Use of a Novel Artificial Intelligence System Leads to the Detection of Significantly Higher Number of Adenomas During Screening and Surveillance Colonoscopy: Results From a Large, Prospective, US Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Adenoma per colonoscopy (APC) has recently been proposed as a quality measure for colonoscopy. We evaluated the impact of a novel artificial intelligence (AI) system, compared with standard high-definition colonoscopy, for APC measurement. METHODS: This was a US-based, multicenter, prospective randomized trial examining a novel AI detection system (EW10-EC02) that enables a real-time colorectal polyp detection enabled with the colonoscope (CAD-EYE). Eligible average-risk subjects (45 years or older) undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy were randomized to undergo either CAD-EYE-assisted colonoscopy (CAC) or conventional colonoscopy (CC). Modified intention-to-treat analysis was performed for all patients who completed colonoscopy with the primary outcome of APC. Secondary outcomes included positive predictive value (total number of adenomas divided by total polyps removed) and adenoma detection rate. RESULTS: In modified intention-to-treat analysis, of 1,031 subjects (age: 59.1 ± 9.8 years; 49.9% male), 510 underwent CAC vs 523 underwent CC with no significant differences in age, gender, ethnicity, or colonoscopy indication between the 2 groups. CAC led to a significantly higher APC compared with CC: 0.99 ± 1.6 vs 0.85 ± 1.5, P = 0.02, incidence rate ratio 1.17 (1.03-1.33, P = 0.02) with no significant difference in the withdrawal time: 11.28 ± 4.59 minutes vs 10.8 ± 4.81 minutes; P = 0.11 between the 2 groups. Difference in positive predictive value of a polyp being an adenoma among CAC and CC was less than 10% threshold established: 48.6% vs 54%, 95% CI -9.56% to -1.48%. There were no significant differences in adenoma detection rate (46.9% vs 42.8%), advanced adenoma (6.5% vs 6.3%), sessile serrated lesion detection rate (12.9% vs 10.1%), and polyp detection rate (63.9% vs 59.3%) between the 2 groups. There was a higher polyp per colonoscopy with CAC compared with CC: 1.68 ± 2.1 vs 1.33 ± 1.8 (incidence rate ratio 1.27; 1.15-1.4; P < 0.01). DISCUSSION: Use of a novel AI detection system showed to a significantly higher number of adenomas per colonoscopy compared with conventional high-definition colonoscopy without any increase in colonoscopy withdrawal time, thus supporting the use of AI-assisted colonoscopy to improve colonoscopy quality ( ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04979962).

Adequacy of the WHOQoL-BREF to Assess the Quality of Life of Victims of Armed Conflicts.

There is a deterioration in the quality of life (QoL) of survivor victims of warlike conflicts. Because there is a need to guarantee the effectiveness of assessment tools for these populations, we studied the adequacy of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQoL-BREF) to assess the QoL of 1,136 surviving victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. Although this questionnaire has yielded promising results, questions remain about its psychometric suitability for specific populations. We used model modification at the item level, comparisons of models with different factor structures, and dimensionality analysis to address the psychometric problems encountered. Dimensionality analysis using a bifactor model suggests that WHOQoL-BREF total scores might be a more appropriate way of reporting results when model fit adequacy is not reached. Conclusions are offered on the psychometric properties of the WHOQoL-BREF, the evaluation of special populations, and possible strategies to address future questionnaire modifications.

Evaluación de la prescripción de medicamentos en niños y adolescentes con hipertensión arterial / Evaluation of the medications prescription in children and adolescents with hypertension

Introducción: El tema de la tensión arterial en niños y adolescentes ha cobrado un marcado interés en los últimos años, debido al incremento de su prevalencia en este grupo poblacional Objetivo: Evaluar la prescripción de medicamentos en niños y adolescentes con hipertensión arterial atendidos en el Hospital Infantil Norte Dr. Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y transversal, que se corresponde con un estudio de utilización de medicamentos, del tipo indicación-prescripción, esquemas terapéuticos y consecuencias prácticas, de 39 pacientes con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial atendidos en el Servicio de Cardiología del mencionado centro hospitalario, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2018, quienes cumplieron los criterios de selección establecidos. Se utilizaron variables principales (prescripción y reacciones adversas) y de control (edad, color de la piel, sexo y factores de riesgo). Resultados: Predominaron el sexo masculino (79,4 %), el grupo etario de 15-18 años (66,6 %), la hipertensión arterial primaria (estadio 1), los pacientes de piel negra y la obesidad como factor de riesgo mayormente identificado (58,9 %). Conclusiones: Las prescripciones fueron evaluadas en su mayoría como adecuadas, lo que demuestra el enfoque preventivo y el uso racional de los medicamentos.

Introduction: The topic of blood pressure in children and adolescents has taken a marked interest in the last years, due to the increment of its prevalence in this population group Objective: To evaluate the prescription of medications in children and adolescents with hypertension assisted in Dr. Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional investigation that squared with a medications use study, of indication-prescription type, therapeutic outlines and practical consequences, of 39 patients with diagnosis of hypertension assisted in the Cardiology Service of the hospital abovementioned, was carried out from January to December, 2018, who fulfilled the established selection approaches. Main variables (prescription and adverse reactions) and control variables (age, skin colour, sex and risk factors) were used. Results: There was a prevalence of the male sex (79.4 %), 15-18 age group (66.6% ), primary hypertension (stage 1), black skin patients and obesity as the risk factor mostly identified (58.9 %). Conclusions: The prescriptions were evaluated in their majority as appropriate, what demonstrates the preventive approach and the rational use of medications.

The development of social comparisons and sharing behavior across 12 countries.

Humans are social beings, and acts of prosocial behavior may be influenced by social comparisons. To study the development of prosociality and the impact of social comparisons on sharing, we conducted experiments with nearly 2500 children aged 3-12 years across 12 countries across five continents. Children participated in a dictator game where they had the opportunity to share up to 10 of their stickers with another anonymous child. Then, children were randomized to one of two treatments. In the "shared a little" treatment children were told that another child from their school had shared 1 sticker, whereas in the "shared a lot" treatment children were told that another child from their school had shared 6 stickers in the same game. There was a strong increase in baseline sharing with age in all countries and in both treatments. The "shared a lot" treatment had a positive treatment effect in increasing sharing overall, which varied across countries. However, cross-cultural comparisons did not yield expected significant differences between collectivist and individualist countries. Our results provide interesting evidence for the development of sharing behavior by age across the world and show that social information about the sharing of peers is important for children's decision making.

The development of children's preferences for equality and equity across 13 individualistic and collectivist cultures.

A concern for fairness is a fundamental and universal element of morality. To examine the extent to which cultural norms are integrated into fairness cognitions and influence social preferences regarding equality and equity, a large sample of children (N 2,163) aged 4-11 were tested in 13 diverse countries. Children participated in three versions of a third-party, contextualized distributive justice game between two hypothetical recipients differing in terms of wealth, merit, and empathy. Social decision-making in these games revealed universal age-related shifts from equality-based to equity-based distribution motivations across cultures. However, differences in levels of individualism and collectivism between the 13 countries predicted the age and extent to which children favor equity in each condition. Children from the most individualistic cultures endorsed equitable distributions to a greater degree than children from more collectivist cultures when recipients differed in regards to wealth and merit. However, in an empathy context where recipients differed in injury, children from the most collectivist cultures exhibited greater preferences to distribute resource equitably compared to children from more individualistic cultures. Children from the more individualistic cultures also favored equitable distributions at an earlier age than children from more collectivist cultures overall. These results demonstrate aspects of both cross-cultural similarity and divergence in the development of fairness preferences.

Higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Hispanic patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis and metabolic risk factors.

The effect of metabolic syndrome on chronic liver diseases other than non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has not been fully elucidated. Our goal was to evaluate if metabolic syndrome increased the risk of liver-related complications, specifically hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and decompensation, in cirrhotic chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 3503 consecutive cirrhotic CHC patients seen at Stanford University from 1997-2015. HCC developed in 238 patients (8-year incidence 21%) and hepatic decompensation in 448 patients (8-year incidence 61%). The incidence of HCC and decompensation increased with Hispanic ethnicity, diabetes, and number of metabolic risk factors. Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that, independent of HCV therapy and cure and other background risks, Hispanic ethnicity with ≥2 metabolic risk factors significantly increased the risk of HCC and hepatic decompensation. There was no interaction between Hispanic ethnicity and metabolic risk factors. All in all, metabolic risk factors significantly increase the risk of liver-related complications in cirrhotic CHC patients, especially HCC among Hispanics. As the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases globally, targeted health interventions are needed to help curb the effects of metabolic syndrome in CHC patients.

Morbilidad por infecciones respiratorias agudas en menores de 5 años / Morbidity due to acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 253 pacientes menores de 5 años de edad, ingresados con diagnóstico de infecciones respiratorias agudas en el Hospital Distrital de Sayaxché, desde enero a septiembre de 2012, con vistas a caracterizar la morbilidad. En la serie predominaron el sexo masculino (55,7 %), los niños menores de 1 año (55,3 %), la exposición al humo pasivo como principal factor de riesgo asociado (75 %), la fiebre como manifestación clínica al ingreso (98 %), así como la neumonía/bronconeumonía en este mismo grupo de edades (88,6 %), de los cuales 58,7% recibió tratamiento con ceftriaxone. La estadía hospitalaria fue generalmente de 4 a 6 días y la mayoría de los afectados egresaron mejorados.

A descriptive and cross sectional study of 253 patients under 5 years of age, admitted with the diagnosis of acute respiratory infections in the District Hospital of Sayaxché, was carried out from January to September, 2012, with the aim of characterizing morbidity. Male sex (55.7%), children under 1 year (55.3%), exposure to passive smoke as main associated risk factor (75%), fever as clinical manifestation at admission (98%) prevailed in the series, as well as pneumonia/bronchopneumonia in this same age group (88.6%), of which 58.7% received treatment with ceftriaxone. The hospital stay was 4-6 days and most of the patients affected were better at discharge.

Questionnaire of executive function for dancers: an ecological approach.

There is a current debate about the ecological validity of executive function (EF) tests. Consistent with the verisimilitude approach, this research proposes the ballet executive scale (BES), a self-rating questionnaire that assimilates idiosyncratic executive behaviors of classical dance community. The BES was administrated to 149 adolescents, students of the Cuban Ballet School. Results present a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .80 and a split-half Spearman-Brown coefficient r (SB) = .81. An exploratory factor analysis describes a bifactorial pattern of EF dimensions, with a self-regulation component, which explains more than 40% of variance, and a Developmental component, which accounts for more than 20% of variance. The questionnaire's total scores fit linear regression models with two external criteria of academic records, confirming concurrent validity. These findings support the hypothesis that the internalization of specific contextual cultural meanings has a mediating influence in the development of EF.

Caracterización de recién nacidos operados a causa de malformaciones digestivas / Characterization of new born operated due to digestive malformations

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio descriptivo y transversal de los 55 recién nacidos intervenidos quirúrgicamente por malformaciones digestivas, atendidos en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Infantil Norte Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba en el quinquenio 2003-2007. En la casuística predominaron los neonatos con bajo peso al nacer, sobre todo varones (65,5 por ciento), así como también los afectados por estenosis hipertrófica del píloro, atresia esofágica, malformación anorrectal, atresia y estenosis intestinales, causantes de la muerte de la tercera parte de los pacientes, en asociación con procesos sépticos.

Results of a descriptive and cross-sectional study related to 55 new born operated due to digestive malformations at the Neonatology Service of Northern Pediatric Hospital Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez from Santiago de Cuba during 2003-2007 were presented. In the case material, low birth weight neonates, mostly males (65,5 per cent), as well as those affected by pylorus hypertrophic stenosis, esophageal atresia, anorectal malformation, intestinal atresia and stenosis, causing the death of the third part of patients in association with septic processes, were relevant.

Alteraciones clínicas y epidemiológicas por neumonía bacteriana en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Clinical epidemiological changes due to bacterial pneumonia in a pediatric intensive care unit

Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias agudas constituyen actualmente una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad de los niños menores de 5 años en los países en desarrollo, de las cuales, las neumonías provocan entre 80 y 90 por ciento de las muertes. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los lactantes e infantes hospitalizados por neumonía bacteriana, según variables clinicoepidemiológicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y trasversal de 68 pacientes con neumonía bacteriana, que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos del Hospital Infantil Norte Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2005. Resultados: De los afectados, 58,8 por ciento tenían menos de 4 años y 73,5 por ciento pertenecían al sexo masculino. En la casuística predominaron los diagnosticados con neumonía e insuficiencia respiratoria (que constituyó la complicación conducente al ingreso). El estafilococo coagulasa negativo fue el microorganismo más aislado. Conclusiones: Las neumonías continúan siendo un problema de salud en la infancia, con primacía en las edades inferiores a los 4 años.

Introduction: Currently, acute respiratory diseases are one of main causes of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age in developing countries, including pneumonias that are responsible for 80 and 90 per cent of deaths. Objective: To characterize infants and children hospitalized due to bacterial pneumonia according clinical epidemiological variates. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 68 patients with bacterial pneumonia, who were admitted to the Pediatric Care Intensive Unit of Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January to December 2005. Results: Of those affected, 58, 8 per cent were under 4 of age and 73,5 per cent were male. Those diagnosed with pneumonia and respiratory failure (that constituted the complication leading to admission) prevailed in the case material. Negative-coagulase staphylococcus was the most isolated organism. Conclusions: Pneumonias continue being a health problem in childhood with predominance in ages under four.

Anemia hemolítica autoinmune por anticuerpos fríos y drepanocitemia de aparición tardía / Autoimmune hemolytic state due to cold antibodies and sickle cell anemia of late onset

Se describe el caso clínico de un adolescente de 16 años de edad, con antecedentes de buena salud, que fue ingresado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos del Hospital Infantil Norte Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba por sospecharse la presencia de neumonía bacteriana y anemia moderada. Los resultados de los exámenes complementarios permitieron concluir que el paciente presentaba anemia hemolítica autoinmune por anticuerpos fríos y anemia falciforme de aparición tardía, por lo cual fue trasladado al Servicio de Hematología, de donde egresó sin complicaciones

The case report of a 16 year-old adolescent , with history of good health is described. He was admitted in the Pediatric Intensive Cares Unit of Dr Juan of the Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Children Hospital of Santiago de Cuba due to suspicions of the presence of bacterial pneumonia and moderate anemia. The results of the additional tests allowed to conclude that the patient presented autoimmune hemolytic state due to cold antibodies and sickle cell anemia of late onset, reason why he was referred to the Hematology Service, where he was discharged without complications

Influencia del tipo de nutrición en la evolución del recién nacido operado por malformaciones digestivas / Influence of the type of nutrition in the clinical course of the newborn operated due to digestive malformations

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio descriptivo y transversal sobre la alimentación precoz en los recién nacidos intervenidos quirúrgicamente por malformaciones digestivas, atendidos en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Infantil Norte Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba en el quinquenio 2003 _ 2007. La nutrición enteral causó menor número de complicaciones y fallecimientos, propició una mayor recuperación del peso corporal y apenas redujo las cifras de hemoglobina durante la estadía intrahospitalaria

The results of a descriptive and cross-sectional study on the early feeding in newborns surgically treated due to digestive malformations are presented. They were assisted in the Neonatology Service of Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Children Hospital of Santiago de Cuba in the five year period 2003-2007. The enteral nutrition caused less number of complications and deaths, it brought about a greater recovery of the body weight and it barely reduced the hemoglobin during the intrahospital stay

Neumonía por virus de la influenza A H1N1 en un adolescente / Pneumonia due to A H1N1 influenza virus in an adolescent

Se presenta el primer caso clínico de un adolescente de 11 años de edad, ingresado en la Unidad de Cuidados Progresivos del Hospital Infantil Norte Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba por presentar, desde hacía 4 días, malestar general, fiebre, tos, dolor en la garganta y falta de aire. Se diagnosticó una neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, causada por el virus de la influenza A H1N1, lo cual fue confirmado con los resultados de los exámenes complementarios. El paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y fue egresado a los 16 días

The case history of a 11 year-old adolescent that was admitted in the Progressive Care Unit of Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba is presented because he had diffuse discomfort, fever, cough, sore throat and apnea during 4 days. A community acquired pneumonia was diagnosed, caused by the A H1N1 influenza virus, which was confirmed with the results of the additional tests. The patient evolved satisfactorily and he was discharged in 16 days

Caracterización de la población infantil con fiebre reumática / Characterization of the children population with acute articular rheumatism

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 31 niños con fiebre reumática que ingresaron en el Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital Infantil Norte Docente Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero del 2003 hasta diciembre del 2007, con el objetivo de identificar algunos aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos de la enfermedad en estos pacientes. Entre los principales resultados sobresalieron: el grupo etáreo de 10 a 14 años, el sexo femenino, la carditis y la poliartritis como formas clínicas, así como las afectaciones de las válvulas mitral y aórtica. En los pacientes con doble lesión valvular no se pudo realizar tratamiento quirúrgico.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 31 children with acute articular rheumatism who were admitted to the Cardiology Service of Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Teaching Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2003 to December, 2007, with the purpose of identifying some clinical epidemiological aspects of the disease in these patients. Among the main results age group of 10 -14 years, female sex, carditis and polyarthritis as clinical forms prevailed, as well as involvement of mitral and aortic valves. In patients with double valvular lesion surgical treatment could not be performed.

Fascitis necrosante en una lactante / Necrotizing fasciitis in a newborn

La fascitis necrosante es una infección grave de los tejidos blandos, que afecta progresiva y rápidamente la piel, el tejido celular subcutáneo y la fascia muscular. Se presenta el caso de una lactante remitida desde el Hospital Rural La Pimienta con manifestaciones respiratorias y lesiones rojizas en cuello, cara, tronco y extremidades. Los exámenes realizados confirmaron el diagnóstico de la enfermedad. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente, gracias al diagnóstico precoz y al tratamiento multidisciplinario, emergente e intensivo aplicado.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a soft tissue serious infection that affects progressively and quickly the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue and muscle fascia. The case of a new born is reported, who was referred from La Pimienta rural hospital with respiratory manifestations and reddish lesions in neck, face, trunk and extremities. Examinations confirmed the diagnosis of the disease. The patient made good progression due to early diagnosis and emergent and intensive multidisciplinary treatment.