Solitary osteochondroma of the trapezoid disguised as a tooth fragment.

Fight bite injuries of the hand are common presentations in A&E departments and usually result from a fist blow to the mouth. The authors report a case of a 24-year-old man who presented 6 weeks after an injury to his right wrist following an altercation. Radiographic examination and CT scans were in keeping with a tooth fragment embedded in the trapezoid. However, post excision histology subsequently revealed the lesion to be a solitary osteochondroma of the trapezoid. Osteochondromas are benign lesions of bony or cartilaginous origin and are usually found in the metaphyseal region of long bones. They represent by far the most common primary bone tumours. However, osteochondromas arising from the carpal bones are extremely rare with very few cases reported in the literature. This case illustrates the need to include 'tumour' as a differential diagnosis in every unusual appearing bony lesion, even if there is a history of trauma.

A Review on the Management of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis.

Arthritis is the most common chronic condition affecting patients over the age of 70. The prevalence of osteoarthritis increases with age, and with an aging population, the effect of this disease will represent an ever-increasing burden on health care. The knee is the most common joint affected in osteoarthritis, with up to 41% of limb arthritis being located in the knee, compared to 30% in hands and 19% in hips. We review the current concepts with regard to the disease process and risk factors for developing hip and knee osteoarthritis. We then explore the nonsurgical management of osteoarthritis as well as the operative management of hip and knee arthritis. We discuss the indications for surgical treatment of hip and knee arthritis, looking in particular at the controversies affecting young and obese patients in both hip and knee replacements. Patient and implant related outcomes along with survivorships are addressed as well as the experiences and controversies described in national joint registries.

Internal fixation of a traumatic fracture around a hip resurfacing arthroplasty using the proximal femoral locking compression plate.

We report on a 40-year-old man who sustained a traumatic extracapsular fracture of the proximal femur with a Birmingham Hip Resurfacing in situ. It was decided to retain the resurfacing implant and a proximal femoral periarticular locking compression plate (Synthes) was used to stabilise the fracture. The patient regained full range of pain-free movement, and was bearing his full weight on the operated leg by 18 weeks. He had a Harris Hip score of 90. Fractures around hip resurfacing arthroplasties are an emerging problem, and a literature review reveals two distinct modes of presentation i.e. 'atraumatic' and 'traumatic' fractures. We elaborate on these two different fracture patterns, with emphasis on the epidemiology, biomechanical considerations, and management strategies for the 'traumatic' type of periprosthetic fracture.

MRSA in a large German University Hospital: Male gender is a significant risk factor for MRSA acquisition.

BACKGROUND: The continually rising number of hospital acquired infections and particularly MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) colonization poses a major challenge from both clinical and epidemiological perspectives. The assessment of risk factors is vital in determining the best prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 798 cases of MRSA in a large German University Hospital over a 7-year period. Data was collected retro- and prospectively including patient age, sex, type of ward and duration of inpatient stay. In addition we analyzed all cases on ICU with regards to cross infection and MRSA genotyping via DNA MicroArray Technology. The years 2004 to 2007 were analyzed with a specific focus on gender. RESULTS: Male gender is significantly correlated with increased risk of MRSA acquisition (p<0.001), the predominant setting for MRSA is on ICU. 75% of the MRSA positive patients are over 50 years of age (average age 59.8 years). The inpatient time was 4.15 times higher in MRSA carriers compared with non-MRSA cases, however this was not significant. MRSA genotyping on ICU showed mainly the subtypes ST 5, ST 22, ST 228, however cross contamination with identical genotypes was only detected in a minority of cases (5 out of 22). CONCLUSION: Unlike previous studies which show no or inconclusive evidence of gender as a risk factor, our data confirm that male gender is a significant risk factor for MRSA carrier status. Further research will be required to investigate the aetiology of these findings.

Longitudinal in vivo effects of growth hormone overexpression on bone in transgenic mice.

UNLABELLED: In this study we examined the effect of systemic overexpression of GH on bone in transgenic mice longitudinally in vivo over a period of 9 months. We observed substantially increased BMC in GH transgenic mice and a significant reduction in serum osteocalcin. GH effects on bone were strongly dependent on gender and developmental stage. INTRODUCTION: State-of-the-art bone marker and microimaging technology was applied in this longitudinal study to examine bone metabolism, BMC, bone density, and cortical bone structure over the life span of growth hormone (GH) transgenic (tg) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight mice from four genetic groups (male, female, tg, and controls) were examined with DXA, and their femur and tibia were examined with peripheral QCT (pQCT). Osteocalcin (formation) and collagen cross-links (resorption) from serum and urine were also measured at postnatal weeks 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 26, and 38. RESULTS: GH tg mice displayed a significant increase in body weight (up to 50%) and BMC (up to 90%), but serum osteocalcin was significantly reduced compared with controls. GH tg females (but not males) displayed increased trabecular density over controls up to week 12. In contrast, male (but not female) GH tg mice displayed a higher cortical cross-sectional area than controls. Cortical density was significantly lower in both male and female GH tg mice compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in BMC in GH tg mice is associated with reduced serum osteocalcin levels, indicating that bone turnover may be lower than in the control mice. On a structural level, bone responds to GH excess in a gender-specific manner, with alterations varying substantially between different developmental stages.

Precision and accuracy of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in the mouse skeleton compared with histology and microcomputed tomography (microCT).

UNLABELLED: pQCT was evaluated for accuracy of phenotypic characterization of mouse bone in vivo. Bones (tibia, femur, spine) of 27 animals were measured ex vivo with pQCT, microCT, and histomorphometry and of 23 mice in vivo (pQCT). pQCT yielded satisfactory in vivo precision and accuracy in skeletal characterization. INTRODUCTION: Important aspects of modern skeletal research depend on the phenotypic characterization of genetically manipulated mice, with some approaches requiring in vivo measurement. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) is applicable in vivo and provides opportunities to determine a large variety of bone parameters. Here we test the ex vivo and in vivo reproducibility of pQCT, and its accuracy in comparison with histomorphometry and microcomputed tomography (microCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the tibia, femur, and lumbar spine of 27 mice ex vivo with high-resolution pQCT, using two mouse models (wild-type and ob/ob) with known differences in bone density. Measurements were repeated three times at different days in nine animals. In a second experiment, 23 animals (10 wild-type and 13 bGH transgenic mice) were repeatedly measured in vivo at 12 and 13 weeks of age, respectively. RESULTS: Among metaphyseal sites, the ex vivo precision was highest at the distal femur (RMS CV < 1% for density and < 2% for area). The correlation between density (pQCT) and bone volume fraction (histomorphometry) was r2 = 0.79 (tibia, femur, and spine), and that with microCT was r2 = 0.94 (femur). At the diaphysis, the precision was highest at the femur (< 2% for total and cortical area), and the correlation with microCT was r2 > 0.77. The in vivo precision for bone density (distal femur) was 2.3-5.1%, and that for absolute and relative cortical area (tibia) was 3.1% and 2.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that pQCT can yield satisfactory precision and accuracy in skeletal characterization of mouse bones, if properly applied. The potential advantage of pQCT is that it provides a large set of parameters on bone properties and that it can be used in vivo, extending the available methodological repertoire for genetic studies.