Temperature, humidity, and ionisation effect of iodine oxoacid nucleation.

Iodine oxoacids are recognised for their significant contribution to the formation of new particles in marine and polar atmospheres. Nevertheless, to incorporate the iodine oxoacid nucleation mechanism into global simulations, it is essential to comprehend how this mechanism varies under various atmospheric conditions. In this study, we combined measurements from the CLOUD (Cosmic Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN and simulations with a kinetic model to investigate the impact of temperature, ionisation, and humidity on iodine oxoacid nucleation. Our findings reveal that ion-induced particle formation rates remain largely unaffected by changes in temperature. However, neutral particle formation rates experience a significant increase when the temperature drops from +10 °C to -10 °C. Running the kinetic model with varying ionisation rates demonstrates that the particle formation rate only increases with a higher ionisation rate when the iodic acid concentration exceeds 1.5 × 107 cm-3, a concentration rarely reached in pristine marine atmospheres. Consequently, our simulations suggest that, despite higher ionisation rates, the charged cluster nucleation pathway of iodic acid is unlikely to be enhanced in the upper troposphere by higher ionisation rates. Instead, the neutral nucleation channel is likely to be the dominant channel in that region. Notably, the iodine oxoacid nucleation mechanism remains unaffected by changes in relative humidity from 2% to 80%. However, under unrealistically dry conditions (below 0.008% RH at +10 °C), iodine oxides (I2O4 and I2O5) significantly enhance formation rates. Therefore, we conclude that iodine oxoacid nucleation is the dominant nucleation mechanism for iodine nucleation in the marine and polar boundary layer atmosphere.

Assessing the importance of nitric acid and ammonia for particle growth in the polluted boundary layer.

Aerosols formed and grown by gas-to-particle processes are a major contributor to smog and haze in megacities, despite the competition between growth and loss rates. Rapid growth rates from ammonium nitrate formation have the potential to sustain particle number in typical urban polluted conditions. This process requires supersaturation of gas-phase ammonia and nitric acid with respect to ammonium nitrate saturation ratios. Urban environments are inhomogeneous. In the troposphere, vertical mixing is fast, and aerosols may experience rapidly changing temperatures. In areas close to sources of pollution, gas-phase concentrations can also be highly variable. In this work we present results from nucleation experiments at -10 °C and 5 °C in the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We verify, using a kinetic model, how long supersaturation is likely to be sustained under urban conditions with temperature and concentration inhomogeneities, and the impact it may have on the particle size distribution. We show that rapid and strong temperature changes of 1 °C min-1 are needed to cause rapid growth of nanoparticles through ammonium nitrate formation. Furthermore, inhomogeneous emissions of ammonia in cities may also cause rapid growth of particles.

Nitrate Radicals Suppress Biogenic New Particle Formation from Monoterpene Oxidation.

Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) are a major source of new particles that affect the Earth's climate. HOM production from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occurs during both the day and night and can lead to new particle formation (NPF). However, NPF involving organic vapors has been reported much more often during the daytime than during nighttime. Here, we show that the nitrate radicals (NO3), which arise predominantly at night, inhibit NPF during the oxidation of monoterpenes based on three lines of observational evidence: NPF experiments in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), radical chemistry experiments using an oxidation flow reactor, and field observations in a wetland that occasionally exhibits nocturnal NPF. Nitrooxy-peroxy radicals formed from NO3 chemistry suppress the production of ultralow-volatility organic compounds (ULVOCs) responsible for biogenic NPF, which are covalently bound peroxy radical (RO2) dimer association products. The ULVOC yield of α-pinene in the presence of NO3 is one-fifth of that resulting from ozone chemistry alone. Even trace amounts of NO3 radicals, at sub-parts per trillion level, suppress the NPF rate by a factor of 4. Ambient observations further confirm that when NO3 chemistry is involved, monoterpene NPF is completely turned off. Our results explain the frequent absence of nocturnal biogenic NPF in monoterpene (α-pinene)-rich environments.

Molecular Understanding of the Enhancement in Organic Aerosol Mass at High Relative Humidity.

The mechanistic pathway by which high relative humidity (RH) affects gas-particle partitioning remains poorly understood, although many studies report increased secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields at high RH. Here, we use real-time, molecular measurements of both the gas and particle phase to provide a mechanistic understanding of the effect of RH on the partitioning of biogenic oxidized organic molecules (from α-pinene and isoprene) at low temperatures (243 and 263 K) at the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We observe increases in SOA mass of 45 and 85% with increasing RH from 10-20 to 60-80% at 243 and 263 K, respectively, and attribute it to the increased partitioning of semi-volatile compounds. At 263 K, we measure an increase of a factor 2-4 in the concentration of C10H16O2-3, while the particle-phase concentrations of low-volatility species, such as C10H16O6-8, remain almost constant. This results in a substantial shift in the chemical composition and volatility distribution toward less oxygenated and more volatile species at higher RH (e.g., at 263 K, O/C ratio = 0.55 and 0.40, at RH = 10 and 80%, respectively). By modeling particle growth using an aerosol growth model, which accounts for kinetic limitations, we can explain the enhancement in the semi-volatile fraction through the complementary effect of decreased compound activity and increased bulk-phase diffusivity. Our results highlight the importance of particle water content as a diluting agent and a plasticizer for organic aerosol growth.

Survival of newly formed particles in haze conditions.

Intense new particle formation events are regularly observed under highly polluted conditions, despite the high loss rates of nucleated clusters. Higher than expected cluster survival probability implies either ineffective scavenging by pre-existing particles or missing growth mechanisms. Here we present experiments performed in the CLOUD chamber at CERN showing particle formation from a mixture of anthropogenic vapours, under condensation sinks typical of haze conditions, up to 0.1 s-1. We find that new particle formation rates substantially decrease at higher concentrations of pre-existing particles, demonstrating experimentally for the first time that molecular clusters are efficiently scavenged by larger sized particles. Additionally, we demonstrate that in the presence of supersaturated gas-phase nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3), freshly nucleated particles can grow extremely rapidly, maintaining a high particle number concentration, even in the presence of a high condensation sink. Such high growth rates may explain the high survival probability of freshly formed particles under haze conditions. We identify under what typical urban conditions HNO3 and NH3 can be expected to contribute to particle survival during haze.