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BACKGROUND: Gelastic seizure (GS) is a rare type of epilepsy that most commonly appears in patients with hypothalamic hamartoma. It is rarely associated with other types of brain damage. This particular type of epilepsy is relatively rare and has few links to other brain lesions. Temporal lobe malacia is mostly caused by cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage, which can lead to seizures. We report a case of GS in a woman with temporal lobe malacia which was reported for the first time in the literature. CASE SUMMARY: A 73-year-old female, diagnosed case of GS, presented with repetitive stereotyped laughter a month prior to presentation, happening multiple times daily and with each time lasting for 5-15s. Electroencephalogram displayed a focal seizure seen in the right temporal region. Magnetic resonance imaging head with contrast showed a right temporal lobe malacia. The patient was started on levetiracetam daily. The patient indicated that they had fully recovered and were not experiencing any recurrent or stereotyped laughter during their daily routines. These results remained consistent even after a one-year follow-up period. CONCLUSION: GS can be caused by temporal lobe malacia, which is an uncommon but potentially grave condition. The outcome of this present case exhibited the importance of the temporal lobe in the genesis of GS.
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Graphics processing units (GPUs) facilitate massive parallelism and high-capacity storage, and thus are suitable for the iterative reconstruction of ultrahigh-resolution micro computed tomography (CT) scans by on-the-fly system matrix (OTFSM) calculation using ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM). We propose a finite state automaton (FSA) method that facilitates iterative reconstruction using a heterogeneous multi-GPU platform through parallelizing the matrix calculations derived from a ray tracing system of ordered subsets. The FSAs perform flow control for parallel threading of the heterogeneous GPUs, which minimizes the latency of launching ordered-subsets tasks, reduces the data transfer between the main system memory and local GPU memory, and solves the memory-bound of a single GPU. In the experiments, we compared the operation efficiency of OS-MLTR for three reconstruction environments. The heterogeneous multiple GPUs with job queues for high throughput calculation speed is up to five times faster than the single GPU environment, and that speed up is nine times faster than the heterogeneous multiple GPUs with the FIFO queues of the device scheduling control. Eventually, we proposed an event-triggered FSA method for iterative reconstruction using multiple heterogeneous GPUs that solves the memory-bound issue of a single GPU at ultrahigh resolutions, and the routines of the proposed method were successfully executed on each GPU simultaneously.
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A shellular is a micro-architectured material, composed of a continuous smooth-curved thin shell in the form of a triply periodic minimal surface. Thanks to the unique geometry, a shellular can support external load by co-planar stresses, unlike microlattice, nanolattice, and mechanical metamaterial. That is, the shellular is the only stretching-dominated material with the highest strength at a density of less than 10-2 g/cc. Therefore, it is expected to support internal pressure, too, by the bi-axial tensile stresses like a balloon. For more than 300 years, spherical and cylindrical vessels have been viable yet compromised options for storing pressurized gases. However, emerging green mobility necessitates a safer and more spatially conformable storage solution for hydrogen than spherical and cylindrical vessels these conventional vessels. In this study, we propose to use the shellular as a pressure vessel. Due to the distinct topological nature - periodic micro-cells constituting the triply periodic minimal surface, the alternative pressure vessel can be tailored individually for spatial requirements while ensuring safety with leak-before-break. For a given constituent material and prescribed pressure, the achievable internal volume-per-total weight of a P-surfaced, cold-stretched, double-chambered shellular vessel with a number of cells more than 15 × 15 × 15 can exceed the practical upper bound of both spherical and cylindrical vessels. For the applications, a thin shell with the large surface area of this micro-architecture is ideal for interfacial transfer of heat or mass between its two sub-volumes under internal pressure.
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Background: 18F-florbetaben (FBB) positron emission tomography (PET) scan has been widely used in research and routine clinical practice. Most studies used late-phase (scanning from 90 to 110 min after injection) FBB scans to generate beta-amyloid accumulation data. The feasibility of middle-phase scan is seldom discussed. Using the middle-phase data can shorten the patients' waiting between the injection and scan, and hospital can acquire more flexible schedule of routine scan. Methods: Paired middle-phase (60-80 min) FBB scans and standard (90-110 min) FBB scans were obtained from 27 subjects (12 neurodegenerative dementia, 8 mild cognitive impairment, 3 normal control, and 4 patients not suffering from neurodegenerative dementia). Standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were calculated and converted to centiloid (CL) scale to investigate the impact on image quantification. CL pipeline validation were performed to build an equation converting the middle-phase data into equivalent standard scans. Cohen's kappa of binary interpretation and brain amyloid plaque load (BAPL) score were also used to evaluate the intrareader agreement of the FBB image from the two protocols. Results: The middle-phase FBB SUVR showed an excellent correlation, which provided a linear regression equation of SUVRFBB60-80 = 0.88 × SUVRFBB90-110 + 0.07, with R2=0.98. The slope of the equation indicated that there was bias between the middle and standard acquisition. This can be converted into the CL scale using CL = 174.68 × SUVR - 166.39. Cohen's kappa of binary interpretation and BAPL score were 1.0 (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the middle-phase FBB protocol is feasible in clinical applications for scans that are at either end of beta-amyloid spectrum, which provides comparable semiquantitative results to standard scan. Patient's waiting time between the injection and scan can be shortened.
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Occurrence of amyloid-ß (Aß) aggregation in brain begins before the clinical onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as preclinical AD. Studies have reported that sleep problems and autonomic dysfunction associate closely with AD. However, whether they, especially the interaction between sleep and autonomic function, play critical roles in preclinical AD are unclear. Therefore, we investigated how sleep patterns and autonomic regulation at different sleep-wake stages changed and whether they were related to cognitive performance in pathogenesis of AD mice. Polysomnographic recordings in freely-moving APP/PS1 and wild-type (WT) littermates were collected to study sleep patterns and autonomic function at 4 (early disease stage) and 8 months of age (advanced disease stage), cognitive tasks including novel object recognition and Morris water maze were performed, and Aß levels in brain were measured. APP/PS1 mice at early stage of AD pathology with Aß aggregation but without significant differences in cognitive performance had frequent sleep-wake transitions, lower sleep-related delta power percentage, lower overall autonomic activity, and lower parasympathetic activity mainly during sleep compared with WT mice. The same phenomenon was observed in advanced-stage APP/PS1 mice with significant cognitive deficits. In mice at both disease stages, sleep-related delta power percentage correlated positively with memory performance. At early stage, memory performance correlated positively with sympathetic activity during wakefulness; at advanced stage, memory performance correlated positively with parasympathetic activity during both wakefulness and sleep. In conclusion, sleep quality and distinction between wake- and sleep-related autonomic function may be biomarkers for early AD detection.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Disautonomias Primárias , Camundongos , Animais , Camundongos Transgênicos , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Sono , Cognição , Peptídeos beta-AmiloidesRESUMO
We present an 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) constructed for a wide operating temperature range from 25°C to -50°C sub-freezing temperature, demonstrating 40.1-GHz at -50°C. The optical spectra, junction temperature, and microwave equivalent circuit modeling of a sub-freezing 850-nm VCSEL between -50°C and 25°C are also discussed. Reduced optical losses, higher efficiencies, and shorter cavity lifetimes at sub-freezing temperatures are the leading causes of the improved laser output powers and bandwidths. The e-h recombination lifetime and the cavity photon lifetime are shortened to 113 and 4.1 ps, respectively. Could potentially supercharge VCSEL-based sub-freezing optical links for applications in frigid weather, quantum computing, sensing, aerospace, etc.
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Increased serum advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are commonly found in the patients with Diabetes mellitus (DM), aging-related diseases, and immune-mediated diseases. These diseases are notorious for vasculopathy, immune dysfunctions, and low-grade inflammation mimicking inflamm-aging. However, the molecular basis of inflamm-aging related to AGEs remains elucidation. In this study, we incubated human serum albumin (HSA) and glucose at 37 °C in 5% CO2 incubator for 0-180 days to generate AGE-HSA. We found the mixture gradually changing the color from transparancy to brown color and increased molecular weight during incubation. The pH value also gradually decreased from 7.2 to 5.4 irrelevant to ionic charge or [Ca2+] concentration, but dependent on gradual glycation of the alkaline amino acids, lysine and arginine. Functionally, 40 µg/mL of AGE-HSA decreased IL-2 production from human Jurkat T cell line via suppressing p-STAT3, p-STAT4, and p-STAT6 with an increased tendency of senescence-associated ß-galactosidase (SA-ßgal) expression but irrelevant to change of Th1/Th2/Treg subpopulations. In contrast, AGE-HSA enhanced CC motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL-5), IL-8, macrophage migration inhibitor factor (MIF), and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) but suppressed SA-ßgal expression by human macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Interestingly, AGE-HSA abrogated the HSA-induced soluble intercellular adhesion molecules 1 (sICAM-1), sE-selectin and endothelin release from human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and enhanced SA-ßgal expression. The accelerated and increased HSA glycations by individual inflammation-related cytokine such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-ß, or TNF-α in the in vitro study reflect increased serum AGE levels in patients with immune-mediated diseases. In conclusion, AGE-HSA can exert immunosuppresive, inflammatory and vasculopathic effects mimicking inflamm-aging in these patients.
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Células Endoteliais , Albumina Sérica , Humanos , Albumina Sérica/metabolismo , Interleucina-2 , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/química , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/metabolismo , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada/farmacologia , Albumina Sérica Humana , Inflamação , EnvelhecimentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gastric adenosquamous carcinoma (GASC) is a rare subtype of gastric cancer. Research on GASC treatment is limited, and its outcome is usually poor. We investigated the clinical features, immunoprofile of GASC, and determined the optimal treatment modality for these patients. METHODS: Patients with GASC from Taipei Veterans General Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical features and treatment outcomes were evaluated. Adequate samples were examined for surrogate biomarkers for immunotherapy by IHC staining. RESULTS: Total 14 (0.35%) GASC patients were found among 4034 gastric cancer patients. The median tumor size was 6.8 cm in 10 patients with stage III GASC, and all these patients underwent radical gastrectomy followed by adjuvant therapy. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 6.0 and 11.5 months, respectively. Two patients with stage IV GASC received frontline immunotherapy. Their median PFS and OS were 9.0 and 12.5 months. In immunoprofiling, 25.0% (n = 3), 75.0% (n = 9), and 33.3% (n = 4) of the samples had deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) protein, combined positive score (CPS) of ≥1, and CPS of ≥10, respectively. The univariate analysis revealed that programmed death-ligand 1 ≥5% (HR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.01-0.97; p = 0.047) was significant associated with superior OS. One stage IV patient with CPS ≥10 and dMMR proteins received nivolumab monotherapy as frontline treatment that resulted 14-month PFS. CONCLUSION: Patients with GASC are more likely to yield positive results for CPS and dMMR. Biomarkers should be examined, and immunotherapy can be considered as frontline systemic treatment.
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Carcinoma Adenoescamoso , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Terapia CombinadaRESUMO
Double-hit (DH) genetics induces a reduction in the complete remission (CR) and, consequently, in poor overall survival (OS) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. Unfortunately, DH identification is time-consuming. Here, we retrospectively reviewed 92 newly diagnosed DLBCL patients, stratified them into the DH (n = 14) and non-DH groups (n = 78), and compared their clinical features and outcomes. The results revealed that the DH group had a higher percentage of bulky disease than the non-DH group (64.3% vs. 28.2%; p = 0.013). More patients in the DH group tested positive for double expresser (DE) (50.0% vs. 21.8%; p = 0.044). The three-year OS rates of patients with and without DH were 33.3% and 52.2%, respectively (p = 0.016). Importantly, advance stage and multiple comorbidities were correlated with a high mortality rate in multivariate analysis. Furthermore, by combining DE and the bulky disease, a specificity of 89.7% for DH prediction was achieved. In summary, DH genetics, not DE immunopositivity, could be a factor for an inferior OS in DLBCL. A combination of bulky disease and a positive DE immunophenotype could facilitate DH genetics prediction in newly diagnosed DLBCL patients.
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant white blood cells in the circulation. These cells act as the fast and powerful defenders against environmental pathogenic microbes to protect the body. In addition, these innate inflammatory cells can produce a number of cytokines/chemokines/growth factors for actively participating in the immune network and immune homeostasis. Many novel biological functions including mitogen-induced cell-mediated cytotoxicity (MICC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), exocytosis of microvesicles (ectosomes and exosomes), trogocytosis (plasma membrane exchange) and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been successively discovered. Furthermore, recent investigations unveiled that PMNs act as a double-edged sword to exhibit paradoxical activities on pro-inflammation/anti-inflammation, antibacteria/autoimmunity, pro-cancer/anticancer, antiviral infection/COVID-19-induced immunothrombotic dysregulation. The NETs released from PMNs are believed to play a pivotal role in these paradoxical activities, especially in the cytokine storm and immunothrombotic dysregulation in the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this review, we would like to discuss in detail the molecular basis for these strange activities of PMNs.
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BACKGROUND: Chronic urticaria (CU) is comprised of diverse phenotypes, and thus, a shift towards a precision medical approach is warranted in its management. METHODS: This study enrolled 78 patients with CU. Serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, hematocrit, eosinophil count, IgE, antinuclear antibody (ANA), and serum diamine oxidase (DAO) levels of the patients were measured and were compared according to the patient's response to second-generation antihistamines (sgAH), corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), H2 blockers, and low-histamine diet. RESULTS: Age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that patients with duration of CU > 3 years (adjusted odd ratio [aOR] = 4.39) and a DAO level < 10 U/mL (aOR = 3.90) were significantly associated with a good sgAH response. Age > 50 years (aOR = 0.02), duration of chronic urticaria > 3 years (aOR =0.06), and an ANA titer ≥ 1 : 80 (aOR = 0.03) were significantly and inversely associated with corticosteroid response. A low-histamine diet response was significantly associated with LTRA response (aOR = 67.29). In addition, a DAO level < 5.4 U/mL (aOR = 71.95) was significantly associated with H2 blocker response. Furthermore, concomitant angioedema (aOR = 10.56), multiple food triggers (aOR = 11.69), and a DAO level < 5.4 U/mL (aOR = 3.78) were significantly associated with a low-histamine diet response. Conversely, dermatographic urticaria and a hematocrit level < 36% were significantly and inversely associated with low-histamine diet response. CONCLUSIONS: Several promising biomarkers were identified in this study to predict the efficacy of chronic urticaria treatment. DAO could be a novel biomarker for predicting the efficacy not only of dietary intervention but also for antagonists of H1 and H2 receptors.
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Urticária Crônica , Urticária , Doença Crônica , Urticária Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Dieta , Histamina , Humanos , Urticária/diagnóstico , Urticária/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
In this paper, we propose and analyze a nonsmoothly two-dimensional map arising in a seasonal influenza model. Such map consists of both linear and nonlinear dynamics depending on where the map acts on its domain. The map exhibits a complicated and unpredictable dynamics such as fixed points, period points, chaotic attractors, or multistability depending on the ranges of a certain parameters. Surprisingly, bistable states include not only the coexistence of a stable fixed point and stable period three points but also that of stable period three points and a chaotic attractor. Among other things, we are able to prove rigorously the coexistence of the stable equilibrium and stable period three points for a certain range of the parameters. Our results also indicate that heterogeneity of the population drives the complication and unpredictability of the dynamics. Specifically, the most complex dynamics occur when the underlying basic reproduction number with respect to our model is an intermediate value and the large portion of the population in the same compartment changes in states the following season.
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Pacemaker cells can be differentiated from stem cells or transdifferentiated from quiescent mature cardiac cells via genetic manipulation. Here we show that the exposure of rat quiescent ventricular cardiomyocytes to a silk-fibroin hydrogel activates the direct conversion of the quiescent cardiomyocytes to pacemaker cardiomyocytes by inducing the ectopic expression of the vascular endothelial cell-adhesion glycoprotein cadherin. The silk-fibroin-induced pacemaker cells exhibited functional and morphological features of genuine sinoatrial-node cardiomyocytes in vitro, and pacemaker cells generated via the injection of silk fibroin in the left ventricles of rats functioned as a surrogate in situ sinoatrial node. Biomaterials with suitable surface structure, mechanics and biochemistry could facilitate the scalable production of biological pacemakers for human use.
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Fibroínas , Miócitos Cardíacos , Animais , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Diferenciação Celular , Fibroínas/metabolismo , Fibroínas/farmacologia , Ratos , Nó Sinoatrial/metabolismoRESUMO
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic connective tissue disorder characterized by immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, and progressive tissue fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Moreover, increased cancer incidence and accelerated aging are also found. The increased cancer incidence is believed to be a result of chromosome instability. Accelerated cellular senescence has been confirmed by the shortening of telomere length due to increased DNA breakage, abnormal DNA repair response, and telomerase deficiency mediated by enhanced oxidative/nitrative stresses. The immune dysfunctions of SSc patients are manifested by excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-α, and TNF-α, which can elicit potent tissue inflammation followed by tissue fibrosis. Furthermore, a number of autoantibodies including anti-topoisomerase 1 (anti-TOPO-1), anti-centromere (ACA or anti-CENP-B), anti-RNA polymerase enzyme (anti-RNAP III), anti-ribonuclear proteins (anti-U1, U2, and U11/U12 RNP), anti-nucleolar antigens (anti-Th/T0, anti-NOR90, anti-Ku, anti-RuvBL1/2, and anti-PM/Scl), and anti-telomere-associated proteins were also found. Based on these data, inflamm-aging caused by immune dysfunction-mediated inflammation exists in patients with SSc. Hence, increased cellular senescence is elicited by the interactions among excessive oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and autoantibodies. In the present review, we will discuss in detail the molecular basis of chromosome instability, increased oxidative stress, and functional adaptation by deranged immunome, which are related to inflamm-aging in patients with SSc.
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Envelhecimento/genética , Fibrose/genética , Inflamação/genética , Escleroderma Sistêmico/genética , Envelhecimento/imunologia , Envelhecimento/patologia , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/patologia , Fibrose/complicações , Fibrose/imunologia , Fibrose/patologia , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/complicações , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/genética , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/patologia , Inflamação/complicações , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/patologia , Mediadores da Inflamação , Escleroderma Sistêmico/complicações , Escleroderma Sistêmico/imunologia , Escleroderma Sistêmico/patologia , Dermatopatias/complicações , Dermatopatias/genética , Dermatopatias/imunologia , Dermatopatias/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dizziness is a common symptom in adults and usually due to peripheral causes affecting semicircular canal function or central causes affecting the pons, medulla, or cerebellum. Arrhythmia is a recognized cause of dizziness in people with structural or ischemic heart disease. We report a case of exercise-induced transient ventricular tachycardia and dizziness in a man with no evidence of organic heart disease. CASE SUMMARY: A 42-year-old man presented with a 6 mo history of transient exercise-induced dizziness and prodromal palpitations. The patient was otherwise asymptomatic. Physical examination, otoscopy, vestibular tests, cerebellar tests, laboratory investigations, and imaging investigations were all unremarkable. Twenty-four hour Holter monitoring revealed four episodes of transient ventricular tachycardia during exercise. The patient was started on metoprolol and subsequently underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation. The patient reported a full recovery and no dizziness during daily activities. These results were maintained at the 6 mo follow-up. CONCLUSION: Ventricular tachycardia is an uncommon but potentially serious cause of dizziness. The outcome of this case illustrates the benefits of careful clinical examination and communication with specialized centers. High clinical suspicion of arrhythmia in a patient with dizziness merits consultation with a cardiologist and referral to a specialized center to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.
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Natural products are often the starting point for drug development and also the testing ground for synthetic methods. Herein we describe the total synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of a marine natural product, pagoamide A, which is a macrocyclic depsipeptide with two backbone thiazole units and a dimethylated N-terminus. The two thiazole building blocks were synthesized from commercially available materials in four or fewer steps and employed directly in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) to afford pagoamide A. The use of SPPS ensured that the synthetic sequence is operationally straightforward and, if needed, permits modular substitution of building blocks to easily access diverse structural analogs. Our antimicrobial assays showed that pagoamide A has moderate activity against Bacillus subtilis.
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between clinical phenotypes of dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) with myositis-specific antibodies (MSAs), and overlap diagnosis of systemic autoimmune diseases.This cross-sectional study was conducted on 67 patients with DM and 27 patients with PM recruited from a regional hospital in southern Taiwan. Clinical phenotypes of DM and PM were assessed and MSAs were measured using a commercial line blot assay. The association of clinical phenotypes of DM and PM with MSAs and overlap diagnosis of systemic autoimmune diseases was performed using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.Clinically, patients with DM and PM and overlap diagnosis of systemic sclerosis were associated with a higher risk of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) (odds ratio [OR]â=â6.73; Pâ=â.048), Raynaud phenomenon (ORâ=â7.30; Pâ=â.034), and malignancy (ORâ=â350.77; Pâ=â.013). The risk of malignancy was also associated with older age (OR 1.31; Pâ=â.012), and male patients were associated with a higher risk of fever. For MSAs, anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies were associated with ILD, antinuclear antibody were associated with a lower risk of arthritis, anti-transcription intermediary factor 1-gamma antibodies were associated with milder symptoms of muscle weakness, anti-Ku antibodies were associated with overlap diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, and anti-Ro52 antibodies were associated with the development of Raynaud phenomenon and Sjögren syndrome.MSAs and overlap diagnosis of systemic sclerosis were significantly associated with clinical phenotypes of DM and PM. Physicians should be vigilant for malignancy in older DM and PM patients with overlap diagnosis of systeic sclerosis. The possibility of developing ILD in patients with overlap diagnosis of systemic sclerosis or serum positivity of anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies should be considered.
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Autoanticorpos/análise , Dermatomiosite/classificação , Fenótipo , Polimiosite/classificação , Adulto , Idoso , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Dermatomiosite/sangue , Dermatomiosite/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimiosite/sangue , Polimiosite/epidemiologia , Taiwan/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant white blood cell in the circulation capable of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation after stimulation. Both NADPH oxidase-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in NET formation. The IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in human serum. However, the impact of the circulating IgG on NET formation is totally unexplored. In this study, the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced mature granulocytes (dHL-60) were pre-treated with monomeric human IgG, papain-digested Fab fragment, crystallizable IgG Fc portion, rituximab (a human IgG1), or IgG2. The NET formation of the dHL-60 in the presence/absence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation was then measured by the fluorescent area after SYTOX green nucleic acid stain. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured by flow cytometry. Total and phosphorylated Syk, SHP-1, and ERK were detected by immunoblot. We found that human monomeric IgG and its subclasses IgG1 and IgG2 per se induced negligible NET formation of dHL-60, but the FcγRIII engagement by these IgG subclasses and Fc portion augment PMA-stimulated dHL-60 NET formation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that increased Syk and ERK phosphorylation, intracellular ROS generation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-α, production could be induced after FcγRIII engagement. Blocking FcγRIII engagement by a specific antibody diminished the augmented NET formation. In conclusion, we discovered that cross-talk between FcγRIII engagement-induced Syk-ERK and PMA-induced PKC signaling pathways augment NET formation of dHL-60 via increased ROS generation and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-α, production.