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Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a common gynecological condition associated with significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary factors, such as magnesium intake, may play a role in PID risk. However, the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and PID risk remains uncertain. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of PID. Methods: This cross-sectional study included data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2018. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between dietary magnesium intake and PID. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was performed to assess the linear and non-linear associations. Subgroup analyses were performed based on baseline characteristics. Results: A total of 3,034 women aged 20-59 were included in the study. Magnesium intake exhibited a significant association with lower PID risk in weighted multivariable logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for dietary magnesium intake in quartiles Q2 (133.12-214.93 mg/day), Q3 (214.93-287.19 mg/day), and Q4 (above 287.19 mg/day) compared to Q1 (below 133.12 mg/day) were 0.48 (95% CI: 0.28-0.82), 0.64 (95% CI: 0.32-1.27), and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.18-0.88), respectively. Stratified analyses showed that significant association between dietary magnesium intake and PID in older subgroup but not in younger subgroup. Additionally, RCS analyses consistently revealed a linear negative correlation between dietary magnesium intake and PID risk. Conclusion: This study reveals a significant negative correlation between dietary magnesium intake and risk of PID, particularly among older individuals. These findings underscore the importance of dietary factors in gynecological health and highlight the potential role of magnesium supplementation in PID prevention strategies.
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Driven by the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the crop residue open burning (CROB) in China cannot be ignored. In this study, we have established a high-resolution (0.05° × 0.05°) GHG emissions inventory (including CO2, CH4, and N2O) of CROB from 2012 to 2021 in China based on the VIIRS data and official statistics. To improve the results accuracy, we compared the two commonly used bases for grid allocation, fire counts (FC) and fire radiative power (FRP), in the construction of high-resolution inventory. In 2012, GHG emissions are overestimated by 599 t CO2e per grid on average in 24,577 grids, and underestimated by 1096 t CO2e per grid on average in 13,546 grids based on FC compared to FRP. Then, we characterized the spatial and temporal distribution of GHG emissions from CROB by using the FRP-based method. From 2012 to 2021, total GHG emissions from CROB in China have decreased by 31.2 %, of which the East and South-Central China contributed 22.51 and 9.12 Tg CO2e of GHG reductions, while the Northeast China contributed 10.73 Tg CO2e of GHG growth, respectively. In addition, GHG emissions from CROB on the time scale are mainly concentrated in April, June, and October, with variations between years and regions influenced by the policy, climate, and farmers' perceptions. Finally, we assessed the GHG emission reductions from CROB under different scenarios in the future. By 2060, GHG emissions would be significantly reduced by 57.3 %-77.9 % compared to 2021 under effective control measures. We believe the results will be of great significance for GHG policy formulation and emission reduction potential assessment.
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Black carbon (BC), as one of the short-lived climate pollutants, is becoming more prominent contribution from non-road mobile source, especially for agricultural machinery (AM) in China. However, the understanding of BC emissions from AM is still not clear, and the BC emission factors (EFs) are also limited. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on twenty AM to investigate the instantaneous BC emission characteristics and quantify BC EFs under the whole tillage processes. We find the instantaneous BC emissions and fuel consumptions are obvious differences and present good synchronization under different tillage processes. Multi-type (CO2-, fuel-, distance-, time-, and area-based) EFs of BC are developed, which are significantly affected by different tillage processes and emission standards of the used AM. While AM conducting rotary tillage, ploughing, harvest corn and harvest wheat on the same area of land, total BC emissions by using the China III emission standard AM will be reduced by 56%, 36%, 88%, and 87% than those by using China II emission standard AM, respectively. Furthermore, for corn and wheat production under the whole tillage processes, BC EFs are 16.90 (6.03-39.12) g/hm2 and 18.18 (5.91-38.69) g/hm2, CO2 EFs are 112.64 (72.07-195.98) g/hm2 and 103.72 (71.47-167.02) g/hm2, respectively. We estimate the BC and CO2 emissions from wheat and corn productions based on the average area-based EFs. The large fluctuation ranges of BC and CO2 emissions in different tillage processes and the whole processes can reflect that the use of AM in China is uneven. It also indicates that there is a large space for BC and CO2 emission reduction and optimization. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the control of BC and CO2 emissions from AM. We believe that the recommended multi-type EFs are applicable for the quantification of BC emissions from AM in China and other countries.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluentes Ambientais , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Fuligem/análise , Triticum , Zea mays , Carbono , ChinaRESUMO
Non-road construction equipment (NRCE) has become a crucial contributor to urban air pollution. However, the current research on NRCE is still in its infancy, and the understanding of its pollutant emissions is not yet clear. In this study, multi-pollutant (CO, HC, NOx, PM2.5, and BC) and CO2 emissions from 12 excavators and 9 loaders under real-world conditions are investigated by using a synchronous platform based on portable emission measurement system (SP-PEMS). We find the instantaneous emission rates of multi-pollutant present significant variability under different operation modes, and pollutant emissions are significantly high under cold start. Generally, multi-pollutant emission factors (EFs) have been all effectively reduced with the tightening of emission standards except for CO and NOx. The BC and PM2.5 emissions are significantly affected by engine types, and those emitted by electronically-controlled fuel injection (EI) engines are at lower concentration levels compared with mechanical fuel injection (MI) engines. The mass ratios of BC/PM2.5 for EI engines are 2.05 times that for MI engines on average. Through comparison, we find the multi-pollutant EFs of NRCE reported by different studies and the Guide vary greatly, and those recommended by the Guide may be overestimated or underestimated to varying degrees. Finally, we recommend the multi-pollutant EFs of NRCE under different emission standards by combining the results of various studies, and which will provide scientific support for the accurately establish of emission inventory.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluentes Ambientais , Emissões de Veículos/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Dióxido de Carbono , Material Particulado/análiseRESUMO
In-depth exploration of the potential links between instantaneous black carbon (BC) emissions and driving parameters from real-world diesel trucks (DTs) is a key step toward development of a highly flexible vehicle emissions estimation system. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on 22 DTs with mainstream types and emission standards, and obtained instantaneous data of BC emissions and vehicle driving. Since vehicle specific power (VSP) is an excellent surrogate for engine load, we characterize the instantaneous BC emissions and VSP distributions, and then establish links between VSP and fuel consumption, VSP and BC emission rates, VSP and BC emission factors (EFs), respectively. We find that BC emission rates of China V light-duty DTs installed with diesel particulate filter (DPF) are significantly lower (2 to 3 orders of magnitude) than those with China III and China IV. Frequent acceleration and deceleration of vehicles maybe the main reason leads to high BC emissions. The distribution of VSP is mainly concentrated in the ranges of -30 to 35 kW/t in the scope of this study. We find that VSP and BC EFs did not show a consistent pattern for all tested DTs, and BC EFs present obvious fluctuations with the VSP variation. The average fuel-based BC EFs vary by factors of 2.27-8.25 from the lowest to highest EFs. Through a fitting of the third-order polynomial function, we finally quantify and provide fitting formulas of BC EFs and VSP under more detailed categorization. Our results can provide important data support for accurate quantification of BC EFs, and even emission inventory calculations.