Protocol for the cryopreservation of Cryptosporidium isolates using enteroids.

A major bottleneck in the progress of Cryptosporidium research is the lack of accessible cryopreservation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Here, we present a protocol for the cryopreservation of Cryptosporidium isolates using enteroids. We describe the steps for the establishment of enteroid cultures and cryopreservation of C. parvum-infected HCT-8 cultures. We then detail procedures for the recovery and propagation of frozen parasites using enteroids. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Deng et al.1.

Exploration into the Mechanism of Yiyi Baijiang Decoction Attenuating Chronic Pelvic Inflammation Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification.

Patients with chronic pelvic inflammation (CPI) experience irregular menstrual, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Yiyi Baijiang Decoction attenuates CPI in patients with uncovered mechanisms. CPI therapeutic targets intersected with those of Yiyi Baijiang Decoction, followed by importing into STRING to obtain protein-target interaction. "Drug-component-disease-target" interaction was constructed by Cytoscape. mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Yiyi Baijiang Decoction contained 199 active ingredients. There were 1071 drug targets for Yiyi Baijiang Decoction and 1622 therapeutic targets for CPI. The GO functional enrichment analysis revealed 3445 biological processes, and the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis screened 67 signal pathways. Decreased ALB, increased protein kinase B (AKT1), interleukin (IL)-6, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K/AKT)-extracellular-regulated protein kinases (ERK)1/2 activation in CPI mice were abolished by Yiyi Baijiang Decoction. Yiyi Baijiang Decoction attenuates CPI by inactivating PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 and regulating ALB, VEGFA, AKT1, and IL-6.

Cultivation, cryopreservation, and transcriptomic studies of host-adapted Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis using enteroids.

Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are major causes of severe diarrhea. Comparative studies of them are hampered by the lack of effective cultivation and cryopreservation methods, especially for C. hominis. Here, we describe adapted murine enteroids for the cultivation and complete development of host-adapted C. parvum and C. hominis subtypes, producing oocysts infectious to mice. Using the system, we developed a cryopreservation method for Cryptosporidium isolates. In comparative RNA-seq analyses of C. hominis cultures, the enteroid system generated significantly more host and pathogen responses than the conventional HCT-8 cell system. In particular, the infection was shown to upregulate PI3K-Akt, Ras, TNF, NF-κB, IL-17, MAPK, and innate immunity signaling pathways and downregulate host cell metabolism, and had significantly higher expression of parasite genes involved in oocyst formation. Therefore, the enteroid system provides a valuable tool for comparative studies of the biology of divergent Cryptosporidium species and isolates.

Impacts of carbon markets and subsidies on carbon capture and storage retrofitting of existing coal-fired units in China.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a feasible technology option to reduce carbon emission in the power industry. However, the high cost of CCS deployment in power plants precludes its large-scale application. Carbon markets may act as an incentive for CCS, but the impact of auction and quota allocation mechanisms in carbon markets on CCS is unclear. In order to investigate the roles of the auction and quota allocation mechanism on the CCS retrofitting in coal-fired units, the life-cycle cost method was used to evaluate the CCS retrofitting cost of China's coal-fired units in the carbon market after supplementing the existing database. The impact of subsidies on stimulating CCS retrofitting was jointly considered. The results show that most units have a CCS retrofit Levelized additional cost of electricity (Lacoe) of $25.24/MWh to $64.57/MWh, making the CCS retrofitting burdensome, even for ultra-supercritical unit that has a low cost. The combination of grandfathering quota allocation mechanism and subsidy will effectively promote CCS retrofitting of coal-fired units, especially when the auction ratio is 30%-40%, about 400-540 GW units will be retrofitted under the carbon market using grandfathering and 12.05$/MWh-22.77$/MWh subsidies. Additionally, there are significant differences among provinces in terms of the lifetime costs of the CCS retrofitting of coal-fired units. Xinjiang, Guangdong, and Jiangsu, with retrofitting potentials of respectively 20.68 GW, 10.58 GW-43.00 GW and 15.00 GW-52.27 GW are best suited for the CCS retrofitting of coal-fired units.

ß-D-Glucan promotes NF-κB activation and ameliorates high-LET carbon-ion irradiation-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury.

Background/aim: Heavy-ion irradiation seriously perturbs cellular homeostasis and thus damages cells. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play an important role in the pathological process of radiation damage. Protecting ECs from heavy-ion radiation is of great significance in the radioprotection of normal tissues. In this study, the radioprotective effect of ß-D-glucan (BG) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (EA.hy926) cytotoxicity produced by carbon-ion irradiation was examined and the probable mechanism was established. Materials and methods: EA.hy926 cells were divided into seven groups: a control group; 1, 2, or 4 Gy radiation; and 10 µg/mL BG pretreatment for 24 h before 1, 2, or 4 Gy irradiation. Cell survival was assessed by colony formation assay. Cell cycles, apoptosis, DNA damage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured through flow cytometry. The level of malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme activities were analyzed using assay kits. The activation of NF-κB was analyzed using western blotting and a transcription factor assay kit. The expression of downstream target genes was detected by western blotting. Results: BG pretreatment significantly increased the survival of irradiated cells, improved cell cycle progression, and decreased DNA damage and apoptosis. The levels of ROS and malondialdehyde were also decreased by BG. Further study indicated that BG increased the antioxidant enzyme activities, activated Src, and promoted NF-κB activation, especially for the p65, p50, and RelB subunits. The activated NF-κB upregulated the expression of antioxidant protein MnSOD, DNA damage-response and repair-related proteins BRCA2 and Hsp90α, and antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that BG protects EA.hy926 cells from high linear-energy-transfer carbon-ion irradiation damage through the upregulation of prosurvival signaling triggered by the interaction of BG with its receptor. This confirms that BG is a promising radioprotective agent for heavy-ion exposure.

PLOD2 high expression associates with immune infiltration and facilitates cancer progression in osteosarcoma.

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumors in children and adolescents. Procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2) is a key gene in mediating the formation of the stabilized collagen cross-link, playing an important role in the progression of cancer. However, the interaction between OS and PLOD2 has not been clarified so far. Methods: The target gene PLOD2 was screened through our own RNA-seq results and other two RNA-seq results from GEO database. The expression of PLOD2 in OS was detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Functional experiments were performed to investigate the role of PLOD2 in OS cell invasion, migration and angiogenesis in vitro. An OS lung metastasis model was established to investigate the function of PLOD2 in OS metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo. The role of PLOD2 in immune infiltration in OS was explored by KEGG/GO analysis and immune infiltration analysis with TARGET, TCGA and TIMER. Results: PLOD2 was high-expressed in OS, which was related to poor prognosis of OS patients. PLOD2 promoted OS cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis in vitro and aggravated OS metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo. Bioinformatic analysis showed that PLOD2 played an important role in immune cell infiltration in OS, including CD8 positive T cells, macrophages M0 cells, DC cells, endothelial cells, iDC cells, ly endothelial cells, MEP cells, mv endothelial cells, native B cells, smooth muscle cells and Th1 cells. Immunohistochemical results showed that the expression of CD4 and CD8A was negatively correlated with the expression of PLOD2 in OS. Conclusion: PLOD2 was high-expressed in OS and promoted OS migration, invasion and angiogenesis in vitro and facilitated OS metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo. PLOD2 was associated with immune cell infiltration in OS, which could be a promising target to treat OS patients with metastasis and utilized to guide clinical immunotherapy in the future.

Divergent Cryptosporidium species and host-adapted Cryptosporidium canis subtypes in farmed minks, raccoon dogs and foxes in Shandong, China.

Cryptosporidium spp. are common parasitic pathogens causing diarrhea in humans and various animals. Fur animals are widely farmed in Shandong Province, China, but the prevalence and genetic identity of Cryptosporidium spp. in them are unclear. In this study, 1,211 fecal samples were collected from 602 minks, 310 raccoon dogs and 299 foxes on two farms in Shandong and analyzed for Cryptosporidium spp. by nested PCR and sequence analyses of the small subunit rRNA gene. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 31.5% (381/1,211), with a higher infection rate in raccoon dogs (37.7%, 117/310) than in foxes (32.4%, 97/299) and minks (27.7%, 167/602). By age, the highest infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. were observed in raccoon dogs of 1-2 months, minks of 5-6 months, and foxes of > 12 months. Three Cryptosporidium species and genotypes were detected, including C. canis (n = 279), C. meleagridis (n = 65) and Cryptosporidium mink genotype (n = 37). Among the three major host species, raccoon dogs were infected with C. canis only (n = 117), while foxes were infected with both C. canis (n = 32) and C. meleagridis (n = 65), and minks with C. canis (n = 130) and Cryptosporidium mink genotype (n = 37). Subtyping of C. canis by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene identified eight subtypes. They belonged to two known subtype families, XXa and XXd, and two novel subtype families XXf and XXg, with host adaptation at the subtype family level. Notably, C. canis from foxes was genetically distant from those in other hosts. Further subtyping analysis identified three subtypes (IIIeA21G2R1, IIIeA19G2R1 and IIIeA17G2R1) of C. meleagridis and two novel subtype families Xf and Xg of the Cryptosporidium mink genotype. The presence of zoonotic C. canis subtypes in raccoon dogs and C. meleagridis subtypes in foxes suggests that these fur animals might be potential reservoirs for human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium spp.

LncRNA NDRG1 aggravates osteosarcoma progression and regulates the PI3K/AKT pathway by sponging miR-96-5p.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumors in children and adolescents. Large numbers of studies have focused on the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that plays essential roles in the progression of osteosarcoma. Nevertheless, the functions and underlying mechanisms of LncRNA NDRG1 in osteosarcoma remain unknown. METHODS: Differentially expressed lncRNAs between osteosarcoma and adjacent normal tissues were identified through RNA sequencing. The role of LncRNA NDRG1 in osteosarcoma proliferation and metastasis were investigated through in vitro and in vivo functional experiments. The interaction between LncRNA NDRG1 and miR-96-5p was verified through bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Regulation relationship between LncRNA NDRG1 and miR-96-5p was further evaluated by the rescue experiments. Additionally, the changes in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the PI3K/AKT pathway were verified by Western blot. RESULTS: LncRNA NDRG1 was up-regulated in osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues and the expression of LncRNA NDRG1 was correlated with the overall survival of osteosarcoma patients. Functional experiments exhibited that LncRNA NDRG1 aggravated osteosarcoma proliferation and migration in vitro; meanwhile, animals experiments showed that LncRNA NDRG1 promoted osteosarcoma growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, LncRNA NDRG1 was found to aggravate osteosarcoma progression and regulate the PI3K/AKT pathway by sponging miR-96-5p. CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA NDRG1 aggravates osteosarcoma progression and regulates the PI3K/AKT pathway by sponging miR-96-5p. Therefore, LncRNA NDRG1 could act as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for osteosarcoma in the future.

High zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild nonhuman primates from Yunnan Province, China.

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are important zoonotic protists in humans and animals around the world, including nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, the prevalence, genetic identity and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild NHPs remain largely unclear. METHODS: A total of 348 fecal samples were collected from wild NHPs at four locations in Yunnan, southwestern China, and analyzed for these pathogens using nested PCR targeting various genetic loci and DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products. The zoonotic potential of the pathogens was assessed by comparing the genetic identity of the pathogens in these animals with that previously reported in humans. RESULTS: Altogether, two (0.6%), 25 (7.2%) and 30 (8.6%) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium sp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. The Cryptosporidium sp. identified belonged to C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1. Both assemblages A (n = 3) and B (n = 22) were identified among G. duodenalis-positive animals. Five genotypes in zoonotic Group 1 were identified within E. bieneusi, including Type IV (n = 13), D (n = 7), Peru8 (n = 6), MMR86 (n = 2) and HNFS01 (n = 2). All genotypes and subtypes identified are known human pathogens or phylogenetically related to them. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study suggest a common occurrence of zoonotic genotypes of G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in wild NHPs in southwestern China.

Sub-lethal Camphor Exposure Triggers Oxidative Stress, Cardiotoxicity, and Cardiac Physiology Alterations in Zebrafish Embryos.

Camphor is a terpene ketone with aromatic and volatile properties in nature derived from the bark of Cinnamomum camphora or synthesized from turpentine. Camphor exhibits various biological properties such as anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-coccidial, and anti-cancer. It is also used as a form of topical medication for skin irritation, joint pain, and as a relief for itching from insect bites. However, even though the high dose of camphor has been documented to be toxic/lethal in humans in different studies, camphor's developmental toxicity has not yet been explored, and its extensive mechanism of action is still unclear. In the present study, we aimed to assess the toxic effects of camphor in zebrafish embryos in the initial developmental stages. The obtained results demonstrated that a sub-lethal dose of camphor caused a decrease in hatching rate, body length, and substantial elevation in malformation rate on zebrafish embryos. On further observation, in the following time frame, curved body and pericardial edema of zebrafish were also observed. Furthermore, exposure to a sub-lethal dose of camphor was also able to trigger cardiotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Later, on subsequent biochemical analysis, it was found that the antioxidant capacity inhibition and oxidative stress elevation that occurred after camphor exposure might be associated with the inhibition of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. In addition, compared to the control group, several apoptotic cells in treated zebrafish were also found to be elevated. Finally, after further investigation on marker gene expressions, we conclude that the developmental toxicity of camphor exposure might be associated with apoptosis elevation and oxidative stress. Taken together, the current study provides a better understanding of the developmental toxicity of camphor on zebrafish, a promising alternative animal model to assess the developmental toxicity of chemical compounds.

[Traditional medicinal plants for arthropod-borne diseases of five countries in Lancang-Mekong region:a review].

Arthropod-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, have frequently beset five countries(Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand) in the tropical rainy Lancang-Mekong region, which pose a huge threat to social production and daily life. As a resort to such diseases, chemical drugs risk the resistance in plasmodium, non-availability for dengue virus, and pollution to the environment. Traditional medicinal plants have the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics, which are of great potential in drug development. Exploring potential medicinals for arthropod-borne diseases from traditional medicinal plants has become a hot spot. This study summarized the epidemiological background of arthropod-borne diseases in the Lancang-Mekong region and screened effective herbs from the 350 medicinal plants recorded in CHINA-ASEAN Traditional Medicine. Based on CNKI, VIP, and PubMed, the plants for malaria and dengue fever and those for killing and repelling mosquitoes were respectively sorted out. Their pharmacological effects and mechanisms were reviewed and the material basis was analyzed. The result is expected to serve as a reference for efficient utilization of medicinal resources, development of effective and safe drugs for malaria and dengue fever, and the further cooperation between China and the other five countries in the Lancang-Mekong region.

Genipin induces developmental toxicity through oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish.

Genipin, an iridoid substance, is mainly derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis of the traditional Chinese medicine and is widely used in raw materials for the food additive gardenia blue and biological materials. The developmental toxicity of genipin has not been investigated, and its underlying mechanism is unclear. Therefore, in this study we attempt to investigate the potential developmental toxicity of genipin in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The results showed zebrafish embryos treated with 50 µg/ml dose of genipin display inhibited hatching rates and body length. The pericardial edema was observed. It was also found that genipin could induce cardio-toxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. After genipin treatment, the suppression of antioxidant capacity and increase of oxidative stress were showed for the triggered generation of ROS and MDA, and decreased activity of SOD. Compared with the 0.5% DMSO group, a number of apoptotic cells in zebrafish were increased after genipin exposure. By measuring marker gene expression with the using of qRT-PCR, we proposed that developmental toxicity after genipin treatment might be associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis increase. Our research offers a better understanding for developmental toxicity of genipin.

Roots and stems of Kadsura coccinea extract induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos/larvae through apoptosis and oxidative stress.

CONTEXT: Although the roots and stems of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith. [Schisandraceae] are herbs and traditional foods in Li nationality, its toxicity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To study developmental toxicity of K. coccinea consumption and explain underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Zebrafish were applied to assess LC50 values of hydroethanol extract (KCH) and water extract (KCW) of Kadsura coccinea. In further study, three concentrations groups of KCH (3.75, 7.5 and 15 µg/mL for embryo, 7.5, 15 and 30 µg/mL for larvae) and control group (n = 30) were administered. At specific stages of zebrafish development, spontaneous movement, hatching rate, etc., were measured. Gene expressions related to developmental toxicity were examined. RESULTS: The LC50 value of KCH (24 or 45 µg/mL) was lower than KCW (1447 or 2011 µg/mL) in embryos or larvae. The inhibited spontaneous movement (20%), hatching rate (20%), body length (12%) and eye area (30%) were observed after KCH treatment. Moreover, the decreased liver areas (25%) and fluorescence intensity (33%), increased ALT (37%) and AST levels (42%) were found in larvae treated with KCH (30 µg/mL). The increased ROS (89%), MDA concentrations (30%), apoptosis generation (62%) and decreased T-SOD activity (16%) were also observed. The represented genes of developmental hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish were activated after KCH (15 or 30 µg/mL) treatment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that KCH has developmental toxicity on zebrafish. Our study provides a scientific basis for further research on the toxicity of Kadsura coccinea.

The mechanisms for the radioprotective effect of beta-d-glucan on high linear-energy-transfer carbon ion irradiated mice.

S. cerevisiae-derived-beta-d-glucan (S. cerevisiae-BG) is a natural polysaccharide with various biological effects. The present study was to investigate the protective effect of S. cerevisiae-BG on the injury induced by high linear-energy-transfer (LET) carbon ion irradiation and to reveal the protective mechanisms. Female mice were orally administrated with S. cerevisiae-BG before irradiation. 30-day survival of 6 Gy irradiated-mice was monitored. The damage and recovery of hematopoietic system were evaluated after 2 Gy irradiation, cytokines in plasma were detected, transcriptomics of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) were detected and analyzed. The mortality results showed that S. cerevisiae-BG could prolong the survival of mice exposed to 6 Gy. The results of BMMNCs injury analysis showed that S. cerevisiae-BG could reduce the ROS level, mitigate DNA damage and apoptosis. S. cerevisiae-BG increased the plasma radioprotective cytokines level in irradiated mice. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that S. cerevisiae-BG modulated the gene expression in BMMNCs of irradiated mice, 256 genes were significantly up-regulated and 97 genes were significantly down-regulated. Gene function and Gene Ontology analysis indicated the key genes related to hematopoiesis and immunity. Pathway analysis revealed that these up-regulated genes mainly focus on PI3K-Akt pathway and down-regulated genes mainly focus on MAPK pathway. These data contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms of the radioprotective effect of S. cerevisiae-BG.

Transcriptional response of murine bone marrow cells to total-body carbon-ion irradiation.

The need to understand the health effects of heavy ion irradiation is motivated by the use of this modality in radiotherapy and by the potential for exposure during space missions. We have studied the effects of carbon-ion total-body irradiation on the hematopoietic system of the mouse and, in particular, the transcriptional response of bone marrow (BM) cells. Carbon-ion irradiation caused BM cell DNA damage, apoptosis, elevated ROS, and myelosuppression. Transcriptomic analysis showed that overall gene expression in irradiated BM cells differed significantly from the controls. Of 253 genes that were modulated, 192 were up-regulated and 61 down-regulated. Gene ontology analysis showed that the modulated genes are involved in DNA damage response signaling, DNA repair, apoptosis, and the immune response. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that these functions are regulated by the p38 MAPK, TNF, and apoptosis pathways. These findings indicate pathways that may be involved in protection against carbon ion radiation injury.

Gemmobacter lanyuensis sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater spring.

A bacterial strain designated Orc-4(T) was isolated from a freshwater spring in Taiwan and characterized using the polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain Orc-4(T) were facultatively anaerobic, Gram-reaction-negative, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, non-motile rods surrounded by a thick capsule and forming cream-white colonies. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-1 % NaCl (optimum, 0-0.5 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Orc-4(T) belonged to the genus Gemmobacter within the family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria and its most closely related neighbour was Gemmobacter fontiphilus JS43(T) with sequence similarity of 97.8 %. Strain Orc-4(T) contained C18 : 1ω7c as the predominant fatty acid. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.5 mol%. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, one uncharacterized aminolipid and several uncharacterized phospholipids. The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain Orc-4(T) with respect to recognized species of the genus Gemmobacter was less than 48 %. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain Orc-4(T) represents a novel species of the genus Gemmobacter, for which the name Gemmobacter lanyuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Orc-4(T) ( = BCRC 80378(T) = LMG 26667(T) = KCTC 23714(T)).

Sphingobium fontiphilum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater spring.

To investigate the biodiversity of bacteria in the spring water of the Chengcing Lake Park in Taiwan, a Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming and aerobic bacterial strain, designated strain Chen16-4(T), was isolated and characterized in a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the closest relatives of strain Chen16-4(T) were Sphingobium amiense YT(T), Sphingobium yanoikuyae GIFU 9882(T) and Sphingobium scionense WP01(T), with sequence similarities of 97.6, 97.1 and 97.0 %, respectively. A phylogenetic tree obtained with 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Chen16-4(T) and these three closest relatives formed an independent phylogenetic clade within the genus Sphingobium. The polar lipid pattern, the presence of spermidine and ubiquinone Q-10, the predominance of C18 : 1ω7c in the cellular fatty acid profile and the DNA G+C content also supported affiliation of the isolate to the genus Sphingobium. The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain Chen16-4(T) with respect to recognized species of the genus Sphingobium was less than 70 %. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain Chen16-4(T) represents a novel species in the genus Sphingobium, for which the name Sphingobium fontiphilum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Chen16-4(T) ( = BCRC 80308(T) = LMG 26342(T) = KCTC 23559(T)).