamos un estudio transversal en la población de pacientes infectados con VIH que reciben terapia antirretroviral. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas y sociocognitivas. El nivel de adherencia se determinó según el número de dosis perdidas los cuatro días previos a la entrevista. Se utilizaron prueba de Chi cuadrado o exacta de Fisher para variables nominales y prueba t de Student para variables continuas para evaluar diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Participaron 71 pacientes: mujeres 41 (58%), media de edad: 35.3 años;. hombres 30 (42%), media de edad 40.4 años. Cincuenta reportaron adherencia > 95% (70.4%). La carga viral fue < 500 copias/ml en 80.4% de los pacientes adherentes y en 34% de los no adherentes. Sentirse a menudo o siempre, sin ánimo, triste y/o deprimido la semana previa a la entrevista se asoció estadísticamente con adherencia < 95%. No se asociaron con el nivel de adherencia, edad, género, nivel de educación, poseer empleo, factor de riesgo de adquisición de VIH, uso de alcohol, uso de drogas ilegales, presencia de síntomas, capacidad de autodeterminación, comprender la asociación entre adherencia y resistencia, apoyo social y familiar, número de comprimidos o tomas y recibir un régimen que contiene Inhibidor de Proteasa.

Determinants of treatment access in a population-based cohort of HIV-positive men and women living in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To report emerging data on the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Argentina by assessing patterns of HAART access and late vs early treatment initiation in a population-based cohort of adults infected with HIV type-1. DESIGN: The Prospective Study on the Use and Monitoring of Antiretroviral Therapy (PUMA) is a study of 883 HIV-positive individuals enrolled in the Argentinean drug treatment program. Individuals were 16 years of age and older and were recruited from 10 clinics across Argentina. METHODS: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were examined using contingency tables (Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test) for categoric variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. To analyze time to initiation of HAART we used Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression. RESULTS: Patients who initiated HAART were more likely to be older, have an AIDS-defining illness, be an injection drug user (IDU), have a lower median CD4 cell count, have a higher median viral load, and be less likely to be men who have sex with men (MSM). In multivariate analysis, AIDS-defining illness and plasma viral load were significantly associated with time to starting therapy. Patients who received late access were more likely to be diagnosed with AIDS and have higher median plasma viral loads than those receiving early access. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that despite free availability of treatment, monitoring, and care in Argentina, a significant proportion of men and women are accessing HAART late in the course of HIV disease. Further characterization of the HIV-positive population will allow for a more comprehensive evaluation of the impact of HAART within the Argentinean drug treatment program.