Musculoskeletal Injury Concealment in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps: A Survey of Cadets' Reporting Behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Among service members, musculoskeletal injuries threaten military readiness and place a substantial burden on medical and financial resources. Emerging research suggests that service members regularly conceal injuries, especially in training environments. The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is a critical training environment for future U.S. military commissioned officers. Training activities expose cadets to a high risk of injury while in the ROTC. The purpose of this study was to explore injury-reporting behaviors in cadets and factors associated with injury concealment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We invited Army, Air Force, and Naval cadets from six host universities participating in officer training to complete an online, self-reported survey regarding injury reporting and concealment. Cadets answered questions about pain or injuries experienced during officer training. Survey questions pertained to an injury's anatomic location, onset, severity, functional limitations, and whether or not the injury had been reported. Cadets also selected factors that influenced the decision to report or conceal injuries from predetermined lists in a "choose any" fashion. A series of χ2 tests of independence compared the relationship between injury reporting and other injury characteristics for each individual injury. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-nine cadets (121 Army, 26 Air Force, and 12 Naval) completed the survey. Eighty-five cadets disclosed a total of 219 injuries. Two-thirds of injuries (144/219) were concealed. Twenty-six percent of participants (22/85) reported all injuries, whereas the remainder (63/85, 74%) had at least one concealed injury. In relation to injury reporting/concealment, there was a weak association with injury onset (χ21 = 4.24, P = .04, V = 0.14), a moderate association with anatomic location (χ212 = 22.64, P = .03, V = 0.32), and relatively strong associations with injury severity (χ23 = 37.79, P < .001, V = 0.42) and functional limitations (χ23 = 42.91, P < .001, V = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Two-thirds of injuries went unreported in this sample of ROTC cadets. Functional limitations, symptom severity, and injury onset may be the largest factors that influence the decision to report or conceal musculoskeletal injuries. This study establishes the foundation for researching injury reporting in cadets and adds to the existing military evidence on the topic.

US Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps Cadets' Knowledge of Exercise-related Musculoskeletal Injuries.

Musculoskeletal injuries, especially resulting from physical training, are a significant threat to military readiness. Due to costs related to treating injuries and the high probability of chronic, recurrent injuries, prevention should be a primary focus to maximize human performance and military success. However, in the US Army, many personnel are uninformed on injury prevention topics, and no research has identified injury prevention knowledge gaps in military leaders. This study examined the current knowledge of US Army ROTC cadets on injury prevention topics. This cross-sectional study was conducted at two university ROTC programs in the US. Cadets completed a questionnaire to identify participants' knowledge of injury risk factors and effective prevention strategies. Participants' perceptions of their leadership and their desires for future injury prevention education were also assessed. The survey was completed by 114 cadets. Except for dehydration and prior injury, participants had a greater than 10% incorrect response rate for questions regarding the impact of various factors on injury risk. Overall, participants displayed a positive view of their leadership's interest in injury prevention. The majority (74%) of participants reported a preference to receive injury prevention educational materials via electronic delivery. To develop implementation strategies and educational materials for injury prevention, identifying current injury prevention knowledge of military personnel should be a priority for researchers and military leaders. The initial military training of future officers is a critical time for further research and education efforts to improve the effectiveness and adoption of injury prevention strategies.

Comparison of the Graston Technique® With Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization for Increasing Dorsiflexion Range of Motion.

CONTEXT: Limited dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion (ROM) is commonly observed in both the athletic and general populations and is a predisposing factor for lower extremity injury. Graston Technique® (GT) is a form of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM), used commonly to increase ROM. Evidence of the long-term effects of GT on ROM is lacking, particularly comparing the full GT protocol versus IASTM alone. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of 6 sessions of the GT or IASTM compared with a control (CON) group for increasing closed-chain DF ROM. DESIGN: Cohort design with randomization. SETTING: Athletic training clinic. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 23 physically active participants (37 limbs) with <34° of DF. Participants' limbs were randomly allocated to the GT, IASTM, or CON group. INTERVENTION: Participants' closed-chain DF ROM (standing and kneeling) were assessed at baseline and 24-48 hours following their sixth treatment. Participants in the CON group were measured at baseline and 3 weeks later. The intervention groups received 6 treatments during a 3-week period, whereas the CON group received no treatment. The GT group received a warm-up, instrument application, stretching, and strengthening of the triceps surae. The IASTM group received a warm-up and instrument application. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Closed-chain DF was assessed with a digital inclinometer in standing and kneeling. RESULTS: A significant difference between groups was found in the standing position (P = .03) but not in kneeling (P = .15). Post hoc testing showed significant improvements in DF in standing following the GT compared with the control (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: The GT significantly increases ankle DF following 6 treatments in participants with DF ROM deficits; however, no differences were found between GT and IASTM. The GT may be an effective intervention for clinicians to consider when treating patients with DF deficits.