Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections among patients with cancer following two and three doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: a retrospective observational study from the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium.

Background: Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections following vaccination against COVID-19 are of international concern. Patients with cancer have been observed to have worse outcomes associated with COVID-19 during the pandemic. We sought to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with cancer who developed breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections after 2 or 3 doses of mRNA vaccines. Methods: We evaluated the clinical characteristics of patients with cancer who developed breakthrough infections using data from the multi-institutional COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19; NCT04354701). Analysis was restricted to patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed in 2021 or 2022, to allow for a contemporary unvaccinated control population; potential differences were evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression model after inverse probability of treatment weighting to adjust for potential baseline confounding variables. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality, with key secondary endpoints of hospitalization and ICU and/or mechanical ventilation (ICU/MV). Findings: The analysis included 2486 patients, of which 564 and 385 had received 2 or 3 doses of an mRNA vaccine prior to infection, respectively. Hematologic malignancies and recent receipt of systemic anti-neoplastic therapy were more frequent among vaccinated patients. Vaccination was associated with improved outcomes: in the primary analysis, 2 doses (aOR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44-0.88) and 3 doses (aOR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11-0.36) were associated with decreased 30-day mortality. There were similar findings for the key secondary endpoints of ICU/MV (aOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45-0.82 and 0.37, 95% CI: 0.24-0.58) and hospitalization (aOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.48-0.75 and 0.35, 95% CI: 0.26-0.46) for 2 and 3 doses, respectively. Importantly, Black patients had higher rates of hospitalization (aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.12-1.92), and Hispanic patients presented with higher rates of ICU/MV (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.06-2.44). Interpretation: Vaccination against COVID-19, especially with additional doses, is a fundamental strategy in the prevention of adverse outcomes including death, among patients with cancer. Funding: This study was partly supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute grant number P30 CA068485 to C-YH, YS, SM, JLW; T32-CA236621 and P30-CA046592 to C.R.F; CTSA 2UL1TR001425-05A1 to TMW-D; ACS/FHI Real-World Data Impact Award, P50 MD017341-01, R21 CA242044-01A1, Susan G. Komen Leadership Grant Hunt to MKA. REDCap is developed and supported by Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research grant support (UL1 TR000445 from NCATS/NIH).

Dangerous dog licks! - A rare case of epidural abscess secondary to Capnocytophaga.

We present a rare case of a 71-year-old female. She has a history of irritable bowel syndrome that is diet controlled. However she presented to the emergency department (ED) with a history of diarrhea, weakness, chills and right lower back pain for two days. She was found to have epidural abscesses secondary to Capnocytophaga bacteremia. To date, there has been only one case report of a sacral abscess secondary to Capnocytophaga sp. Capnocytophaga is a genus of facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacilli that are frequent commensals in the oral cavity of cats and dogs. It can be transmitted by bites, scratches or contact of saliva with exposed mucosa or skin. It is a rare but potentially fatal infection, that is known to cause severe septicemia and shock, especially in patients with splenectomy. Our case is a unique presentation of sepsis and epidural abscesses in an immunocompetent host due to Capnocytophaga. Given the slow growing and fastidious nature of the organism, it requires a high suspicion in a patient presenting with slow growing gram-negative rod bacteremia and diligent following of cultures and sensitivities to ensure correct antibiotic coverage.

Inpatient antibiotic resistance: Everyone's problem.

Greater efforts aimed at using antimicrobials sparingly and appropriately, as well as developing new antimicrobials with activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens, are ultimately needed to address the threat of antimicrobial resistance. This article describes the evidence-based management of inpatient infections caused by resistant bacteria and the role family physicians can play in reducing further development of resistance through antimicrobial stewardship practices.

Computer-Assisted Antimicrobial Recommendations for Optimal Therapy: Analysis of Prescribing Errors in an Antimicrobial Stewardship Trial.

Clinician education and prospective audit and feedback interventions, deployed separately and concurrently, did not reduce antimicrobial use errors or rates compared to a control group of general medicine inpatients at our public hospital. Additional research is needed to define the optimal scope and intensity of hospital antimicrobial stewardship interventions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:857-859.

Brucellar Vertebral Osteomyelitis: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature.

Brucellosis is the most common worldwide zoonosis which continues to remain a significant worldwide health problem and burden. Transmission usually occurs secondary to direct or indirect exposure to certain animals, but a major mode of transmission is the ingestion ofunpasteurized milk or milk products from infected animals. 'Ihe disease has a geographic distribution including the Mediterranean basin and Arabian Peninsula, India, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. However, cases are seen in the United States in international travelers or due to ingestion ofusuallyimported, unpasteurized dairyproducts. Systemic infection with Brucella species can affect anyorgan, although focal forms ofbrucellosis do exist. We present a case of brucellar vertebral osteomyelitis.

A 44-Year-Old Man With Sore Throat and Fatigue After Using an Old Camper Van.

A 44-year-old man from Connecticut with no significant past medical history presented to the ED with a 2-week history of sore throat and fatigue, subsequently developing cough, dyspnea, fevers, and chills. The patient reported buying an old camper van and noticed a large infestation of rodent droppings, which he had cleaned thoroughly from the cabin. He used the camper van on several camping trips in Vermont, and symptoms started on his return.

Autosplenectomy Causing Catastrophic Pneumococcal Meningitis in a Patient with Lupus/Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome.

We present the case ofa26-year-old female who presented to the hospital with pneumococcal meningitis. A review of her records showed atrophic spleen, and a hypercoagulable workup was positive for Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)/Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS). An autosplenectomy from thrombotic occlusion of the splenic artery made her susceptible to pneumococcal meningitis. Autoimmune conditions, particularly SLE and APS, are important causes of hypercoagulable states in a young population, and earlier detection of these conditions and appropriate treatment helps to decrease morbidity and mortality among these patients.

Lost in translation? Reliability of assessing inpatient antimicrobial appropriateness with use of computerized case vignettes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and measure reliability of a computer-assisted method of case vignette assembly and expert review to assess the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy for hospitalized adults. DESIGN: Feasibility and reliability analysis of computer-assisted tool used to compare the effects of antimicrobial stewardship interventions. SETTING: Public teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Randomly selected adult antimicrobial recipients admitted to inpatient medicine services. METHODS: Clinical data abstracted from 504 paper medical records were merged with computerized laboratory and pharmacy data to assemble case vignettes that underwent expert review for appropriateness. We performed 3 validations, as follows: data for 35 vignettes abstracted independently by 2 research assistants were assessed for interrater agreement, expert review of 24 vignettes was compared with review of the corresponding paper medical records, and interrater reliability of antimicrobial appropriateness assessments by 2 experts was determined for 70 case vignettes. RESULTS: Vignette assembly and expert review each required 10-12 minutes per case. Potentially important discrepancies occurred in 0%-32% of clinical findings abstracted independently by 2 research assistants. Expert review of 24 vignettes and the corresponding full paper medical records yielded fair agreement (kappa, 0.30). The 2 experts identified inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy in 67% and 61% of case vignettes reviewed independently; interrater agreement was improved after sequential case discussion and stringent application of appropriateness criteria (kappa, 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: Our case vignette assembly and expert review method is efficient, but improvements in both technical and human performance are needed to be able to yield valid estimates of the prevalence of inappropriate antimicrobial use. Assessments of antimicrobial appropriateness require validation.