[Distribution Characteristics and Environmental Driving Factors of Cyanobacteria Community in Impounded Lakes and Reservoirs in Shandong on the East Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project].

To investigate the distribution characteristics of the cyanobacteria community and the driving factors in impounded lakes and reservoirs in Shandong on the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, monthly samples of phytoplankton and the aquatic environment from Nansi Lake, Dongping Lake, Datun Reservoir, Donghu Reservoir, and Shuangwangcheng Reservoir were collected from May to November during 2010 to 2019. A total of 44 planktonic cyanobacteria taxa were identified with 23 filamentous cyanobacteria taxa. Pseudanabaena limnetica, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Microcystis wesenbergii were the dominant harmful cyanobacteria species, with a high detection frequency and abundance in all lakes and reservoirs. By analyzing the distribution characteristics of the cyanobacteria community in impounded lakes and reservoirs, we found that filamentous cyanobacteria had growth advantages in the water with large hydraulic disturbances, which should be the key points of cyanobacteria prevention and control in the future. Pearson correlation analysis and generalized linear fitting curve results showed that total nitrogen, total phosphorus, water temperature, and water depth played a key role in affecting the growth of P. limnetica, C. raciborskii, M. aeruginosa, and M. wesenbergii. The nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients could promote the growth of harmful cyanobacteria. Due to the good temperature adaptability, P. limnetica could still become the dominant species in early summer and late autumn, and C. raciborskii, M. aeruginosa, and M. wesenbergii had growth advantages when the water temperature was higher than 25℃. In addition, shallow water was more conducive to the growth of C. raciborskii. It was suggested that based on strengthening of the control of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient input in lakes and reservoirs, the key monitoring of P. limnetica in lakes should be conducted in early summer and late autumn, and the growth of C. raciborskii in shallow water areas should be paid close attention in the high temperature period to ensure the safety of water quality.

Effect of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy on Diverse Organ Lesions in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE: The combination of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is actively being explored in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, little is known about the optimal fractionation and radiotherapy target lesions in this scenario. This study investigated the effect of SBRT on diverse organ lesions and radiotherapy dose fractionation regimens on the prognosis of advanced NSCLC patients receiving ICIs. METHODS: The medical records of advanced NSCLC patients consecutively treated with ICIs and SBRT were retrospectively reviewed at our institution from Dec. 2015 to Sep. 2021. Patients were grouped according to radiation sites. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were recorded using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between different treatment groups using the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. RESULTS: A total of 124 advanced NSCLC patients receiving ICIs combined with SBRT were identified in this study. Radiation sites included lung lesions (lung group, n=43), bone metastases (bone group, n=24), and brain metastases (brain group, n=57). Compared with the brain group, the mean PFS (mPFS) in the lung group was significantly prolonged by 13.3 months (8.5 months vs. 21.8 months, HR=0.51, 95%CI: 0.28-0.92, P=0.0195), and that in the bone group prolonged by 9.5 months with a 43% reduction in the risk of disease progression (8.5 months vs. 18.0 months, HR=0.57, 95%CI: 0.29-1.13, P=0.1095). The mPFS in the lung group was prolonged by 3.8 months as compared with that in the bone group. The mean OS (mOS) in the lung and bone groups was longer than that of the brain group, and the risk of death decreased by up to 60% in the lung and bone groups as compared with that of the brain group. When SBRT was concurrently given with ICIs, the mPFS in the lung and brain groups were significantly longer than that of the bone group (29.6 months vs. 16.5 months vs. 12.1 months). When SBRT with 8-12 Gy per fraction was combined with ICIs, the mPFS in the lung group was significantly prolonged as compared with that of the bone and brain groups (25.4 months vs. 15.2 months vs. 12.0 months). Among patients receiving SBRT on lung lesions and brain metastases, the mPFS in the concurrent group was longer than that of the SBRT→ICIs group (29.6 months vs. 11.4 months, P=0.0003 and 12.1 months vs. 8.9 months, P=0.2559). Among patients receiving SBRT with <8 Gy and 8-12 Gy per fraction, the mPFS in the concurrent group was also longer than that of the SBRT→ICIs group (20.1 months vs. 5.3 months, P=0.0033 and 24.0 months vs. 13.4 months, P=0.1311). The disease control rates of the lung, bone, and brain groups were 90.7%, 83.3%, and 70.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that the addition of SBRT on lung lesions versus bone and brain metastases to ICIs improved the prognosis in advanced NSCLC patients. This improvement was related to the sequence of radiotherapy combined with ICIs and the radiotherapy fractionation regimens. Dose fractionation regimens of 8-12 Gy per fraction and lung lesions as radiotherapy targets might be the appropriate choice for advanced NSCLC patients receiving ICIs combined with SBRT.

Antioxidant flavonoids from the seed of Oroxylum indicum.

Three new flavonoid glycosides (1-3) and nineteen known compounds (4-22) were isolated from the aqueous ethanolic extract of the seed of Oroxylum indicum. The structures of 1-3 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Antioxidant activities of all the isolated compounds were evaluated using a DPPH and an ORAC assay. Compounds 3, 5-7, 9 and 12 exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, while compounds 3-15 showed potent antioxidant capacity in the ORAC assay, and seven antioxidant flavonoids (4-6, 8, 9, 11, 12) were detected as the main ingredients in the methanolic extract of seed of O. indicum using an HPLC analysis.