Hospital admissions among patients with Comorbid Substance Use disorders: a secondary analysis of predictors from the NavSTAR Trial.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently use acute hospital services. The Navigation Services to Avoid Rehospitalization (NavSTAR) trial found that a patient navigation intervention for hospitalized patients with comorbid SUDs reduced subsequent inpatient admissions compared to treatment-as-usual (TAU). METHODS: This secondary analysis extends previous findings from the NavSTAR trial by examining whether selected patient characteristics independently predicted hospital service utilization and moderated the effect of the NavSTAR intervention. Participants were 400 medical/surgical hospital patients with comorbid SUDs. We analyzed 30- and 90-day inpatient readmissions (one or more readmissions) and cumulative incidence of inpatient admissions through 12 months using multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression, respectively. RESULTS: Consistent with primary findings and controlling for patient factors, NavSTAR participants were less likely than TAU participants to be readmitted within 30 (P = 0.001) and 90 (P = 0.03) days and had fewer total readmissions over 12 months (P = 0.008). Hospitalization in the previous year (P < 0.001) was associated with cumulative readmissions over 12 months, whereas Medicaid insurance (P = 0.03) and index diagnoses of infection (P = 0.001) and injuries, poisonings, or procedural complications (P = 0.004) were associated with fewer readmissions. None of the selected covariates moderated the effect of the NavSTAR intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Previous findings showed that patient navigation could reduce repeat hospital admissions among patients with comorbid SUDs. Several patient factors were independently associated with readmission. Future research should investigate risk factors for hospital readmission among patients with comorbid SUDs to optimize interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NIH ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02599818, Registered November 9, 2015 https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/NCT02599818 .

The Lived Experiences of Pregnant and Parenting Women in Recovery Toward Medication Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Maternal misuse of prescription opioids and illicit drugs such as, heroin and non-pharmaceutical fentanyl analogs has increased in the last 2 decades and one in 5 women reported misuse of opioids. Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are recommended for treating pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD). MOUD is effective in reducing cravings and negative outcomes, yet treatment is underutilized and varies in integration and intensity of resources across health systems. Exploring perceptions of MOUD delivery among pregnant/parenting women promises to uncover and address the underlying challenges to treatment, a perspective that may be different for providers and stakeholders. Therefore, our main purpose is to elicit patients' experiences and perceptions of MOUD, associated access to treatment, and availability of supportive resources during pregnancy/postpartum to inform OUD treatment. METHODS: Through a qualitative research approach we gathered data from individual interviews/focus group discussions for this pilot study. Pregnant and postpartum parenting women (n = 17) responded to questions related to perceptions of MOUD, access to treatment, and availability of social and psychosocial resources. Data were collected, transcribed, and coded (by consensus) and emerging themes were analyzed using grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: Emerging themes revealed positive uptake and perceptions of MOUD, continuing gaps in knowledge, negative impact of stigmatization, and limited access to programs and resources. Supportive relationships from family, peers, healthcare providers and child welfare staff, and co-located services were perceived as positive motivators to recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Through the unique lenses of women with lived experience, this study revealed several themes that can be transformative for women. Overall perceptions of MOUD were positive and likely to facilitate uptake and promote positive recovery outcomes. Bridging knowledge gaps will reduce anxieties, fears about neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and adverse maternal outcomes. Additionally, a deeper understanding of stigmatization and relationships can inform an integrated patient-centered approach to OUD treatment.

Polysubstance use and post-discharge mortality risk among hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder.

Polysubstance use is becoming increasingly common and presents several harms. This study aimed to examine the association of comorbid cocaine, alcohol (binge drinking), and sedative use with mortality among hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). A subsample of adult medical/surgical hospital patients with OUD who were seen by a hospital addiction consultation service in Baltimore City and enrolled in a randomized trial of a patient navigation intervention were included in this study (N = 314; 45 % female; 48 % White; mean age = 44). Death certificate data from the Maryland Division of Vital Records was used, covering 3.3-5.5 years post-discharge. Multivariable proportional hazards Cox regression and competing risks regression were used to estimate all-cause mortality and overdose mortality, respectively, as a function of concurrent use of cocaine, alcohol (binge drinking), and non-prescribed sedatives at baseline. In the 30 days prior to hospital admission, 230 (73 %) participants used cocaine, 64 (20 %) binge drank, and 45 (14 %) used non-prescribed sedatives. Nearly one-third (N = 98; 31 %) died during the observation period. Drug overdose caused 53 % (N = 52) of deaths. Older age (HR = 1.03 [1.01,1.05]; P = 0.001), less than high school education (HR = 0.36 [0.24,0.54]; P < 0.001), and past 30-day sedative use (HR = 2.05 [1.20,3.50]; P = 0.008) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality. The risk of overdose mortality was 62 % lower (HR = 0.38 [0.22,0.66]; P = 0.001) for those who completed high school. No other characteristics were significantly associated with overdose mortality. The concurrent use of opioids and sedatives increases the post-discharge mortality risk among hospitalized patients with OUD. Interventions are needed to prevent mortality among this high-risk population.

Harm reduction behaviors are associated with carrying naloxone among patients on methadone treatment.

BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread availability of naloxone, US opioid overdose rates continue to rise. The "Cascade of Care" (CoC) is a public health approach that identifies steps in achieving specific outcomes and has been used to identify gaps in naloxone carriage among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). We sought to apply this framework to a treatment-seeking population with OUD that may be more inclined to engage in harm reduction behaviors. METHODS: Patients were recruited from an urban methadone program to complete a survey. We assessed naloxone familiarity, availability, obtainability, training, and possession, as well as naloxone carriage rates, demographics, and harm reduction behaviors. A multivariable logistic regression examined associations between naloxone carriage and individual-level factors. RESULTS: Participants (n = 97) were majority male (59%), with a mean age of 48 (SD = 12), 27% had college education or higher, 64% indicated injection drug use, and 84% reported past naloxone training. All participants endorsed familiarity with naloxone, but only 42% regularly carried naloxone. The following variables were associated with carrying naloxone: White race (aOR = 2.94, 95% CI 1.02-8.52), college education (aOR = 8.11, 95% CI 1.76-37.47), and total number of self-reported harm reduction behaviors (aOR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.00-2.11). CONCLUSION: We found low rates of naloxone carriage among methadone-treated patients. Methadone programs provide opportunities for naloxone interventions and should target racial/ethnic minorities and individuals with lower education. The spectrum of harm reduction behaviors should be encouraged among these populations to enhance naloxone carriage.

Harm Reduction: Not Dirty Words Any More.

Although many of the tenets of harm reduction have been around for centuries and more traditional harm reduction services such as syringe services programs have been in existence for decades, there has been a recent increase in interest and acceptance of harm reduction as an essential component of a public health approach to substance use. This article provides an overview of harm reduction and its application to alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. It discusses the importance of integrating harm reduction principles and services with traditional psychiatric, medical, and addiction treatment programs.

Cost and Cost Savings of Navigation Services to Avoid Rehospitalization for a Comorbid Substance Use Disorder Population.

BACKGROUND: A randomized clinical trial found that patient navigation for hospital patients with comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs) reduced emergency department (ED) and inpatient hospital utilization compared with treatment-as-usual. OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost and calculate any cost savings from the Navigation Services to Avoid Rehospitalization (NavSTAR) intervention over treatment-as-usual. RESEARCH DESIGN: This study calculates activity-based costs from the health care providers and uses a net benefits approach to calculate the cost savings generated from NavSTAR. NavSTAR provided patient navigation focused on engagement in SUD treatment, starting before hospital discharge and continuing for up to 3 months postdischarge. SUBJECTS: Adult hospitalized medical/surgical patients with comorbid SUD for opioids, cocaine, and/or alcohol. COST MEASURES: Cost of the 3-month NavSTAR patient navigation intervention and the cost of all inpatient days and ED visits over a 12-month period. RESULTS OF BASE CASE ANALYSIS: NavSTAR generated $17,780 per participant in cost savings. Ninety-seven percent of bootstrapped samples generated positive cost savings, and our sensitivity analyses did not change our results. LIMITATIONS: Participants were recruited at one hospital in Baltimore, MD through the hospital's addiction consultation service. Findings may not generalize to the broader population. Outpatient health care cost data was not available through administrative records. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that patient navigation interventions should be considered by payors and policy makers to reduce the high hospital costs associated with comorbid SUD patients.

Patients with substance use disorders receiving continued care in skilled nursing facilities following hospitalization.

Background: As hospitals in the US face pressures to reduce lengths of stay, healthcare systems are increasingly utilizing skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) to continue treating patients stable enough to leave the hospital, but not to return home. Substance use disorder (SUD) can complicate care of patients transferred to SNFs. The objective of this paper is to understand SNF experiences for this population of patients with comorbid SUD transferred to SNFs and examine care experiences in these facilities. Methods: This secondary mixed-methods analysis focuses on SNF experiences from a clinical trial of patient navigation services for medically-hospitalized adults with comorbid opioid, cocaine, and/or alcohol use disorder. This study compared baseline assessments and medical record review for participants (N = 400) with vs. without SNF transfer, and analyzed semi-structured qualitative interviews with a subsample of 15 participants purposively selected based on their transfer to a SNF. Results: Over 1 in 4 participants had a planned discharged to a SNF (26.8% sub-acute, 3.3% acute). Compared to participants with other types of discharge, participants discharged to a SNF had longer initial hospitalizations (4.9 vs. 11.8 days, p < 0.001), and were more likely to be White (38.6 vs. 50.8%; p = 0.02), female (38.9 vs. 52.5%; p = 0.01), have opioid use disorder (75.7 vs. 85.0%, p = 0.03), and be hospitalized for infection (43.6 vs. 58.3%; p = 0.007), and less likely to have worked prior to hospitalization (24.3 vs. 12.5%; p = 0.006). Qualitative narratives identified several themes from the SNF experience, including opioid analgesic dosing issues, challenges to the use of opioid agonist treatment of OUD, illicit opioid dealing/use, and limited access to addiction recovery support services during and following the SNF stay. Conclusions: SNFs are a common disposition for patients in need of subacute services following hospitalization but may be ill-equipped to properly manage patients in need of new or continuing SUD treatment.

Methadone exposures reported to poison control centers in the United States following the COVID-19-related loosening of federal methadone regulations.

BACKGROUND: Methadone is a highly effective treatment for opioid use disorder. Its use in the United States is highly regulated at both the federal and state level. The regulations related to take-home doses were loosened because of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus public health emergency declaration. The aim was to assess the effect of loosened regulations on methadone-related exposures reported to poison control centers. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of population-based intentional methadone exposures (in persons 18 years of age and older) reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System. A quasi-experimental design looking at one year before and after the March 16, 2020 loosening of methadone take-home regulations. Severity of exposure was assessed by: disposition (discharged from emergency department, admitted to non-critical care versus critical care units), medical treatments received, and medical outcomes (no effect, minor effect, moderate effect, major effect, death). One tail Student t-test and Chi Square were used; p significance was <0.05. RESULTS: The number of adult intentional exposures involving methadone increased by 5.3% in the year following the change in federal regulations (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of age, gender, whether exposures involved methadone-only or methadone plus other substances, therapies administered or hospitalizations. There was no difference in overall distribution of medical outcomes, including deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of exposures involving methadone increased post-regulation change, the severity of exposures remained unchanged. Various additional factors (Medicare and Medicaid expansion; increased number of opioid treatment programs) may have also contributed to this increase. As federal officials consider possible permanent changes to the methadone regulations, it is important to evaluate potential related risks and benefits. This study lends support to the consideration that loosening of methadone regulations does not necessarily lead to a substantial increase in severity of exposures.

Psilocybin use patterns and perception of risk among a cohort of Black individuals with Opioid Use Disorder.

Background and aims: There is growing evidence that psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic substance, may be useful in the treatment of substance use disorders. However, there is a lack of data on the beliefs and attitudes towards psilocybin amongst Black individuals diagnosed with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD). This study characterized psilocybin use patterns and perception of risk amongst a cohort of Black individuals diagnosed with OUD. Methods: Using a convenience sampling approach, patients were recruited from an urban methadone treatment program and paid five dollars to complete an anonymous phone-based survey. Results: Twenty-eight patients participated (mean age 53.8; N = 28; 35.7% female). Most (N = 23; 82.1%) had "heard of" psilocybin mushrooms before taking the survey, but only five (N = 5; 17.8%) had ever used them. More than 80% perceived a risk or were "unsure" of the risk for sixteen of the seventeen items queried about psilocybin. Approximately half (N = 15; 53.6%) were willing to try therapy incorporating psilocybin and half (N = 14; 50%) said they would be more likely to try if it were FDA approved for OUD. Most (N = 18; 64.3%) preferred to stay on methadone treatment alone, 32.1% (N = 9) wanted to try treatment with both psilocybin and methadone, and only one participant opted for psilocybin treatment without methadone. Conclusion: Many Black individuals with Opioid Use Disorder perceive psilocybin as dangerous and may be hesitant to try psilocybin treatment. Culturally informed treatment models, educational interventions and community outreach programs should be developed to increase racial/ethnic minority representation in psilocybin research and treatment.

Opioid agonist treatment initiation and linkage for hospitalized patients seen by a substance use disorder consultation service.

Background: Facilitating opioid agonist treatment (OAT) for opioid use disorder (OUD) is an important role of hospital substance use disorder (SUD) consultation services. In the NavSTAR trial, hospital patients receiving SUD consultation who were randomly assigned to patient navigation services for 3 months post-discharge had fewer readmissions compared to usual care. Methods: This secondary analysis examined hospital-based OAT initiation (pre-randomization) and community-based OAT linkage (post-discharge) among NavSTAR trial participants with OUD (N=314). Associations between OAT initiation and linkage, and patient demographics, housing status, comorbid SUD diagnoses, recent substance use, and study condition were examined using multinomial and dichotomous logistic regression. Results: Overall, 57.6% initiated OAT during hospitalization (36.3% methadone, 21.3% buprenorphine). Compared to participants not initiating OAT, participants who received methadone were more likely to be female (Relative Risk Ratio [RRR]=2.05, 95% CI=1.11, 3.82, p=0.02), while participants who received buprenorphine were more likely to report homelessness (RRR=2.57, 95% CI=1.24, 5.32, p=0.01). Compared to participants initiating methadone, participants initiating buprenorphine were more likely to be non-White (RRR=3.89; 95% CI=1.55, 9.70; p=0.004) and to report prior buprenorphine treatment (RRR=2.57; 95% CI=1.27, 5.20; p=0.009). OAT linkage within 30-days post-discharge was associated with hospital-based buprenorphine initiation (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=3.86, 95% CI=1.73, 8.61, p=0.001) and patient navigation intervention (AOR=2.97, 95% CI=1.60, 5.52, p=0.001). Conclusions: OAT initiation differed by sex, race, and housing status. Hospital-based OAT initiation and patient navigation were independently associated with linkage to community-based OAT. Hospitalization is a reachable moment to begin OAT to alleviate withdrawal and facilitate treatment continuity post-discharge.

Buprenorphine Induction in a Rural Maryland Detention Center During COVID-19: Implementation and Preliminary Outcomes of a Novel Telemedicine Treatment Program for Incarcerated Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder.

Over 10 million individuals pass through U.S. detention centers on an annual basis, with nearly two-thirds meeting criteria for drug dependence/abuse. Despite proven efficacy, treatment with medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) is underutilized in jail settings-a gap that could be addressed using telemedicine. Here we describe a new program of telemedicine-based clinical provision of new/continuing buprenorphine treatment for individuals detained in a rural jail. Implementation objectives were completed between January and August 2020, and patient encounters were conducted between August 2020 and February 2021. We established (i) telemedicine hardware/software capability; (ii) a screening process; (iii) buprenorphine administration methods; (iv) necessary medical release procedures; (v) telemedicine encounter coordination and medication prescription procedures; and (vi) a research platform. Seven incarcerated patients have been treated, two of whom were referred from community treatment. Patients were mostly male (71%), non-Hispanic White (86%), and averaged 33 years old. All patients tested positive for an opioid upon intake and began/continued buprenorphine treatment in the jail. Average time to first MOUD appointment was 9 days and patients were maintained in treatment an average 21 days. Referrals for continuing community treatment were offered to all patients prior to discharge. We report successful implementation of telemedicine MOUD in a rural detention center, with treatment engagement and initiation occurring prior to the high-risk period of discharge. The fact that this program was launched during the height of the pandemic highlights the flexibility of telemedicine-based buprenorphine treatment. Challenges and obstacles to implementation of buprenorphine treatment in a correctional system are discussed.

Acute Limb Ischemia Caused by Inadvertent Arterial Drug Self-Injection: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND A predictable consequence of long-term injection drug use is the destruction of the native venous system; as a consequence, people who inject drugs may eventually move to injection into skin and subcutaneous tissue, wounds, muscles, and arteries. These practices put people who inject drugs at risk for injection-related soft-tissue infection, vascular damage, ischemia, and compartment syndrome, all of which have overlapping presenting symptoms. CASE REPORT A 35-year-old man who injects drugs presented with foot swelling and discoloration initially concerning for necrotizing fasciitis or compartment syndrome. After progression despite appropriate antimicrobial and surgical treatment for soft-tissue infection, he was diagnosed with arterial insufficiency and resultant distal ischemia. This diagnosis was discovered only after obtaining additional history of the patient's drug use practices. Just prior to his symptoms, he had unintentionally injected a formed thrombus into his dorsalis pedis artery. CONCLUSIONS Intra-arterial injection of drugs can cause ischemia through a variety of mechanisms, including direct vessel trauma, arterial spasm, toxicity from the drug of abuse or an adulterant, embolism of particulate matter, and as proposed here, direct injection of preformed thrombus. Medical providers should be aware of the steps of injection drug use and their associated risks so that they can ask appropriate questions to focus their differential diagnosis, increase their understanding of common or current local injection practices, and develop rapport with the patient. Patient education on safe injection techniques may also reduce the risk of serious complications.

Mobile Telemedicine for Buprenorphine Treatment in Rural Populations With Opioid Use Disorder.

Importance: The demand for medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in rural US counties far outweighs their availability. Novel approaches to extend treatment capacity include telemedicine (TM) and mobile treatment on demand; however, their combined use has not been reported or evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the use of a TM mobile treatment unit (TM-MTU) to improve access to MOUD for individuals living in an underserved rural area. Design, Setting, and Participants: This quality improvement study evaluated data collected from adult outpatients with a diagnosis of OUD enrolled in the TM-MTU initiative from February 2019 (program inception) to June 2020. Program staff traveled to rural areas in a modified recreational vehicle equipped with medical, videoconferencing, and data collection devices. Patients were virtually connected with physicians based more than 70 miles (112 km) away. Data analysis was performed from June to October 2020. Intervention: Patients received buprenorphine prescriptions after initial teleconsultation and follow-up visits from a study physician specialized in addiction psychiatry and medicine. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was 3-month treatment retention, and the secondary outcome was opioid-positive urine screens. Exploratory outcomes included use of other drugs and patients' travel distance to treatment. Results: A total of 118 patients were enrolled in treatment, of whom 94 were seen for follow-up treatment predominantly (at least 2 of 3 visits [>50%]) on the TM-MTU; only those 94 patients' data are considered in all analyses. The mean (SD) age of patients was 36.53 (9.78) years, 59 (62.77%) were men, 71 (75.53%) identified as White, and 90 (95.74%) were of non-Hispanic ethnicity. Fifty-five patients (58.51%) were retained in treatment by 3 months (90 days) after baseline. Opioid use was reduced by 32.84% at 3 months, compared with baseline, and was negatively associated with treatment duration (F = 12.69; P = .001). In addition, compared with the nearest brick-and-mortar treatment location, TM-MTU treatment was a mean of 6.52 miles (range, 0.10-58.70 miles) (10.43 km; range, 0.16-93.92 km) and a mean of 10 minutes (range, 1-49 minutes) closer for patients. Conclusions and Relevance: These data demonstrate the feasibility of combining TM with mobile treatment, with outcomes (retention and opioid use) similar to those obtained from office-based TM MOUD programs. By implementing a traveling virtual platform, this clinical paradigm not only helps fill the void of rural MOUD practitioners but also facilitates access to underserved populations who are less likely to reach traditional medical settings, with critical relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Preventing Hospital Readmission for Patients With Comorbid Substance Use Disorder : A Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalized patients with comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs) are at high risk for poor outcomes, including readmission and emergency department (ED) use. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patient navigation services reduce hospital readmissions. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial comparing Navigation Services to Avoid Rehospitalization (NavSTAR) versus treatment as usual (TAU). (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02599818). SETTING: Urban academic hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, with an SUD consultation service. PARTICIPANTS: 400 hospitalized adults with comorbid SUD (opioid, cocaine, or alcohol). INTERVENTION: NavSTAR used proactive case management, advocacy, service linkage, and motivational support to resolve internal and external barriers to care and address SUD, medical, and basic needs for 3 months after discharge. MEASUREMENTS: Data on inpatient readmissions (primary outcome) and ED visits for 12 months were obtained for all participants via the regional health information exchange. Entry into SUD treatment, substance use, and related outcomes were assessed at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: Participants had high levels of acute care use: 69% had an inpatient readmission and 79% visited the ED over the 12-month observation period. Event rates per 1000 person-days were 6.05 (NavSTAR) versus 8.13 (TAU) for inpatient admissions (hazard ratio, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.58 to 0.96]; P = 0.020) and 17.66 (NavSTAR) versus 27.85 (TAU) for ED visits (hazard ratio, 0.66 [CI, 0.49 to 0.89]; P = 0.006). Participants in the NavSTAR group were less likely to have an inpatient readmission within 30 days than those receiving TAU (15.5% vs. 30.0%; P < 0.001) and were more likely to enter community SUD treatment after discharge (P = 0.014; treatment entry within 3 months, 50.3% NavSTAR vs. 35.3% TAU). LIMITATION: Single-site trial, which limits generalizability. CONCLUSION: Patient navigation reduced inpatient readmissions and ED visits in this clinically challenging sample of hospitalized patients with comorbid SUDs. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Opioid use disorder in pregnancy: leveraging provider perceptions to inform comprehensive treatment.

BACKGROUND: Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are recommended with adjuvant behavioral therapies, counseling, and other services for comprehensive treatment of maternal opioid use disorder. Inadequate access to treatment, lack of prescribing providers and complex delivery models are among known barriers to care. Multi-disciplinary provider input can be leveraged to comprehend factors that facilitate or inhibit treatment. The objective of this study is to explore provider perceptions of MOUD and factors critical to comprehensive treatment delivery to improve the care of pregnant women with opioid use disorder. METHODS: A qualitative research approach was used to gather data from individual provider and group semi-structured interviews. Providers (n = 12) responded to questions in several domains related to perceptions of MOUD, treatment delivery, access to resources, and challenges/barriers. Data were collected, transcribed, coded (by consensus) and emerging themes were analyzed using grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: Emerging themes revealed persistent gaps in treatment and challenges in provider, health systems and patient factors. Providers perceived MOUD to be a "lifeline" to women. CONCLUSIONS: Inconsistencies in treatment provision, access and uptake can be improved by leveraging provider perceptions, direct experiences and recommendations for an integrated team-based, patient-centered approach to guide the care of pregnant women with opioid use disorder.

Outcomes for patients receiving telemedicine-delivered medication-based treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: A retrospective chart review.

This report builds on a previous study that describes the collaboration between an urban academic medical center and a rural drug treatment center, the goal of which is to provide medication-based treatment to individuals with OUD via videoconferencing. We describe results of a retrospective chart review of 472 patients treated in the program between August 2015 and April 2019. We examined several demographic and substance use variables for individuals who consented to telemedicine treatment, retention in treatment over time, and opioid use over time to understand further the impact of prescribing buprenorphine and naltrexone via telemedicine to patients in a rural OUD treatment setting. Our findings support the effectiveness of prescribing medications via telemedicine. The inclusion of more than three times as many patients as in our prior report revealed retention rates and toxicology results that are comparable to face-to-face treatment. These findings have implications for policymakers and clinicians considering implementation of similar programs.

Program development and implementation outcomes of a statewide addiction consultation service: Maryland Addiction Consultation Service (MACS).

Background: As the opioid epidemic continues, there is a mounting sense of urgency to improve access to high-quality early identification and treatment services. However, the need is outpacing capacity in many states and effective solutions to support primary care and specialty prescribers to identify and treat more patients with opioid use disorders are still emerging. This paper describes one state's approach to increase access to medication for opioid use disorders (MOUD) through development and implementation of a statewide addiction consultation service: Maryland Addiction Consultation Service (MACS). Methods: Program components include a warmline, outreach and training, and resource and referral linkages for prescribers based on related consultation service models and documented barriers to prescribing MOUDs. Results: Initial implementation outcomes indicate service components are being adopted as intended and by the target audience; many prescribers who engaged with the service have their buprenorphine waiver (44%) but do not have any additional formal addiction training (57%). Also, statewide penetration is promising with prescriber engagement in 100% of counites, however only 33% of counties in engaged in all four types of MACS services. Most calls (61%) originated from urban counties. Conclusions: The MACS program increases access to specialty addiction medicine consultation and training through use of technology. MACS can serve as a model for other states looking to bridge the gap in access to addiction treatment.