Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on posttraumatic stress in patients with psychiatric illness.

The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of posttraumatic stress response in reaction to the COVID-19, including posttraumatic-stress-disorder-like symptoms (PTSD-like symptoms) and depressive symptoms, among patients with pre-existing psychiatric illness. The socio-demographic and psychological correlates of PTSD-like symptoms were also examined. A total of 193 participants were recruited. More than 45% of the respondents reported significant PTSD-like symptoms related to the COVID-19; this group of patients also had a high level of pandemic-related depressive symptoms. High level of PTSD-like symptoms were predicted by rumination on concerns about the outbreak of COVID-19 and feeling of social isolation. They were also associated with hypervigilance to cues related to the pandemic. Our results suggested that the pandemic had taken a psychological toll on people living with psychiatric illness. Further research is needed to understand the development and mechanism of traumatic stress reaction in response to a prolonged infectious disease outbreak among this vulnerable population. Clinical attention is also called to mitigate the psychiatric sequalae of the pandemic in this vulnerable group of people.

Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis in the Asian context: a review of the recent studies.

The cardinal symptoms of psychosis include hallucination and delusion, which can be both distressing and disabling. International guidelines recommend cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp) as an adjunctive intervention to medication management. Considering the difficulty in the widespread dissemination of the individual CBTp, group CBTp is an alternative in improving patients' access to psychological intervention. Although it has been found feasible and effective in various studies, systematic review on group CBTp, particularly in Asia, was not identified. Hence, this systematic review tried to examine the recent evidence of group CBTp in Asia in order to shed light on its implementation in routine psychiatric care. A relevant literature search was conducted in three databases (Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, and PsycINFO) during the period from January 2000 to December 2018. A total of 114 journal articles were identified. After a full-text review, four studies met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Despite methodological shortcomings, positive results were found in terms of improvements on psychotic symptoms, functioning, and quality-of-life. These encouraging results indicate the need for future research studies with more rigorous methodology, leading to a better understanding on the applicability and effectiveness of group CBTp in the Asian context.

Group cognitive behavioural therapy for Chinese patients with psychotic disorder: A feasibility controlled study.

AIM: Evidence for the effectiveness of individual cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp) is promising but evidence for presenting CBTp in a group setting and in the Asian context is limited. The present study is to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of Group CBTp in clinical practice. METHOD: Forty-eight out-patients and day-patients with the schizophrenia spectrum disorders were recruited and randomly assigned to the group CBTp plus treatment as usual (TAU), or psychoeducation group (PsyEdI) plus TAU. Both interventions consisted of 7 consecutive weekly sessions with a booster session 4 weeks after the last session. Patients were assessed on outcome measures such as the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a Chinese version of the Beliefs About Voice Questionnaire-Revised version (BAVQ-R), at baseline and after treatment. RESULTS: Patients received group CBTp (n = 25) showed significantly greater improvement in their delusion compared with those receiving PsyEdI (n = 23). Nearly 61% of patients in the group CBTp showed at least 50% reduction on their score of delusion in the PSYRATS. Group CBTp was also found to be effective in reducing patients' dysfunctional beliefs towards voices, especially in the subscale of benevolence and omnipotence, their conviction on delusion, as well as their distress from positive psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSION: Group CBTp can be an effective adjunctive psychological intervention in improving positive psychotic experiences among people with persistent psychotic symptoms, and can be applied in routine clinical practice.

Psychometric properties of translated outcome measures of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis in the Chinese context.

OBJECTIVES: Growing evidence supporting the use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to improve outcomes in patients with psychosis has largely originated from American and European countries, its applicability and effectiveness in Chinese patients with psychosis is still under-explored. However, the lack of stable and reliable outcome measures to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT for patients with psychosis hinders further development of psychological intervention in patients with psychosis in the Chinese context. The present study therefore aims to translate selected outcomes measures developed in American and European countries to measure the effectiveness of CBT for psychosis into Chinese and evaluate their psychometric properties. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with residual psychotic symptoms were recruited in the Department of Psychiatry, Kowloon Hospital, Hong Kong. Participants were asked to complete a set of self-reported questionnaires twice with an interval of a week, including Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-Revised (BAVQ-R), Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) and Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ). RESULTS: The results found that the Chinese versions of BAVQ-R, BCIS and SMQ had excellent test-retest reliability with good to acceptable internal reliability. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, all three translated outcome measures were found to be stable and reliable, and were ready for evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for psychosis in the Chinese population. Further discussions on scoring and interpretations of the Chinese version of SMQ were made.

The role of knowledge and motivation in symptom identification accuracy among schizophrenic patients: application of signal detection theory.

OBJECTIVE: Many people with schizophrenia have poor awareness of their symptoms, a problem that may result from lack of knowledge about their illness and/or unwillingness to acknowledge it. The present study assessed the joint influence of lack of knowledge and motivated denial in schizophrenic patients' low symptom awareness. METHOD: Schizophrenic patients (N = 85) and normal control participants (N = 35) identified psychotic symptoms and general stress symptoms in a symptom checklist. The signal detection theory was applied to assess levels of sensitivity (which would be knowledge-mediated) and judgment biases (which would probably be motivated). RESULTS: Compared with normal control participants, schizophrenic patients had lower sensitivity and greater aversion to classify a symptom as a psychotic symptom. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that both lack of knowledge and motivated denial are involved in schizophrenic patients' low symptom awareness.