Expression of somatostatin receptors in canine and feline meningioma.

OBJECTIVES: The standard treatment for canine and feline meningiomas includes radiotherapy, surgical excision or combined therapy. However, new therapeutic approaches are required due to the possible recurrence or progression of meningiomas despite initial therapy. Adjunctive therapy with synthetic long-acting somatostatin (SST) analogues has been described in humans with SST-expressing tumours. The expression of SST receptors (SSTRs) by feline meningiomas is currently unknown, and there are little data about canine meningiomas. We hypothesized that SSTR is expressed by canine and feline meningiomas (S1). METHODS: Seven canines and 11 felines with histologically confirmed meningiomas underwent STTR screening. RNA expressions of SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5 (canine) and SSTR1-SSTR 5 (feline) in fresh frozen and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples were investigated using real-time (RT)-qPCR. The expression of SSTR1 and SSTR2 in FFPE samples was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The specificity of applied antibodies for canine and feline species was confirmed by western blotting. RESULTS: In canine meningiomas (n = 7), RNA expression of SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR5 was detected in all samples; SSTR3 RNA expression was detected in only 33% of samples. In feline meningiomas (n = 12), RNA expression of SSTR1, SSTR4, SSTR5 and SSTR2 was detected in 91%, 46%, 46% and 36% of samples, respectively; SSTR3 was not expressed. Overall, the detection rate was lower in FFPE samples. IHC revealed the expression of SSTR1 and SSTR2 in all samples from both species. However, it is important to exercise caution when interpreting IHC results due to the presence of diffuse background staining. CONCLUSIONS: SSTRs are widely expressed in canine and feline meningiomas, thereby encouraging further studies investigating SSTR expression to conduct trials about the effect of adjunctive therapy with long-acting SST-analogues.

Recent magmatism drives hydrocarbon generation in north-east Java, Indonesia.

Conventional studies of petroleum basins associate oil generation with the gradual burial of organic-rich sediments. These classical models rely on the interplay between pressure, temperature, and the time required for organic matter transformation to oil and gas. These processes usually occur over geological timescales, but may be accelerated by rapid reactions when carbon-rich sediments are exposed to migrating magmatic fluids. The spectacular Lusi eruption (north-east Java, Indonesia) is the surface expression of the present-day deep interaction between volcanic and sedimentary domains. Here we report the ongoing generation of large amounts of hydrocarbons induced by a recent magmatic intrusion from the neighbouring Arjuno-Welirang volcanic complex. We have investigated a unique suite of oil and clast samples, and developed a detailed conceptual model for the complex hydrocarbon migration history in this part of the basin by integrating multidisciplinary techniques. Our results show that palynology, organic petrology, and chlorite microthermometry are the most sensitive geothermometers for basins affected by recent magmatic activity. These findings further our understanding of the driving mechanisms fueling the world's largest active mud eruption and provide a unique dataset to investigate modern hydrocarbon generation processes.

Palynological and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data of Carnian (Late Triassic) formations from western Hungary.

The data presented in this article are related to the research article "Palynology and weathering proxies reveal climatic fluctuations during the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) (Late Triassic) from marine successions in the Transdanubian Range (western Hungary)" (Baranyi et al., 2019). Palynological and palynofacies counts and mineralogical data are presented that build the core for the palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic interpretation discussed in the original research article. Other component of this data article is the description of the applied laboratory and analytical techniques. We also supply microscopic images of the identified pollen and spores and a list of all identified palynomorphs.

Plectin reinforces vascular integrity by mediating crosstalk between the vimentin and the actin networks.

Mutations in the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin result in multisystemic diseases affecting skin and muscle with indications of additional vascular system involvement. To study the mechanisms underlying vascular disorders, we established plectin-deficient endothelial cell and mouse models. We show that apart from perturbing the vimentin cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, plectin deficiency leads to severe distortions of adherens junctions (AJs), as well as tight junctions, accompanied by an upregulation of actin stress fibres and increased cellular contractility. Plectin-deficient endothelial cell layers were more leaky and showed reduced mechanical resilience in fluid-shear stress and mechanical stretch experiments. We suggest that the distorted AJs and upregulated actin stress fibres in plectin-deficient cells are rooted in perturbations of the vimentin cytoskeleton, as similar phenotypes could be mimicked in wild-type cells by disruption of vimentin filaments. In vivo studies in endothelium-restricted conditional plectin-knockout mice revealed significant distortions of AJs in stress-prone aortic arch regions and increased pulmonary vascular leakage. Our study opens a new perspective on cytoskeleton-controlled vascular permeability, where a plectin-organized vimentin scaffold keeps actomyosin contractility 'in-check' and maintains AJ homeostasis.

Mechanosensing through focal adhesion-anchored intermediate filaments.

Integrin-based mechanotransduction involves a complex focal adhesion (FA)-associated machinery that is able to detect and respond to forces exerted either through components of the extracellular matrix or the intracellular contractile actomyosin network. Here, we show a hitherto unrecognized regulatory role of vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) in this process. By studying fibroblasts in which vimentin IFs were decoupled from FAs, either because of vimentin deficiency (V0) or loss of vimentin network anchorage due to deficiency in the cytolinker protein plectin (P0), we demonstrate attenuated activation of the major mechanosensor molecule FAK and its downstream targets Src, ERK1/2, and p38, as well as an up-regulation of the compensatory feedback loop acting on RhoA and myosin light chain. In line with these findings, we show strongly reduced FA turnover rates in P0 fibroblasts combined with impaired directional migration, formation of protrusions, and up-regulation of "stretched" high-affinity integrin complexes. By exploiting tension-independent conditions, we were able to mechanistically link these defects to diminished cytoskeletal tension in both P0 and V0 cells. Our data provide important new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying cytoskeleton-regulated mechanosensing, a feature that is fundamental for controlled cell movement and tumor progression.