Long-Term Virological Treatment Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults With Perinatally and Non-Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background: Long-term viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not established among all people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). Young adults (18-24 years) are recognized as a group vulnerable for suboptimal virological treatment outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate longitudinal virological treatment outcomes and to identify risk factors for virological failure (VF) among young adults with non-perinatally and perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Netherlands. Methods: We included individuals registered in the national ATHENA observational cohort from 2000 until 2020 who had entered care before the age of 25 years, who had received ART for at least 6 months with at least 2 available HIV ribonucleic acid measurements between the age of 18 and 24 years. We compared VF between age groups 12-17, 18-24, and 25-30 years. A multivariable generalized linear mixed model was used to evaluate risk factors for VF. Analyses were stratified by HIV acquisition mode. Results: In total, 1174 non-perinatally PWH and 157 perinatally PWH were included. In 2020, VF rate was 7% in non-perinatally PWH young adults and 19% in perinatally PWH young adults. The adjusted risk for VF was significantly higher in those aged 18-24 compared to 25-30 years in both non-perinatally PWH (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.50) and perinatally PWH (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.48-3.71). Conclusions: Young adulthood is a vulnerable period, with increased risk for VF, especially for perinatally PWH. The probability of VF decreased over time, but less for perinatally PWH compared to non-perinatally PWH.

Longitudinal virological outcomes and factors associated with virological failure in behaviorally HIV-infected young adults on combination antiretroviral treatment in the Netherlands, 2000 to 2015.

Achieving and maintaining viral suppression in young adults (18-24 years) living with HIV is challenging. Overall HIV viral suppression rates are lower in young as compared to older adults. Longitudinal data provide valuable insight on dynamics of viral suppression and variables of potential influence on HIV virological failure (VF), but is scarce in young adults living with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We evaluated longitudinal virological outcomes of behaviorally young adults (18-24 years) living with HIV in the Netherlands over a period of 15 years.We analyzed data from the Dutch national HIV database of 816 young adults living with HIV on cART in the Netherlands from 2000 to 2015. VF was defined as 2 consecutive detectable plasma HIV-1 viral load (VL) measurements > 200 copies/ml. Generalized linear mixed model analyses were used to assess HIV VF over time and identify risk factors associated with VF.VF during the study follow-up occurred at least once in 26% of cases. The probability of experiencing VF decreased over the study period per calendar year (OR 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI];0.72; 0.85). Factors significantly associated with VF were being infected through heterosexual contact (OR 5.20, CI 1.39;19.38) and originating from Latin America or the Caribbean (OR 6.59, CI 2.08;20.92). Smaller, yet significant risk factors for VF were being infected through a blood transfusion or a needle accident (OR9.93, CI 1.34;73.84, and having started with cART with a nadir CD4 count >500 cells/µl (OR 11.36, CI 2.03;63.48).In our large cohort of young adults, the risk of VF has diminished over 15 years. Specific subgroups were identified to be at risk for suboptimal treatment.

Virological and Social Outcomes of HIV-Infected Adolescents and Young Adults in The Netherlands Before and After Transition to Adult Care.

BACKGROUND: As a result of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and advanced supportive healthcare, a growing number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children survive into adulthood. The period of transition to adult care is often associated with impaired adherence to treatment and discontinuity of care. We aimed to evaluate virological and social outcomes of HIV-infected adolescents and young adults (AYAs) before and after transition, and explore which factors are associated with virological failure. METHODS: We included 59 HIV-infected AYAs from the Netherlands who had entered into pediatric care and transitioned from pediatric to adult healthcare. We used HIV RNA load and cART data from the Dutch Stichting HIV Monitoring database (1996-2014), and collected social and treatment data from patients' medical records from all Dutch pediatric HIV treatment centers and 14 Dutch adult treatment centers involved. We evaluated risk factors for virological failure (VF) in a logistic regression model adjusted for repeated measurements. RESULTS: HIV VF occurred frequently during the study period (14%-36%). During the transition period (from 18 to 19 years of age) there was a significant increase in VF compared with the reference group of children aged 12-13 years (odds ratio, 4.26 [95% confidence interval, 1.12-16.28]; P = .03). Characteristics significantly associated with VF were low educational attainment and lack of autonomy regarding medication adherence at transition. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected AYAs are vulnerable to VF, especially during the transition period. Identification of HIV-infected adolescents at high risk for VF might help to improve treatment success in this group.

Health-related quality of life in perinatally HIV-infected children in the Netherlands.

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can alter HIV infection in children into a chronic condition. Studies investigating health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in HIV-infected children are scarce, and lacking from Western Europe. This study aimed to compare the HRQoL of clinically stable perinatally HIV-infected children to healthy, socioeconomically (SES)-matched controls as well as the Dutch norm population, and to explore associations between HIV and cART-related factors with HRQoL. HIV-infected and healthy children aged 8-18 years completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 (PedsQL™). We determined differences between groups on PedsQL™ mean scores, and the proportion of children with an impaired HRQoL per group (≥1 SD lower than the Dutch norm population). Logistic regression models were used to explore associations between disease-related factors and HRQoL impairment. In total, 33 HIV-infected and 37 healthy children were included. There were no differences in the mean PedsQL™ subscales between HIV-infected children and both control groups. The proportion of children with an impaired HRQoL was higher in the HIV-infected group (27%) as compared to the healthy control group (22%) and the Dutch norm (14%) on the school functioning subscale (HIV vs. Dutch norm: P = .045). Mean scores of HRQoL of perinatally HIV-infected children in the Netherlands were not different from a SES-matched control group, or from the Dutch norm population. However, the HIV-infected group did contain more children with HRQoL impairment, suggesting that HIV-infected children in the Netherlands are still more vulnerable to a compromised HRQoL.