Prognostic Significance of Hemodynamics in Patients With Transposition of the Great Arteries and Systemic Right Ventricle.

BACKGROUND: Patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and systemic right ventricle often confront significant adverse cardiac events. The prognostic significance of invasive hemodynamic parameters in this context remains uncertain. Our hypothesis is that the aortic pulsatility index and hemodynamic profiling utilizing invasive measures provide prognostic insights for patients with TGA and a systemic right ventricle. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter cohort study encompasses adults with TGA and a systemic right ventricle who underwent cardiac catheterization. Data collection, spanning from 1994 to 2020, encompasses clinical and hemodynamic parameters, including measured and calculated values such as pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, aortic pulsatility index, and cardiac index. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac index values were used to establish 4 distinct hemodynamic profiles. A pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of ≥15 mm Hg indicated congestion, termed wet, while a cardiac index <2.2 L/min per m2 signified inadequate perfusion, labeled cold. The primary outcome comprised a composite of all-cause death, heart transplantation, or the requirement for mechanical circulatory support. RESULTS: Of 1721 patients with TGA, 242 individuals with available invasive hemodynamic data were included. The median follow-up duration after cardiac catheterization was 11.4 (interquartile range, 7.5-15.9) years, with a mean age of 38.5±10.8 years at the time of cardiac catheterization. Among hemodynamic parameters, an aortic pulsatility index <1.5 emerged as a robust predictor of the primary outcome, with adjusted hazard ratios of 5.90 (95% CI, 3.01-11.62; P<0.001). Among the identified 4 hemodynamic profiles, the cold/wet profile was associated with the highest risk for the primary outcome, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.83 (95% CI, 1.63-9.02; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A low aortic pulsatility index (<1.5) and the cold/wet hemodynamic profile are linked with an elevated risk of adverse long-term cardiac outcomes in patients with TGA and systemic right ventricle.

Impact of Telehealth on Failure to Attend Rates and Patient Re-Engagement in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Clinic.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic paved the way for telehealth consultations. We aimed to determine the impact of telehealth on rates of failure to attend (FTA) in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) clinics and whether telehealth could re-engage patients with previous FTA face-to-face appointments. METHODS: This was a retrospective audit of a tertiary ACHD clinic over a 12-month pre-telehealth (26 March 2019-17 March 2020) and 12-month post-telehealth implementation period (24 March 2020-16 March 2021). Patients with one or more FTAs during the 24-month study period were included. Our ACHD clinic is run three times per month. Patients with ACHD are offered lifelong follow-up and reviewed annually on average. Re-engagement was defined as two or more consecutive face-to-face FTAs immediately before the telehealth period with subsequent attendance of their telehealth appointment. RESULTS: A total of 359 patients with a total of 623 FTAs were included. Complexity of congenital heart disease was moderate in 56% (202/359) and severe in 19% (69/359) of patients. Overall FTA rate was 18% (623/3,452). FTA rate was significantly lower in the post-telehealth period (15%, 257/1,664) compared with the pre-telehealth period (20%, 366/1,788) (p<0.00001). At study conclusion, 1% of patients had died (5/359). Of the 354 remaining patients, 42% (150/354) were considered lost to follow-up (two or more FTAs including telehealth), 37% (132/354) missed only one clinic appointment, and 20% (72/354) previously considered lost to follow-up had re-engaged in the telehealth period. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of FTA in a tertiary ACHD clinic significantly reduced after the introduction of telehealth consultation. A fifth of patients considered lost to follow-up were re-engaged with telehealth. Additional strategies to further reduce FTA should be explored.

End-stage heart failure in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: a multicentre study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: For patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA), factors associated with progression to end-stage congestive heart failure (CHF) remain largely unclear. METHODS: This multicentre, retrospective cohort study included adults with ccTGA seen at a congenital heart disease centre. Clinical data from initial and most recent visits were obtained. The composite primary outcome was mechanical circulatory support, heart transplantation, or death. RESULTS: From 558 patients (48% female, age at first visit 36 ± 14.2 years, median follow-up 8.7 years), the event rate of the primary outcome was 15.4 per 1000 person-years (11 mechanical circulatory support implantations, 12 transplantations, and 52 deaths). Patients experiencing the primary outcome were older and more likely to have a history of atrial arrhythmia. The primary outcome was highest in those with both moderate/severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and tricuspid regurgitation (n = 110, 31 events) and uncommon in those with mild/less RV dysfunction and tricuspid regurgitation (n = 181, 13 events, P < .001). Outcomes were not different based on anatomic complexity and history of tricuspid valve surgery or of subpulmonic obstruction. New CHF admission or ventricular arrhythmia was associated with the primary outcome. Individuals who underwent childhood surgery had more adverse outcomes than age- and sex-matched controls. Multivariable Cox regression analysis identified older age, prior CHF admission, and severe RV dysfunction as independent predictors for the primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ccTGA have variable deterioration to end-stage heart failure or death over time, commonly between their fifth and sixth decades. Predictors include arrhythmic and CHF events and severe RV dysfunction but not anatomy or need for tricuspid valve surgery.

Long-Term Outcomes After Atrial Switch Operation for Transposition of the Great Arteries.

BACKGROUND: For patients with d-loop transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) with a systemic right ventricle after an atrial switch operation, there is a need to identify risks for end-stage heart failure outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to determine factors associated with survival in a large cohort of such individuals. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective cohort study included adults with d-TGA and prior atrial switch surgery seen at a congenital heart center. Clinical data from initial and most recent visits were obtained. The composite primary outcome was death, transplantation, or mechanical circulatory support (MCS). RESULTS: From 1,168 patients (38% female, age at first visit 29 ± 7.2 years) during a median 9.2 years of follow-up, 91 (8.8% per 10 person-years) met the outcome (66 deaths, 19 transplantations, 6 MCS). Patients experiencing sudden/arrhythmic death were younger than those dying of other causes (32.6 ± 6.4 years vs 42.4 ± 6.8 years; P < 0.001). There was a long duration between sentinel clinical events and end-stage heart failure. Age, atrial arrhythmia, pacemaker, biventricular enlargement, systolic dysfunction, and tricuspid regurgitation were all associated with the primary outcome. Independent 5-year predictors of primary outcome were prior ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure admission, complex anatomy, QRS duration >120 ms, and severe right ventricle dysfunction based on echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS: For most adults with d-TGA after atrial switch, progress to end-stage heart failure or death is slow. A simplified prediction score for 5-year adverse outcome is derived to help identify those at greatest risk.

Clinical Outcomes After Percutaneous Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure in Adults.

BACKGROUND: There is little published data regarding percutaneous patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure in adults. We aim to describe the outcomes of adult patients undergoing PDA closure at a single tertiary referral centre. METHODS: All adults who underwent device PDA closure at our centre from 2001 to 2017 were identified and enrolled in the study. Available clinical data and imaging data were reviewed. RESULTS: At total of 141 patients were identified, with a mean age of 43 ± 15 years. Left ventricular dilation was present in 27% and pulmonary hypertension in 36% of the patients. Most ducts (74%) were of type A morphology. Mean ductal diameter at the pulmonary artery end was 4.1 ± 1.9 mm and mean length was 10.0 ± 4.7 mm. Wire passage from the pulmonary artery was achieved in 79%. Procedural success rate was 100%, and an Amplatzer duct occluder was deployed in all successful cases (ADO1 device in 97%). There was a small residual shunt in 6% at the time of closure, and only 2 patients had a residual leak on echocardiography at a median 3 months' follow-up. No major complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter PDA closure with the use of an Amplatzer duct occluder is very effective in adults across all duct morphologies and associated with a very low complication rate.

Adult and Paediatric Cardiac Intervention in Timor-Leste: Disease Burden, Demographics and Clinical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The East Timor Hearts Fund (ETHF) is a charitable organisation of Australian cardiologists providing outreach screening in Timor-Leste. For patients requiring intervention, ETHF arranges logistics, procedures, and postoperative care. The aim of this project is to evaluate outcomes of patients requiring intervention. METHODS: The ETHF database of all patients was utilised to identify patients with disease warranting surgical or percutaneous intervention. Both patients who underwent intervention and those who did not proceed to intervention were included in this study. Patients who had intervention arranged by other organisations but have then had follow-up with ETHF were also included. Overall demographics and pre and postoperative factors were assessed, with sub-group analysis of adult and paediatric patients to identify any differences in care. RESULTS: Of 221 patients requiring intervention, 101 patients underwent intervention, receiving 22 different operations or procedures. Patients were predominantly young (median age 17.5 years) and female (64.7%), with rheumatic heart disease (63.8%). Twenty-four (24) (33.3%) women aged 15-45 years old with cardiac disease warranting intervention were documented as pregnant or breastfeeding at time of clinic assessment. Of patients who did not proceed to intervention, adults were more likely to be lost to follow-up (42.4% vs 18.5%) while paediatric patients were more likely to experience progression of disease (18.5% vs 7.5%, p=0.005). Median waitlist time was 5 months, with no significant difference between adults and children, correlating with a preoperative mortality rate of 5.4%. For patients who underwent intervention, post-procedure mortality was extremely low (0.9%) and attendance of at least one post-procedure review was excellent (99.0%). Eleven (11) (10.9%) patients have required repeat intervention, with no difference in rates between adult and paediatric patients. Length of follow-up extends up to 20 years for some patients. CONCLUSION: The Timor-Leste interventional cohort was predominantly a young female population with rheumatic and congenital cardiac disease. There were also high rates of pregnancy amongst female patients with severe cardiac disease. Delayed access to intervention may result in preoperative adverse events and mortality, and is a key target for improvement. Patients who undergo intervention have very low post-procedural mortality, good adherence to early medical follow-up and good long-term outcomes.

The relationship between the basal coronary translesional pressure ratio and fractional flow reserve.

AIM: Fractional flow reserve (FFR) allows for physiological definition of coronary lesion severity but requires induction of maximal coronary circulation hyperemia with administration of adenosine leading to coronary resistive vessel vasodilatation. However, the hyperemic response to adenosine, and therefore the calculation of FFR, may be affected by dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature. The aim was to define the relationship between basal Pd /Pa and FFR and identify lesion-independent predictors of the change in Pd /Pa with hyperemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-six consecutive patients undergoing FFR measurement were prospectively enrolled (mean age 62.6 ± 10.3 years, 27% females). Basal Pd /Pa , FFR, and delta Pd /Pa (difference between basal Pd /Pa and FFR) were recorded. Independent predictors of delta Pd /Pa included angiographic lesion severity, lesion length, gender, body mass index, and total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio. The best basal Pd /Pa cutoff value to predict lesion physiological significance was 0.87 (positive predictive value of 100% for an FFR value ≤0.80) and the best cutoff for nonsignificance was 0.93 (negative predictive value of 98% for an FFR value >0.80). CONCLUSION: The delta Pd /Pa may be affected by patient gender, body mass index, and cholesterol profile. A basal Pd /Pa value of ≥0.93 is highly predictive of an FFR >0.80. Conversely, a basal Pd /Pa value of ≤0.87 is highly predictive of an FFR ≤0.80. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Percutaneous Intervention to Treat Platypnea-Orthodeoxia Syndrome: The Toronto Experience.

OBJECTIVES: This study reviewed a series of patients treated with transcatheter closure of septal defect to treat platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome, with specific attention to septal characteristics and device choice. BACKGROUND: Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome is an uncommon condition characterized by positional dyspnea and hypoxemia due to intracardiac right-to-left shunting through a patent foramen ovale (PFO), an atrial septal defect, or pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Percutaneous closure of such defects is the treatment of choice. METHODS: In this single-center series, 52 patients were treated with percutaneous closure of an interatrial communication after presentation between January 1997 and July 2015. Septal morphology, clinical, procedural, and outcomes data were analyzed. RESULTS: All patients had a PFO; however, nearly one-quarter required a non-PFO device (11 Amplatzer Septal Occluder and 1 post-infarct muscular VSD), as opposed to a dedicated PFO device to achieve shunt occlusion. These patients were characterized by an aneurysmal septum, shorter primum septum overlap with the secundum septum, and greater septal angulation from the midline. After closure, all demonstrated acute improvements in oxygen saturation (pre-procedure: 81 ± 8%; post-procedure: 95.1 ± 0.5% on room air). Each patient was treated with a single device and no one required re-intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presenting with platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome can be treated successfully with a percutaneous intervention often requiring a variety of devices. Those requiring a non-PFO-type device had a greater prevalence of an aneurysmal septum, shorter primum septal overlap with the secundum septum, and greater septal angulation with the midline.

Management of post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal rupture.

Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) post acute myocardial infarction is associated with a high mortality rate if not treated. Early surgical repair is recommended regardless of haemodynamic status. We review the role of transcatheter device closure for VSR, which has emerged as an alternative to surgery. The procedure itself has a high technical success rate with a relatively low complication rate; however, it is associated with high in-hospital mortality rates when performed in the early phase. Results post transcatheter closure are best in the subacute phase post MI (in part reflective of a selection bias), or post surgical repair with a patch leak. Transcatheter closure can otherwise be considered in patients who are not surgical candidates, who generally have haemodynamically tolerable defects, and who survive a period of watchful waiting. In general, a hybrid strategy of early surgical closure with transcatheter device closure of a patch leak (if it occurs) is a favoured strategy. Long-term outcomes appear good in patients with or without prior surgery who survive to hospital discharge.

Impact of Prosthesis-Patient Mismatch on Left Ventricular Myocardial Mechanics After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare left ventricular (LV) remodeling using myocardial strain between patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with and without prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM). METHODS AND RESULTS: In a retrospective study, speckle-tracking echocardiography was used to measure global longitudinal strain (GLS) and strain rate (GLSR), circumferential strain, and rotation before and at mid-term follow-up post-TAVR. Moderate and severe PPM were defined as an effective orifice area ≤0.85 and <0.65 cm(2)/m(2), respectively. A total of 102 patients (median age, 83 years [77-88]) with severe AS were included. At 6±3 months post-TAVR, moderate and severe PPM were found in 32 (31%) and 9 (9%) patients. Patients without PPM had a significant regression in LV mass (from 134±41 to 119±38 g/m(2); P=0.001) at follow-up whereas those with PPM did not. There was a significant improvement in LV GLS (-12.8±4.0 to -14.3±4.3%; P=0.01), GLSR (-0.61±0.20 to -0.73±0.25 second(-1); P<0.001), and early diastolic strain rate (0.52±0.20 to 0.64±0.20 second(-1); P<0.001) in patients without PPM, but not in those with PPM. After adjustment for pre-TAVR ejection fraction and post-TAVR aortic regurgitation, patients without PPM had greater improvement in LV longitudinal strain parameters compared to those with PPM. After a median follow-up of 46.1 months (interquartile range, 35.4-60.8), there was no difference in survival between patients with and without PPM. CONCLUSIONS: TAVR was associated with an incidence of PPM of 40%. Greater reverse LV remodeling using myocardial strain was evident in patients without PPM compared to PPM. Presence of PPM was not associated with mortality.

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Case Series from a Tertiary Centre.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of non-atherosclerotic acute coronary syndrome (ACS). As it is more commonly seen in young women, the diagnosis can be missed. Current evidence is based on case reports and retrospective studies with no consensus recommendations on immediate management and long-term follow-up. We present a case series of four patients to outline clinical presentation, prognosis and long-term management of this rare clinical entity.

Cardiovascular collapse post chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention due to a compressive left atrial hematoma managed with percutaneous drainage.

This case illustrates a potential complication of the retrograde approach using epicardial collaterals for chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Hypotension post CTO PCI in a patient who has undergone previous cardiac surgery can have multiple causes, one of which is chamber compression from a localized hematoma due to coronary perforation as occurred in this case. This report is the first description of successful nonsurgical management of a left atrial hematoma causing cardiovascular collapse with percutaneous drainage.

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement With the Edwards Sapien System: The Toronto Experience.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to review the outcomes for the Sapien and Sapien XT valves (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California) for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI). BACKGROUND: PPVI has emerged as a viable alternative to surgery in patients with right ventricular (RV) outflow tract dysfunction. Limited data are available for the Sapien and Sapien XT valves in this setting. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed for all patients to have undergone PPVI using the Edwards Sapien system at a large quaternary center. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (70% male, mean age 34 ± 8.9 years) were identified. Primary underlying diagnosis was tetralogy of Fallot (n = 15), Ross procedure (n = 5), and other (n = 5). RV outflow tract characteristics included: biological valve (n = 16) and homograft (n = 9). Technical success was 96%. One patient required elective surgical pulmonary valve replacement for a high residual gradient. Pre-stenting was performed in all cases (52% covered stents). Valve sizes were 23 mm (n = 8), 26 mm (n = 15), and 29 mm (n = 2). Procedural hemodynamics revealed a decrease in the mean RV-to-systemic pressure ratio from 0.64 to 0.36 (p < 0.001) and RV-to-pulmonary artery (PA) gradient from 39 to 9 mm Hg (p < 0.001). No patient had clinically significant pulmonary regurgitation (PR). At a mean follow-up of 3.5 ± 2.1 years (range 0.3 to 7.2 years), there were no deaths. One patient required reintervention (no PR evident immediately post-procedure but severe valvular PR at 1 year requiring a valve-in-valve procedure). There were no episodes of endocarditis and no stent fractures. There was preserved valve function during follow-up with no change in RV-to-PA gradient nor PR severity. CONCLUSIONS: The Edwards Sapien system is a viable and durable option for PPVI in this single-center study.

A novel approach to the management of occlusive in-stent restenosis (ISR).

AIMS: Chronic total occlusions (CTO) secondary to in-stent restenosis (ISR) represent challenging lesions with low PCI success rates. The CrossBoss is an over-the-wire blunt catheter which has emerged as a useful tool in occlusive ISR. We aimed to review the utility of this device in the treatment of occlusive ISR within the United Kingdom. METHODS AND RESULTS: The CrossBoss catheter was used as the primary strategy in 30 patients (31 CTOs) with a median CTO duration of 24 months, a mean CTO length of 39 mm and a previous unsuccessful PCI attempt in 48% of cases. Procedural success was 90% (27/30) and the CrossBoss catheter directly facilitated success in 81% of cases, with direct lumen-to-lumen crossing of the catheter in most cases. Identifiable predictors of failure were evident in the unsuccessful cases. When successful, crossing time was short (median eight minutes, range one to 40 minutes), as were procedural time (mean 99±29 minutes) and fluoroscopy time (mean 26.9±12.2 minutes), whilst radiation dose (median 5,738 cGycm2, range 3,430-64,122 cGycm2) and contrast dose (mean 271±79 mL) were low. There were no procedural complications. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, use of the CrossBoss catheter is associated with high procedural success rates, short crossing times and low complication rates in the setting of occlusive ISR.

Long term follow-up after aortic valve replacement (Ross procedure): echocardiographic determinants of ventricular recovery.

AIMS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study aimed to assess LV recovery post aortic valve replacement, stratified according to pre-operative valve lesion (aortic stenosis (AS), mixed disease (AS/AR) or aortic regurgitation (AR)), as well as define predictors of persistent LV dilatation post operation. We prospectively followed all patients post Ross procedure performed between 1992 and 2009 by a single surgeon. Echocardiography was performed pre-operatively, at approximately one year post operation then second yearly thereafter. RESULTS: 265 patients were followed for a mean of 6.4 years (range 1-14 years, total 1702 patient-years). Seventy percent were male and mean age was 38.8 ± 12.6 years. The indication for surgery was AS in 44.5% (118), AS/AR in 23.4% (62), and AR in 32.1% (85). Overall mortality was 1.8% and 80% of deaths were non-cardiac. Morbidity was low and the need for pacing was less than 1%. Ninety-nine percent of patients were NYHA class 1 at one year follow up. The indexed LV end diastolic diameter (LVEDDi) decreased significantly post-operation in the AR (3.34 ± 0.39-2.66 ± 0.32 cm/m(2), p<0.001) and mixed (2.85 ± 0.38-2.65 ± 0.30 cm/m(2), p = 0.01) groups, whilst the indexed systolic LV dimension decreased significantly post-operation in the AR group (2.26 ± 0.34-1.87 ± 0.27, p<0.001). At five years post operation, independent predictors for a larger LVEDDi were female gender, a pre-operative LVEDDi >3.0 cm/m(2) and the presence of mild aortic regurgitation at one year post-operation. Pre-operative valve lesion was not a predictor. The only independent predictor of a lesser reduction of LVEDDi at five year follow-up was mild post-operative AR, whilst predictors of a lesser reduction in indexed left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESDi) at five year follow-up included mild post-operative AR and a larger pre-operative LVEDDi. LV wall thickness decreased significantly the AS and AS/AR groups within one year post operation, whilst the neo-aortic root size remained stable throughout follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Recovery of LV size post Ross procedure is influenced predominantly by the pre-operative LV size, in particular the indexed LV end diastolic diameter. The pre-operative valve lesion was not predictive of larger ventricular dimensions post AVR, but independent predictors of a larger ventricular dimensions post operation included female gender, enlarged pre-operative LVEDDi and the presence of mild AR in the first post operative year. Those with mild post-operative AR did not have progressive LV enlargement, thus the clinical significance of this finding remains unclear.

Impact of concomitant heart failure on outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: analysis of the Melbourne Interventional Group registry.

AIMS: The presence of heart failure (HF) is an established risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and impact of concomitant HF on major outcomes in contemporary PCI practice. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analysed 5006 consecutive PCIs (2004-2006) enrolled in the Melbourne Interventional Group registry. Baseline characteristics, in-hospital, 30-day, and 12-month outcomes of patients with a history of HF (n = 189, 3.8%) were compared with patients without HF (n = 4817, 96.2%). Patients with a history of HF were older (mean age 72.9 ± 9.8 vs. 64.3 ± 12 years, P < 0.01) and had higher rates of diabetes (37.0 vs. 23.5%, P < 0.01), renal dysfunction (Cr > 200 µmol/L; 16.5 vs. 3.9%, P < 0.01), multi-vessel disease (79.8 vs. 58.7%, P < 0.01), and presentation with cardiogenic shock (4.8 vs. 2.1%, P = 0.02). At 12 months, patients with HF had higher overall mortality (13.7 vs. 3.5%, P < 0.01) and rates of HF admission (10.4 vs. 2.0%, P < 0.01). Independent predictors of recurrent HF admission included history of HF [odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-4.2, P < 0.01] and renal dysfunction (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.4, P < 0.01). At 12 months, patients with HF had lower rates of statin (73.9 vs. 89.2%, P < 0.01) and beta-blocker use (55.6 vs. 59.0%, P < 0.01). Angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker use was also relatively low in HF patients (79.6%). CONCLUSION: While the overall incidence of HF in patients undergoing PCI is low, underutilization of HF therapies may contribute to an increased likelihood of subsequent re-admission and increased mortality.

Unusual case of left partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with successful surgical management.

We describe a case of left-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection diagnosed in the setting of a respiratory illness affecting the right lung, which presumably elevated pulmonary pressures and worsened right-to-left shunting. The anatomical configuration appears to be highly unusual in this case, with separate supracardiac connections of the left upper pulmonary vein (LUPV) to a vertical vein (draining to the innominate vein) and the left lower pulmonary vein to the azygos vein. Successful surgical repair was undertaken with direct anastomosis of the LUPV to the left atrial appendage and creation of an intra-superior vena cava baffle to redirect azygos vein flow to the left atrium.