Antibiotic utilization patterns in Tanzania: a retrospective longitudinal study comparing pre- and intra-COVID-19 pandemic era using Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority data.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern globally, and misuse of antibiotics is a major contributor. Objective: This study investigated antibiotic utilization patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania using data from the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA). Methods: This retrospective longitudinal study analysed secondary data. The study compared antibiotics consumption in defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) in two distinct eras: 2018-2019 as the pre-COVID-19 era and 2020-2021 as the intra-COVID-19 era. A sample t-test was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: The study analysed 10 614 records and found an overall increase in antibiotics consumption from 2018 to 2021. We found that the consumption was 61.24 DID in the intra-COVID-19 era and 50.32 DID in the pre-COVID-19 era. Levofloxacin had the highest percentage increase in use, with a 700% increase in DID during the intra-COVID-19 era. Azithromycin had a 163.79% increase, while cefotaxime had a 600% increase. By contrast, some antibiotics exhibited a decrease in usage during the intra-COVID-19 era, such as nalidixic acid, which had a 100% decrease, and cefpodoxime, which had a 66.67% decrease. Conclusions: Increased antibiotic consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of implementing effective antimicrobial stewardship strategies to prevent AMR, especially during pandemics.