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Dysphagia has emerged as a serious health issue facing contemporary society. Consuming thickened liquids is an effective approach for improving the swallowing safety for dysphagia patients. The thickening effect of chia seed gum (CSG), a novel thickener, in different dispersing media (water, orange juice, and skim milk) was investigated. Moreover, the potential application of CSG for dysphagia management was evaluated by comparison with xanthan gum (XG) and guar gum (GG). The thickened liquids prepared with 0.4 %-1.2 % (w/v) CSG, XG, and GG could be classified into levels 1-4, 2-4, and 1-3, respectively, according to the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) framework. All the thickened liquids displayed shear-thinning characteristics that facilitated safe swallowing. The viscosities (η50) of CSG dissolved in water (0.202-1.027 Pa·s) were significantly greater than those of CSG dissolved in orange juice (0.070-0.690 Pa·s) and skim milk (0.081-0.739 Pa·s), indicating that CSG had a greater thickening effect in water than in orange juice and skim milk. Compared with those prepared with GG, the thickened liquids prepared with CSG and XG exhibited greater viscoelasticity, better water-holding capacity, and more compact networks. The findings suggested that CSG can be used as a potential thickener for thickening liquid foods to manage dysphagia.
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Transtornos de Deglutição , Gomas Vegetais , Reologia , Sementes , Transtornos de Deglutição/tratamento farmacológico , Gomas Vegetais/química , Sementes/química , Viscosidade , Galactanos/química , Salvia/química , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/química , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/farmacologia , Humanos , Mananas/química , Mananas/uso terapêutico , Mananas/farmacologia , Leite/químicaRESUMO
Calcium ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (CaHMB), a functional calcium salt, is used to maintain and improve muscle health. Here, a new hydrogel material prepared from alginate (ALG) with three M/G ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2) and CaHMB (0-2 mg/mL) was investigated. CaHMB regulates the formation and properties of ALG hydrogels through chelation and hydrogen bonding. When the M/G ratio was 2:1, the anionic groups of CaHMB containing carboxyl and hydroxyl groups formed hydrogen bonds with the polysaccharide chains, hindering the capture of Ca2+ by the G-residue fragments of ALG, which in turn retarded the gelation process. The noncalcium cross-linked polysaccharide chain structure of ALG and the anionic group of CaHMB also affected the water distribution in the hydrogel, especially when M residue content ≥G residue content. Lower M/G ratios and higher CaHMB concentrations could increase the number of "egg box" crosslinking junctions of calcium alginate, and the microstructure was denser in the gel pores, resulting in a stronger gel strength and more free water bound in the gel matrix. This study provides a theoretical and methodological basis for the design of novel hydrogels by studying the crosslinking features of ALG/CaHMB.
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Alginatos , Cálcio , Hidrogéis , Alginatos/química , Hidrogéis/química , Cálcio/química , Valeratos/química , Íons/química , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Água/químicaRESUMO
The proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is precisely regulated by extracellular environmental factors. In situ hypoxia, one of the key factors involved in the regulation of NSC characteristics, has attracted increasing amounts of attention. Numerous studies have demonstrated that hypoxia can significantly promote the formation of neurospheres and the proliferation of NSCs in vitro and that intermittent hypoxia can promote the proliferation of endogenous NSCs in vivo. In this article, the effects of different concentrations of oxygen on NSC proliferation and differentiation both in vivo and in vitro are reviewed, and the potential applications of hypoxia-preconditioned NSCs, as well as research progress and challenges in the treatment of central nervous system diseases, are further summarized. Here, the critical role of oxygen in the neurogenesis of NSCs is emphasized, and insights into the use of hypoxia to regulate NSC characteristics are provided.
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Hipóxia Celular , Proliferação de Células , Células-Tronco Neurais , Neurogênese , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Humanos , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Oxigênio/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study focused on binary hydrogels constructed from lotus rhizome starch (LRS) and three types of carrageenan (κ-C, ι-C, and λ-C). The enthalpy of LRS gelatinization was reduced by 32.1%-88.4% with the incorporation of carrageenan. Compared with ι-C and λ-C, the conformations of κ-C more facilitated the development of the binary hydrogel network structure. The ability of the LRS/carrageenan binary hydrogel to immobilize water was mainly related to the effect of different types of carrageenan on starch molecular ordering. LRS-based hydrogels were recognized as level 4 in the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) framework. Nevertheless, the incorporation of carrageenan significantly reduced the ability of the LRS hydrogel to resist stress under large deformations, which might be favorable to oral processing and swallowing. This research provides preliminary evidence for relevant industries to use carrageenan to adjust LRS hydrogel properties and improve the quality of starch-based foods for dysphagia management.
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Kaempferol (KPR), a flavonoid compound found in various plants and foods, has garnered attention for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In preliminary studies, KPR can modulate several signaling pathways involved in inflammation, making it a candidate for treating cholecystitis. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of KPR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human gallbladder epithelial cells (HGBECs). To assess the impact of KPR on HGBECs, the HGBECs were divided into control, KPR, LPS, LPS + KPR, and LPS + UDCA groups. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were evaluated by MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, respectively, and concentrations of KPR (10-200 µM) were tested. LPS-induced inflammatory responses in HGBECs were to create an in vitro model of cholecystitis. The key inflammatory markers (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) levels were quantified using ELISA, The modulation of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway was measured by western blot using specific antibodies against pathway components (p-IκBα, IκBα, p-p65, p65, p-JNK, JNK, p-ERK, ERK, p-p38, and p38). The cell viability and LDH levels in HGBECs were not significantly affected by 50 µM KPR, thus it was selected as the optimal KPR intervention concentration. KPR increased the viability of LPS-induced HGBECs. Additionally, KPR inhibited the inflammatory factors level (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) and protein expression (iNOS and COX-2) in LPS-induced HGBECs. Furthermore, KPR reversed LPS-induced elevation of p-IκBα/IκBα, p-p65/p65, p-JNK/JNK, p-ERK/ERK, and p-p38/p38 ratios. KPR attenuates the LPS-induced inflammatory response in HGBECs, possibly by inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB signaling.
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Colecistite , NF-kappa B , Humanos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Inibidor de NF-kappaB alfa/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Quempferóis/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP QuinasesRESUMO
Salidroside (Sal), the main bioactive substance in Rhodiola rosea, is a promising functional food component with a wide range of pharmacological effects, but its biological activity is challenging to sustain due to its short half-life, low oral bioavailability, and susceptibility to environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium alginate (SA) concentration on the construction of W/O/W emulsion in the protection of Sal. With the escalation of SA concentrations, the range of droplet size distribution was smaller and the droplets were more uniform. When the concentration of SA was 2 %, the average droplet size reached 9.1 ± 0.1 µm, and the encapsulation efficiency of Sal was 77.8 ± 1.8 %. Moreover, the double emulsion with 2 % SA was the most stable for 28 days at 4 °C since the oil droplets were embedded in the network structure of SA.
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BACKGROUND: Glioma is a prevalent type of malignant tumor. To date, there is a lack of literature reports that have examined the association between sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) and glioma. METHODS: The levels of SUMF1 were examined, and their relationships with the diagnosis, prognosis, and immune microenvironment of patients with glioma were investigated. Cox and Lasso regression analysis were employed to construct nomograms and risk models associated with SUMF1. The functions and mechanisms of SUMF1 were explored and verified using gene ontology, cell counting kit-8, wound healing, western blotting, and transwell experiments. RESULTS: SUMF1 expression tended to increase in glioma tissues. SUMF1 overexpression was linked to the diagnosis of cancer, survival events, isocitrate dehydrogenase status, age, and histological subtype and was positively correlated with poor prognosis in patients with glioma. SUMF1 overexpression was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis. SUMF1-related nomograms and high-risk scores could predict the outcome of patients with glioma. SUMF1 co-expressed genes were involved in cytokine, T-cell activation, and lymphocyte proliferation. Inhibiting the expression of SUMF1 could deter the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells through epithelial mesenchymal transition. SUMF1 overexpression was significantly associated with the stromal score, immune cells (such as macrophages, neutrophils, activated dendritic cells), estimate score, immune score, and the expression of the programmed cell death 1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, CD79A and other immune cell marker. CONCLUSION: SUMF1 overexpression was found to be correlated with adverse prognosis, cancer detection, and immune status in patients with glioma. Inhibiting the expression of SUMF1 was observed to deter the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. The nomograms and risk models associated with SUMF1 could predict the prognosis of patients with glioma.
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Glioma , Humanos , Glioma/genética , Ativação Linfocitária , Nomogramas , Western Blotting , Contagem de Células , Prognóstico , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Oxirredutases atuantes sobre Doadores de Grupo EnxofreRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Laboratory scale experiments have shown that curdlan and gellan gum gelled together as curdlan/gellan gum (CG) hybrid gels showed better gel properties than the individual curdlan and gellan gum. In this study, CG and black wolfberry anthocyanin (BWA), CG and maltitol (ML) hybrid gels were constructed using CG hybrid gel as matrix. The effects of BWA or ML on the gel properties and microstructure of CG hybrid gels were investigated and a confectionery gel was developed. RESULTS: The presence of BWA increased the storage modulus (G') value of CG at 0.1 Hz, whereas ML had little effect on the G' value of CG. The addition of BWA (5 g L-1 ) and ML (0.3 mol L-1 ) increased the melting and gelling temperatures of CG hybrid gels to 42.4 °C and 34.1 °C and 44.2 °C and 33.2 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, the relaxation time T22 in CG-ML and CG-BWA hybrid gels was reduced to 91.96 and 410.27 ms, indicating the strong binding between BWA and CG, ML and CG. The hydrogen bond interaction between BWA or ML and CG was confirmed by the shift in the hydroxyl stretching vibration peak. Moreover, the microstructures of CG-ML and CG-BWA hybrid gels were denser than that of CG. In addition, confectionery gel containing CG-BWA-ML has good chewing properties. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that the incorporation of BWA or ML could improve the structure of CG hybrid gels and assign a sustainability potential for the development of confectionery gels based on CG complex. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Lycium , Maltose/análogos & derivados , Álcoois Açúcares , beta-Glucanas , Antocianinas , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/química , Géis/química , ReologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the comparative clinical outcomes and clinicopathological significance of vocal fold leukoplakia lesions treated by appearance classification and traditional methods. METHOD: A total of 1442 vocal fold leukoplakia patients were enrolled. Group A patients were treated according to appearance classification and Group B patients were treated according to traditional methods. RESULTS: In Group A, 24.4, 14.9 and 60.6 per cent of patients had grade I, II and III dysplasia, respectively. Grade I dysplasia (63.4 per cent) was more than twice as frequent in Group B patients than in Group A patients, while grade II dysplasia (20.4 per cent) and grade III dysplasia (16.2 per cent) were significantly less frequent in Group B patients than in Group A patients (p = 0.000). There was a significant correlation between vocal fold leukoplakia appearance and the degree of dysplasia (p = 0.000). The recurrence and malignant transformation rates (17.6 and 31 per cent, respectively) in Group B were significantly greater than those in Group A (10.8 and 25.9 per cent, respectively) (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Vocal fold leukoplakia appearance classification is useful for guiding treatment decision-making and could help to improve therapeutic accuracy.
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Doenças da Laringe , Prega Vocal , Humanos , Prega Vocal/patologia , Doenças da Laringe/patologia , Leucoplasia/cirurgia , Leucoplasia/patologiaRESUMO
To develop composite hydrogels based on low acyl gellan gum (GG), the effect of puerarin (PUE) on the gel properties of GG was investigated. The results showed that the maximum storage modulus (G') of the 1.2 % GG/0.8 % PUE composite hydrogel was 377.4 Pa at 0.1 Hz, which was enhanced by 4.7-fold compared with that of 1.2 % GG. The melting temperature of this composite hydrogel increased from 74.1 °C to >80.0 °C. LF-NMR results showed that a significant amount of free water was present in the hydrogel matrix. The surface structure aggregation and the shrinkage of the honeycomb meshes in the composite hydrogel proved the cross-linking of PUE and GG. XRD, FTIR and molecular simulation results illustrated that hydrogen bonds were the most important factor controlling the interaction between GG and PUE. Thus, the GG/PUE composite hydrogel has good elasticity, thermal stability and water retention, which lays a good foundation for further application in the food industry.
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Hidrogéis , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos , Hidrogéis/química , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/química , Água/químicaRESUMO
The gelation of scallop Patinopecten yessoensis male gonad hydrolysates (SMGHs) and κ-carrageenan (KC) subjected to pH (2-8, 3-9) and NaCl/KCl stimuli-response was investigated. SMGHs/KC gels subjected to a NaCl response exhibited an increasing storage modulus G'from 2028.6 to 3418.4 Pa as the pH decreased from pH 8 to 2, with corresponding T23 fluctuating from 966.40 to 365.64 ms. For the KCl-treated group, SMGHs/KC gels showed an even greater G' from 4646.7 to 10996.5 Pa, with T23 fluctuating from 622.2 to 276.98 ms as the pH decreased from 9 to 3. The improved gel strength could be ascribed to the blueshift and redshift of hydroxyl groups and amide I peaks, enhanced enthalpy and peak temperature, and gathered characteristic diffraction peaks from SMGHs, KC, NaCl, and KCl. The CLSM and cryo-SEM images further reflected that SMGHs/KC gels showed more flocculation formation and denser and more homogeneous networks with smaller pore sizes in more acidic domains, especially when subjected to the KCl response. This research gives a theoretical and methodological understanding of the construction of salt- and pH-responsive SMGHs/KC hydrogels as novel functional soft biomaterials applied in food and biological fields.
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Objective: To assess the therapeutic impacts of exercise, massage, and music interventions on college students experiencing depression by employing a mesh meta-analysis approach. This research intends to offer valuable insights to aid in the development of non-pharmaceutical treatment strategies for depression. Methods: We conducted a thorough search across various databases including Cochrane, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang to explore the effects of music, massage, aerobic exercise, fitness Qigong, yoga, tai chi, ball games, strength training, dance, whole body vibration training, and high-intensity interval training on the treatment of depression in college students. The search period was from January 1, 2023, which marks the establishment of each database. Subsequently, a mesh meta-analysis was performed using the "Stata 15.1" software, incorporating outcome indicators from 24 included literature comprising a total of 1458 patients. Results: Based on the ranking of the optimal intervention effects of various non-pharmaceutical methods, the order, from highest to lowest probability, was as follows: high-intensity interval training (96%), yoga (94.90%), dance (78.30%), music (73.30%), ball games (62.50%), strength training (51.70%), aerobic training (45.30%), tai chi (35.40%), vibration training (27.30%), massage (20.10%), qigong (14.30%), and no intervention (1.00%). This ranking aligns closely with the findings obtained from pairwise comparisons between different interventions. Conclusion: High-intensity interval training is likely to yield the most effective therapeutic results for college students with depression. In the pairwise comparison of different interventions, High-intensity interval training is also better than most interventions. However, to establish its intervention effect more conclusively, further validation through additional high-quality randomized controlled trials is necessary.
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Studying the noncovalent interactions between proteins and polysaccharides is quite important mainly due to the wide number of applications such as developing pH-responsive complexes. Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis male gonad hydrolysatessodium alginate (SMGHs-SA) was investigated as noncovalent complexes at pH from 1 to 10. The critical pH values pHC (around 6) and pHφ (around 4) were independent of the SMGHs-SA ratio, indicating the formation of soluble and insoluble complexes. The pH response of SMGHs-SA complexes was evaluated by investigating the rheological behavior, moisture distribution, functional group change and microstructure. Compared to the co-soluble and soluble complexes phases, the SMGHs-SA complexes had a higher storage modulus and viscosity as well as a lower relaxation time (T23) in the insoluble complexes phase (pHφ>3). Additionally, the amide I band and COO- stretching vibration peaks were redshifted and the amide A band vibration peaks were blueshifted by acidification. Electrostatic interactions and intermolecular/intramolecular hydrogen bonding led to SMGHs-SA agglomeration at pH 3, forming a uniform and dense gel network structure with strong gel strength and water-retention capacity. This study provides a theoretical and methodological basis for the design of novel pH-responsive complexes by studying SMGHs-SA complex coacervation.
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Alginatos , Pectinidae , Animais , Masculino , Alginatos/metabolismo , Gônadas/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Amidas/metabolismoRESUMO
Sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus will vomit their intestines during certain stimulations, and the collagen of the body wall will then be degraded. To define the effect of the sea cucumber intestine extracts on the body wall, the intestinal extracts and crude collagen fibers (CCF) of sea cucumber A. japonicus were prepared. According to the gelatin zymography, the type of endogenous enzymes in intestinal extracts were mainly serine endopeptidases with optimal activities at pH 9.0 and 40 °C. According to the rheology results, the viscosity of 3% CCF decreased from 32.7 Pa·s to 5.3 Pa·s by adding intestine extracts. The serine protease inhibitor phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride inhibited the activity of intestinal extracts and increased the viscosity of collagen fibers to 25.7 Pa·s. The results proved that serine protease in the intestinal extracts participated in the process of body wall softening in sea cucumbers.
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Phytoextraction is an environmentally friendly phytoremediation technology that can reduce the total amount of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil. Hyperaccumulators or hyperaccumulating transgenic plants with biomass are important biomaterials for phytoextraction. In this study, we show that three different HM transporters from the hyperaccumulator Sedum pumbizincicola, SpHMA2, SpHMA3, and SpNramp6, possess Cd transport. These three transporters are located at the plasma membrane, tonoplast, and plasma membrane, respectively. Their transcripts could be strongly stimulated by multiple HMs treatments. To create potential biomaterials for phytoextraction, we overexpressed the three single genes and two combining genes, SpHMA2&SpHMA3 and SpHMA2&SpNramp6, in rapes having high biomass and environmental adaptability, and found that the aerial parts of the SpHMA2-OE3 and SpHMA2&SpNramp6-OE4 lines accumulated more Cd from single Cd-contaminated soil because SpNramp6 transports Cd from root cells to the xylem and SpHMA2 from the stems to the leaves. However, the accumulation of each HM in the aerial parts of all selected transgenic rapes was strengthened in multiple HMs-contaminated soils, probably due to the synergistic transport. The HMs residuals in the soil after the transgenic plant phytoremediation were also greatly reduced. These results provide effective solutions for phytoextraction in both Cd and multiple HMs-contaminated soils.
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Brassica napus , Metais Pesados , Sedum , Poluentes do Solo , Cádmio/metabolismo , Sedum/metabolismo , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Metais Pesados/metabolismo , Solo , Biodegradação Ambiental , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/metabolismoRESUMO
The spleen is critical for immunity. It is the largest immune organ and immune center in the peripheral system. While the relationship between behavior and immunity has been demonstrated in physiology and diseases, the role of the spleen in behavior is not clear. To investigate the effects of the spleen on behaviors, we performed a refined splenectomy procedure on C57BL/6J mice and performed an open field test, circadian rhythm test, elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, and Barnes maze test. Splenectomy did not induce changes in general locomotion, circadian rhythms, learning and memory, or depression/anxiety-related behaviors. To further investigate the effects of spleen on stress susceptibility, we established mouse models of depression through chronic unpredictable mild stress. The behavioral performances of mice subjected to splenectomy showed no differences from control animals. These findings suggest that splenectomy does not cause changes in baseline behavioral performance in mice.
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Spatial hindrance of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) diffusion by inserting a barrier interlayer has been deemed as an effective strategy to restrict the shuttle effect in lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). However, the extra interlayer without reversible capacity production inevitably reduces the actual energy density of the battery. Herein, a freestanding α-MoO3 nanobelt interlayer with the decoration of TiN nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (denoted as MCT) is established. To investigate the capacity compensation effect of the MCT during cell operations, X-ray absorption near-edge spectrometry is conducted. It is revealed that MoO3 can sustain a reversible Li intercalation/deintercalation in a voltage range of 1.8-2.8 V, providing 180 mAh g-1 of extra capacity for compensating sulfur cathode. In addition, the adsorption of the lithiated α-MoO3 toward LiPSs is further evaluated. By matching a high-loading sulfur cathode (3.0 mg cm-2), a superior capacity of 713.3 mAh g-1 can be retained after 100 cycles under the MCT assistance.
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Hypoxia as a microenvironment or niche stimulates proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Autophagy is a protective mechanism by which recycled cellular components and energy are rapidly supplied to the cell under stress. Whether autophagy mediates the proliferation of NSCs under hypoxia and how hypoxia induces autophagy remain unclear. Here, we report that hypoxia facilitates embryonic NSC proliferation through HIF-1/mTORC1 signaling pathway-mediated autophagy. Initially, we found that hypoxia greatly induced autophagy in NSCs, while inhibition of autophagy severely impeded the proliferation of NSCs in hypoxia conditions. Next, we demonstrated that the hypoxia core regulator HIF-1 was necessary and sufficient for autophagy induction in NSCs. Considering that mTORC1 is a key switch that suppresses autophagy, we subsequently analyzed the effect of HIF-1 on mTORC1 activity. Our results showed that the mTORC1 activity was negatively regulated by HIF-1. Finally, we provided evidence that HIF-1 regulated mTORC1 activity via its downstream target gene BNIP3. The increased expression of BNIP3 under hypoxia enhanced autophagy activity and proliferation of NSCs, which was mediated by repressing the activity of mTORC1. We further illustrated that BNIP3 can interact with Rheb, a canonical activator of mTORC1. Thus, we suppose that the interaction of BNIP3 with Rheb reduces the regulation of Rheb toward mTORC1 activity, which relieves the suppression of mTORC1 on autophagy, thereby promoting the rapid proliferation of NSCs. Altogether, this study identified a new HIF-1/BNIP3-Rheb/mTORC1 signaling axis, which regulates the NSC proliferation under hypoxia through induction of autophagy.
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Proteínas de Membrana , Células-Tronco Neurais , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Hipóxia Celular , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/metabolismo , Autofagia , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gellan gum (GG) on the cold gelation of large yellow croaker roe protein isolate (pcRPI). The water-holding ability and storage modulus of the pcRPI-GG binary gels increased with the GG concentration, where the storage modulus of the pcRPI-0.2% GG gel was approximately 30.7 times that of the pure pcRPI gel. Compare to the other binary gels, pcRPI-0.2% GG gels exhibited a lower lacunarity and higher junction density, with a denser, more aggregated microstructure. Consequently, curcumin was embedded in pcRPI-0.2% GG gels, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion test results showed that GG addition effectively protected and slowed curcumin release in the gastrointestinal environment. These findings may contribute to elucidating the interaction of pcRPI with GG and demonstrate the potential of binary gels for the embedding and delivery of active substances.
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Curcumina , Perciformes , Animais , Curcumina/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/química , Géis/químicaRESUMO
Elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain protein 2 (Eftud2) is a spliceosomal GTPase that serves as an innate immune modulator restricting virus infection. Microglia are the resident innate immune cells and the key players of immune response in the central nervous system. However, the role of Eftud2 in microglia has not been reported. In this study, we performed immunofluorescent staining and western blot assay and found that Eftud2 was upregulated in microglia of a 5xFAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Next, we generated an inducible microglia-specific Eftud2 conditional knockout mouse line (CX3CR1-CreER; Eftud2f/f cKO) via Cre/loxP recombination and found that Eftud2 deficiency resulted in abnormal proliferation and promoted anti-inflammatory phenotype activation of microglia. Furthermore, we knocked down Eftud2 in BV2 microglia with siRNA specifically targeting Eftud2 and found that Eftud2-mediated regulation of microglial proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory phenotype activation in response to inflammation might be dependent on the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that Eftud2 plays a key role in regulating microglial polarization and homeostasis possibly through the NF-κB signaling pathway.