Eco-friendly Synthesis of Azadirachta indica-based Metallic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application & Future Prospective.

The process of producing the metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) in a sustainable and environment- friendly process is very desirable due to environmental hazards posed by climatic changes. Biomedical one of the fields classified under nanoscience, nanoparticles have a potential synthetic application, which makes it a vast area of research. These particles can be prepared using chemical, physical, and biological methods. One of the methods of synthesis of nanoparticles is by the use of plant extracts, known as green synthesis. Because of its low cost and nontoxicity, it has gained attention in recent times. This review was conducted to find the possible outcomes and uses of metallic nanoparticles synthesized using different parts like gum, root, stem, leaf, fruits, etc. of Azadirachta indica (AI). AI, a popular medicinal plant commonly known as neem, has been studied for the green synthesis of NPs by using the capping and reducing agents secreted by the plant. Various phytochemicals identified in neem are capable of metal ion reduction. Green synthesis of NPs from neem is an eco-friendly and low-cost method. These NPs are reported to exhibit good antimicrobial activity. The review covers the preparation, characterization, and mechanism associated with the antibacterial, anticancer, and neurological diseases of the MNPs. Furthermore, the limitations associated with the existing NPs and the prospects of these NPs are also examined.

Lipid Nanocarriers for Neurotherapeutics: Introduction, Challenges, Blood-brain Barrier, and Promises of Delivery Approaches.

Significant efforts have been made in research to discover newer neurotherapeutics, however, the rate of reported neurological disorders has been increasing at an alarming speed. Neurotherapeutics delivery in the brain is still posing a significant challenge, owing to the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. These physiological barriers restrict the passage of systemically available fractions of neurotherapeutics into the brain, owing to low permeability and drug localization factors. Neurotherapeutics encapsulating lipid carriers favor a significant increase in bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by enhancing solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and favoring stability. Due to their small size and lipid-based composition, these carriers offer enhanced permeability across the semi-permeable blood-brain barrier to effectively transport encapsulated loads, such as synthetic drugs, nutraceuticals, phytoconstituents, herbal extracts, and peptides, thereby reducing incidences of off-target mediated adverse impacts and toxicity. The most significant advantage of such lipid-based delivery systems is non-invasive nature and targeting of neurotherapeutics to the central nervous system. Critical attributes of lipid-based carriers modulate release rates in rate-controlled manners, enable higher penetration through the blood-brain barrier, and bypass the hepatic first-pass metabolism leading to higher CNS bioavailability neurotherapeutics. The current review discusses a brief and introductory account of the limitations of neurotherapeutics, pharmacological barriers, challenges in brain-targeted delivery, and the potential of nanotechnology- processed lipid-based carriers in the clinical management of neuronal disorders.

Probiotics for the Chemoprotective Role against the Toxic Effect of Cancer Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Chemo- and radiation therapy-based clinical management of different types of cancers is associated with toxicity and several side effects. Therefore, there is always an unmet need to explore agents that reduce such risk factors. Among these, natural products have attracted much attention because of their potent antioxidant and antitumor effects. In the past, some breakthrough outcomes established that various bacteria in the human intestinal gut are bearing growth-promoting attributes and suppressing the conversion of pro-carcinogens into carcinogens. Hence probiotics integrated approaches are nowadays being explored as rationalized therapeutics in the clinical management of cancer. METHODS: Here, published literature was explored to review chemoprotective roles of probiotics against toxic and side effects of chemotherapeutics. RESULTS: Apart from excellent anti-cancer abilities, probiotics alleviate toxicity & side effects of chemotherapeutics, with a high degree of safety and efficiency. CONCLUSION: Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that due to the chemoprotective roles of probiotics against side effects and toxicity of chemotherapeutics, their integration in chemotherapy would be a judicious approach.

Genome-wide analysis of PHD finger gene family and identification of potential miRNA and their PHD finger gene specific targets in Oryza sativa indica.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops for one third of the world population. However, the grain quality as well as yield of rice is severely affected by various abiotic stresses. Environmental stresses affect the expression of various microRNAs (miRNAs) which in turn negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level either by degrading the target mRNA genes or suppressing translation in plants. Plant homeo-domain (PHD) finger proteins are known to be involved in the plant response to salinity stress. In the present study, we identified 44 putative OsPHD finger genes in Oryza sativa Indica, using Ensembl Plants Database. Using computational approach, potential miRNAs that target OsPHD finger genes were identified. Out of the 44 OsPHD finger genes only three OsPHD finger genes i.e., OsPHD2, OsPHD35 and OsPHD11, were found to be targeted by five newly identified putative miRNAs i.e., ath-miRf10010-akr, ath-miRf10110-akr, osa-miR1857-3p, osa-miRf10863-akr, and osa-miRf11806-akr. This is the first report of these five identified miRNAs on targeting PHD finger in Oryza sativa Indica. Further, expression analysis of 44 PHD finger genes under salinity was also performed using quantitative Real-Time PCR. The expression profile of 8 genes were found to be differentially regulated, among them two genes were significantly up regulated i.e., OsPHD6 and OsPHD12. In silico protein-protein interaction analysis using STRING database showed interaction of the OsPHD finger proteins with other protein partners that are directly or indirectly involved in development and abiotic stress tolerance.