Contexts of violence victimization and service-seeking among Latino/a/x immigrant adults in Maryland and the District of Columbia: A qualitative study.

In the United States (US), Latino/a/x immigrants are particularly vulnerable to discrimination and violence, which are associated with a host of negative physical and mental health consequences. Despite this, Latino/a/x immigrants may have limited access to resources and services to prevent and address its consequences. In-depth interviews (n = 17) and one focus group discussion (n = 5) were conducted among a maximum variation sample of adult Latino/a/x immigrants living in Maryland and the District of Columbia, following semi-structured interview guides to explore experiences of discrimination and violence, their impact on health, and barriers and facilitators to help-seeking. Experiences of discrimination and violence victimization were diverse in type and severity. Many women and one gender non-binary participant described experiences of intimate partner violence as well workplace violence. Men frequently described violence that occurred in public and in the workplace. Nearly all participants reported workplace discrimination. Lack of legal documentation, experiences of impunity in country of origin, and lack of knowledge of the US legal system presented barriers, while peers, social groups, and bystanders facilitated violence reporting and help-seeking. Results highlight clear opportunities to prevent and respond to violence through improved availability and accessibility of information, as well as expansion or adaptation of existing services across sectors.

An evaluation of assumptions underlying respondent-driven sampling and the social contexts of sexual and gender minority youth participating in HIV clinical trials in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Respondent-driven sampling has been an effective sampling strategy for HIV research in many settings, but has had limited success among some youth in the United States. We evaluated a modified RDS approach for sampling Black and Latinx sexual and gender minority youth (BLSGMY) and evaluates how lived experiences and social contexts of BLSGMY youth may impact traditional RDS assumptions. METHODS: RDS was implemented in three cities to engage BLSGMY in HIV prevention or care intervention trials. RDS was modified to include targeted seed recruitment from venues, internet, and health clinics, and provided options for electronic or paper coupons. Qualitative interviews were conducted among a sub-sample of RDS participants to explore their experiences with RDS. Interviews were coded using RDS assumptions as an analytic framework. RESULTS: Between August 2017 and October 2019, 405 participants were enrolled, 1,670 coupons were distributed, with 133 returned, yielding a 0.079 return rate. The maximum recruitment depth was 4 waves among seeds that propagated. Self-reported median network size was 5 (IQR 2-10) and reduced to 3 (IQR 1-5) when asked how many peers were seen in the past 30 days. Qualitative interviews (n=27) revealed that small social networks, peer trust, and targeted referral of peers with certain characteristics challenged network, random recruitment, and reciprocity assumptions of RDS. HIV stigma and research hesitancy were barriers to participation and peer referral. CONCLUSIONS: Small social networks and varying relationships with peers among BLSGMY challenge assumptions that underlie traditional RDS. Modified RDS approaches, including those that incorporate social media, may support recruitment for community-based research but may challenge assumptions of reciprocal relationships. Research hesitancy and situational barriers must be addressed in recruitment and study designs.

Feasibility and acceptability of a universal screening and referral protocol for gender-based violence with women seeking care in health clinics in Dadaab refugee camps in Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Gender-based violence (GBV) is both a global public health problem and violation of human rights. Refugees and internally displaced persons experience an increased risk of GBV and health outcomes associated with GBV are often exacerbated in conflict settings. METHODS: A mixed methods study to examine the feasibility and acceptability of universal screening for GBV in a refugee population in the Dadaab refugee camp of Kenya, using the ASIST-GBV from January to July 2015. RESULTS: Of 9366 women offered screening at International Rescue Committee health clinics, about 89% (n = 8369) female refugees consented to participate. Only 15% of the potentially eligible population could participate in GBV screening because of the ongoing struggle to identify private space in the clinics. Over 85% of women reported being 'willing' or 'very willing' to participate in GBV screening; 96% felt they had a good or very good experience with the screening protocol. Qualitative findings stressed the importance of securing a room/space in the busy clinic is critical to universal screening with referral to safe and confidential services for survivors. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the evidence-based ASIST-GBV is both feasible to implement and acceptable to both providers and women seeking care. Universal GBV screening and referral is an effective way for health care and service providers in humanitarian settings to assist survivors of GBV.

Comprehensive development and testing of the ASIST-GBV, a screening tool for responding to gender-based violence among women in humanitarian settings.

BACKGROUND: Conflict affected refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) are at increased vulnerability to gender-based violence (GBV). Health, psychosocial, and protection services have been implemented in humanitarian settings, but GBV remains under-reported and available services under-utilized. To improve access to existing GBV services and facilitate reporting, the ASIST-GBV screening tool was developed and tested for use in humanitarian settings. This process was completed in four phases: 1) systematic literature review, 2) qualitative research that included individual interviews and focus groups with GBV survivors and service providers, respectively, 3) pilot testing of the developed screening tool, and 4) 3-month implementation testing of the screening tool. Research was conducted among female refugees, aged ≥15 years in Ethiopia, and female IDPs, aged ≥18 years in Colombia. RESULTS: The systematic review and meta-analysis identified a range of GBV experiences and estimated a 21.4 % prevalence of sexual violence (95 % CI:14.9-28.7) among conflict-affected populations. No existing screening tools for GBV in humanitarian settings were identified. Qualitative research with GBV survivors in Ethiopia and Colombia found multiple forms of GBV experienced by refugees and IDPs that occurred during conflict, in transit, and in displaced settings. Identified forms of violence were combined into seven key items on the screening tool: threats of violence, physical violence, forced sex, sexual exploitation, forced pregnancy, forced abortion, and early or forced marriage. Cognitive testing further refined the tool. Pilot testing in both sites demonstrated preliminary feasibility where 64.8 % of participants in Ethiopia and 44.9 % of participants in Colombia were identified with recent (last 12 months) cases of GBV. Implementation testing of the screening tool, conducted as a routine service in camp/district hospitals, allowed for identification of GBV cases and referrals to services. In this phase, 50.6 % of participants in Ethiopia and 63.4 % in Colombia screened positive for recent experiences of GBV. Psychometric testing demonstrated appropriate internal consistency of the tool (Cronbach's α = 0.77) and item response theory demonstrated appropriate discrimination and difficulty of the tool. CONCLUSION: The ASIST-GBV screening tool has demonstrated utility and validity for use in confidential identification and referral of refugees and IDPs who experience GBV.

The HIV care continuum among men who have sex with men in Moscow, Russia: a cross-sectional study of infection awareness and engagement in care.

OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection is critical to improving clinical outcomes for HIV-infected individuals. We sought to characterise the HIV care continuum and identify correlates of being unaware of one's HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Moscow, Russia. METHODS: Participants (N=1376) were recruited via respondent-driven sampling and completed a sociobehavioural survey and HIV testing from 2010 to 2013. Sample and population estimates were calculated for key steps along the HIV care continuum for HIV-infected MSM and logistic regression methods were used to examine correlates of being unaware of one's HIV infection. RESULTS: 15.6% (184/1177; population estimate: 11.6%; 95% CI 8.5% to 14.7%) of participants were HIV infected. Of these, only 23.4% (43/184; population estimate: 13.2; 95% CI 11.0 to 15.4) were previously aware of their infection, 8.7% (16/184 population estimate: 4.7; 95% CI 1.0 to 8.5) were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 4.4% (8/164; population estimate: 3.0; 95% CI 0.3 to 5.6) reported an undetectable viral load. Bisexual identity (reference: homosexual; adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.69; 95% CI 1.19 to 11.43), having ≥5 sexual partners in the last 6 months (reference: ≤1; AOR: 4.23; 95% CI 1.17 to 15.28), and employer HIV testing requirements (reference: no; AOR: 15.43; 95% CI 1.62 to 147.01) were associated with being unaware of one's HIV infection. HIV testing in a specialised facility (reference: private; AOR: 0.06; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.53) and testing ≥2 times in the last 12 months (reference: none; AOR: 0.17; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.73) were inversely associated with being unaware of HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: There is a steep gradient along the HIV care continuum for Moscow-based MSM beginning with low awareness of HIV infection. Efforts that improve access to acceptable HIV testing strategies, such as alternative testing facilities, and linkage to care are needed for key populations.

Alcohol Use and Associated Sexual and Substance Use Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Moscow, Russia.

Alcohol use is a public health problem in the Russian Federation. This study explored relationships between alcohol use and behavioral risks for HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Moscow, Russia. Alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) scores for 1367 MSM participating in a cross-sectional survey and HIV testing were categorized to: "abstinence/low use", "hazardous use", "harmful use/dependency". Multiple logistic regression models compared dependent variables for sexual and drug use behaviors across alcohol use strata. Hazardous and harmful/dependent alcohol use were significantly associated with high-risk sexual behaviors and drug use. Harmful use/dependency was associated with an increased odds of having more than five male sex partners (last 12 months; adjusted odds ratios-AOR 1.69; 95 % CI 1.25-2.27), inconsistent condom use during anal intercourse (AOR 2.19; 95 % CI 1.61-2.96) and, among those using recreational drugs, injection drug use (last month; AOR 4.38: 95 % CI 1.13-17.07) compared to abstinent/low-level users. Harmful/dependent use was marginally associated with HIV infection (AOR 1.48; 95 % CI 0.97-2.25). HIV prevention efforts for MSM in Moscow may benefit from addressing problem alcohol use to mitigate high-risk behaviors.

Anal human papillomavirus and HIV: A cross-sectional study among men who have sex with men in Moscow, Russia, 2012-2013.

Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) is prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM), but has not been studied in the Russian Federation. A cross-sectional survey and HPV genotyping were conducted among HIV seropositive (n=58) and seronegative MSM (n=65)in Moscow. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify correlates of infection with oncogenic HPV genotypes 16 and/or 18 (HPV 16/18). Forty per cent (49/124) of all MSM were infected with at least one anal HPV genotype, 31.5% (39/124) had HPV16/18,and 11.5% (14/121) had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). HPV 16/18 was more prevalent in HIV seropositive than seronegative men (24/58,41.4% vs 15/65, 23.1%; p=0.03). HIV infection was independently associated with HPV 16/18 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 5.08; 95% confidence intervals (CI):1.49-17.34, p=0.01), as was having 2-4 steady male sex partners in the last year (vs ≤ 1 partner; AOR: 6.99;95%CI: 1.94­25.24, p<0.01). History of prison/detention,migration to/within Russia and use of incompatible lubricants were marginally associated with HPV16/18 (p<0.10). Comprehensive prevention options are needed to address HIV and HPV infection among MSM in Russia and may benefit from inclusion of young men in piloted HPV vaccination programmes.

[Pandemic 2009/10: reflections on the utility of the vaccination actions in Hesse]. / Pandemie 2009/10: Betrachtungen zum Nutzen der Impfaktion in Hessen.

In the state of Hesse (Germany) all vaccinations were administered either by the public health-care (ÖGD) or private health-care facilities and were registered by week and age group. In the following article, the benefit of the vaccination campaign will be looked at in terms of preventable consultations due to acute respiratory tract infections (AK-ARI). AK-ARI were registered with the nation-wide sentinel of the AGI. Scenarios regarding timing and age-specific coverage are modelled. The achieved timing and age distribution was compared to assumed ideal distributions, e. g., having achieved the final coverage 2 weeks before epidemic start or having applied the used vaccine exclusively for the most affected age group 5-14 years. The timing and coverage actually achieved (7% overall) prevented an estimated 1.4% or, respectively, 1.1% of the total consultation excess. With the same amount of vaccine but ideally applied at least 2 weeks -before the begin of the epidemic and exclusively to the age group of the 5- to 14-year olds, an estimated 13.9% or, respectively, 18.2% of the total excess could have been prevented. The simulated scenarios give estimations as to what benefit potentially could have been achieved during the A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. Both the delayed successive access to vaccine and the not ideal age distribution reduced the benefit to about 30% of the optimum. These exemplary estimates underline the importance of timeliness and valid prioritising of vaccination campaigns, although footing on just one outcome. It appears beneficial to reduce uncertainties for a solid prioritisation by, e. g., timely extended surveillance. Short-term decisions and adoptions are likely for future campaigns, e. g., due to unexpected changes in the epidemic, demanding flexibility in the application management.

Social and structural risks for HIV among migrant and immigrant men who have sex with men in Moscow, Russia: implications for prevention.

Moscow has a large population of immigrants and migrants from across the Former Soviet Union. Little is studied about men who have sex with men (MSM) within these groups. Qualitative research methods were used to explore identities, practices, and factors affecting HIV prevention and risks among immigrant/migrant MSM in Moscow. Nine interviews and three focus group discussions were conducted between April-June 2010 with immigrant/migrant MSM, analyzed as a subset of a larger population of MSM who participated in qualitative research (n=121). Participants were purposively selected men who reported same sex practices (last 12 months). Migrants were men residing in Moscow but from other Russian regions and immigrants from countries outside of Russia. A socioecological framework was used to describe distal to proximal factors that influenced risks for HIV acquisition. MSM ranged from heterosexual to gay-identified. Stigma and violence related to homophobia in homelands and concerns about xenophobia and distrust of migrants in Moscow were emerged as key themes. Participants reported greater sexual freedom in Moscow but feared relatives in homelands would learn of behaviors in Moscow, often avoiding members of their own ethnicity in Moscow. Internalized homophobia was prevalent and linked to traditional sexual views. Sexual risks included sex work, high numbers of partners, and inconsistent condom use. Avoidance of HIV testing or purchasing false results was related to reporting requirements in Russia, which may bar entry or expel those testing positive. HIV prevention for MSM should consider immigrant/migrant populations, the range of sexual identities, and risk factors among these men. The willingness of some men to socialize with immigrants/migrants of other countries may provide opportunities for peer-based prevention approaches. Immigrants/migrants comprised important proportions of the MSM population, yet are rarely acknowledged in research. Understanding their risks and how to reach them may improve the overall impact of prevention for MSM and adults in Russia.

Modelling the impact of HIV prevention and treatment for men who have sex with men on HIV epidemic trajectories in low- and middle-income countries.

Little is known about the impact of combination HIV prevention interventions for men who have sex with men (MSM) and the impacts on the wider epidemics. Modelling analyses of MSM-specific interventions across varied HIV epidemics may inform evidence-based responses. The Goals model was adapted to project the impacts of providing HIV interventions for MSM and access to expanded coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for adults to measure the effects on the MSM and adult epidemics in Peru, Ukraine, Kenya and Thailand. Positive impacts were observed in all four countries. Across epidemics, 14-25% of infections among MSM may be averted between 2012 and 2016 when MSM interventions are brought to scale and MSM have equal access to expanded ART for adults. Among adults, MSM interventions may avert up to 4000 new infections, in addition to the benefits associated with increased ART. Greatest impacts from expanded interventions were observed in countries where same sex transmission contributes significantly to the HIV epidemic. While significant benefits are observed among the adult and MSM populations with expansion of ART, consideration should be given to the synergies of combining ART expansion with targeted interventions to reach hidden, high-risk populations for HIV testing and counselling and linkages to care.

[Timely registration of fatalities in the state of Hessen. Experiences during the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic]. / Zeitnahe Erfassung und Übermittlung von Todesfällen in Hessen. Eine erste Einschätzung zur Influenza-A/H1N1v-Pandemie.

Timely registration of fatalities is important for the assessment of course, extent, risk of age groups, and magnitude or severity of health threats. Nevertheless, timely data of casualties are not available on the state or national level. The current paper describes the implementation and structure of a surveillance system for the timely registration of casualties in the state of Hesse (Germany) and the experience obtained during the pandemic 2009/10. The delay of the case-based registration appears tolerable and after 2 weeks more than 80% of all deaths for a given week are registered. In 2008, the forwarding of the electronically registered data from the registry offices (95% of all cases) to the state statistical office (HSL) had been accelerated from a monthly to a weekly base. The HSL provides--on a weekly basis--this case-based data in accordance with data protection rules to the Hesse State Health Office (HLPUG, "Hessischer Landesprüfungs- und Untersuchungsamt im Gesundheitswesen"). During the pandemic, the data allowed assessment of the excess mortality with a delay of 2 weeks. No significant excess mortality was apparent; however, a slight increase was observed in the age groups 15-34, 35-49, and 50-59. Correlation of time with the severity of the A/H1N1v epidemic was not very strong. Hence, the data did not indicate an excess significantly exceeding the number of death cases registered with the mandatory reporting system of 21 cases for Hesse.

[H1N1 pandemic. Measures and experiences on the state level]. / H1N1-Pandemie. Maßnahmen und Erfahrungen auf Landesebene.

In order to establish a joint pandemic strategy, the German states ("Länder") together with the German federal government ("Bund") agreed on joint preparations for pandemic scenarios. This included the description of procedures, such as infection control measures, stockpiling of antiviral drugs, and contracts with vaccine manufacturers to ensure supply of vaccines in the event of a pandemic. The situation during the influenza H1N1 pandemic differed from that planned so that many short-term adjustments were required. It highlighted the need to make pandemic planning more flexible. In spite of several obstacles which had to be overcome during the situation, the states managed to achieve a relatively coordinated procedure and provided the availability of vaccines. In the course of the pandemic, gaps and shortcoming in existing surveillance systems were identified, which should lead to further improvements. A key point for future pandemic events is successful communication between all interested parties, especially with the medical profession, to increase the acceptance of public policies.

Two stereoisomers of spheroidene in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides R26 reaction center: a DFT analysis of resonance Raman spectra.

From a theoretical analysis of the resonance Raman spectra of 19 isotopomers of spheroidene reconstituted into the reaction center (RC) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides R26, we conclude that the carotenoid in the RC occurs in two configurations. The normal mode underlying the resonance Raman transition at 1239 cm(-1), characteristic for spheroidene in the RC, has been identified and found to uniquely refer to the cis nature of the 15,15' carbon-carbon double bond. Detailed analysis of the isotope-induced shifts of transitions in the 1500-1550 cm(-1) region proves that, besides the 15,15'-cis configuration, spheroidene in the RC adopts another cis-configuration, most likely the 13,14-cis configuration.

Spin-coated polyethylene films probed by single molecules.

We have studied ultrathin spin-coated high-density polyethylene films by means of single-molecule spectroscopy and microscopy at 1.8 K. The films have been doped with 2.3,8.9-dibenzanthanthrene (DBATT) molecules, which function as local reporters of their immediate environment. The orientation distributions of single DBATT probe molecules in 100-200 nm thin films of high-density polyethylene differ markedly from those in low-density films. We have found a preferential orientation of dopant molecules along two well-defined, mutually perpendicular directions. These directions are preserved over at least a 2 mm distance. The strong orientation preference of the probe molecules requires the presence of abundant lateral crystal faces and is therefore not consistent with a spherulitic morphology. Instead, a "shish-kebab" crystal structure is invoked to explain our results.

[The role of public health service in prevention and control of infectious diseases in the Federal Republic of Germany. Tasks, structures and responsibilities--an overview]. / Rolle der Gesundheitsbehörden der Länder bei der Verhütung und Bekämpfung von Infektionskrankheiten. Aufgaben, Strukturen und Zuständigkeiten--eine Ubersicht.

The goal is to describe the structure of administration for the control of infectious diseases in the German states. Internationally there is an increasing risk of potentially global transmission of infectious diseases and therefore increasing need for improved control mechanisms which are viable locally, regionally and internationally. The international public health community must ensure that responses to infectious disease with a potential impact on more than one county entail concerted action, clear communication and decision making by diverse administration agencies. Given Germany's federal structure, the 16 states have differing protocols delineating responsibilities for infection control systems. This paper provides an overview, going into detail only with regard to the administration structure in Hesse. In 2001, the German law governing infectious disease control was amended and significantly expanded. With regard to protection of humans from infectious disease, each state must define its schedule of responsibilities on the resulting scope of duties. Each state in Germany has entrusted the local public health service at the county level with the responsibility for infection prevention and control. As a rule, at the state level both an expert agency and one or more district administration agencies have been installed; these work directly with the Ministry of Health at the state level. In addition to this, Hesse has established a "centre of competence for highly contagious diseases." In the event of an infectious emergency, this network provides special treatment of highly infectious patients and expertise for public health services and the Ministry of Health on a 24-h shift basis. In times of ongoing structural transformation, it is important to emphasize that expertise at the state level is not an alternative to maintaining enough specialised personnel in the public health services themselves. Specialized practitioners are needed to ensure professional and fast-acting responses, both for the prevention and control of infectious diseases.

[Management of bioterroristic attacks with dangerous infectious agents]. / Management bioterroristischer Anschläge mit gefährlichen infektiösen Agenzien.

The ongoing discussion on threats by terrorist attacks leads to a realignment of tasks and responsibilities within the health care system. Especially the public health services are developing from exercising mainly an advisory function to becoming an integral part in disaster response to devastating biological scenarios. Recent risk assessment recommends authoritative integration of public health officials into disaster response planning and to define their role inside the command and control structures of disaster management. Interdisciplinary networks of public health services, medical treatment centres, emergency medical services, reference laboratories and hospital hygiene services have appeared to be successful in the management of life-threatening, contagious diseases and unexpected bioterrorist incidents as well. In March 2003 the "StAKoB" was established as a permanent working group of the centres for prepared ness and treatment. Major objectives of the working group are ex change of information, mutual support in cases of emergency and standardisation in staff training.

Conceptional considerations for a German influenza pandemic preparedness plan.

A pandemic appearance of influenza A virus must be expected at any time. The limitations of health preserving and life-saving resources, which will inevitably be reached in the event of a pandemic, will be accompanied by ethical and possibly social conflicts, which can be lessened or resolved only through precautionary planning, clearly specified competencies and transparent decisions within a social consensus. In case of a shortage of vaccines and virostatic agents, decisions will have to be made with regard to the segment of the population that absolutely must be vaccinated. It is currently estimated that a (monovalent) vaccine developed for a new pandemic strain would only suffice for the single vaccination of approximately half of the German population after a year; only 10-14 million vaccine dosages would be available to provide basic immunization and single boosters to personnel required to maintain basic medical care and essential infrastructure after half a year. In the event of local influenza outbreaks, antiviral chemotherapeutic agents could be used to close the gap until a vaccine can become effective. Even if suitable influenza vaccines and virostatic agents are not sufficiently available at the start of a pandemic, it is still possible to at least prevent an outbreak of two of the most feared secondary infections that accompany influenza: pneumococcal pneumonia or meningitis and illnesses resulting from Haemophilus influenzae. Agreement still needs to be reached with manufacturers for guaranteeing the necessary vaccine production or ensuring that they have a sufficient stock to meet the minimum demand for antiviral agents and agents for symptomatic treatment.