The evaluation of IMERG and ERA5-Land daily precipitation over China with considering the influence of gauge data bias.

Evaluating the accuracy of the satellite and reanalysis precipitation products is very important for understanding their uncertainties and potential applications. However, because of underestimation existing in commonly used evaluation benchmark, gauge precipitation data, it is necessary to investigate the influence of systematic errors in gauge data on the performance evaluation of satellite and reanalysis precipitation datasets. Daily satellite-based IMERG and model-based ERA5-Land, together with gauge precipitation data, were collected with the period from 2005 to 2016 over China in this study. Daily corrections for precipitation biases from wind-induced undercatch, wetting loss, and trace error were made for gauge measurements. A set of metrics, including relative bias, Kling-Gupta efficiency, frequency bias, and critical success index, were used to evaluate and intercompare the performances of IMERG and ERA5-Land against original and bias-corrected gauge data in different locations, years, seasons, climatic zones, classes of precipitation events, and precipitation phases. The results have shown that: After removing the bias in gauge data, the relative biases of IMERG and ERA5-Land both significantly decline. The noticeable changes of their accuracy occur and vary with different locations, years, seasons, climatic zones, and precipitation phases. Furthermore, the frequency biases of IMERG and ERA5-Land rise in no precipitation events and decline in light, moderate, heavy, and extreme precipitation events. The detection capability of IMERG and ERA5-Land in no and light precipitation events is also obviously affected. Therefore, this study has demonstrated the significant influence of systematic gauge precipitation errors on the assessment of IMERG and ERA5-Land and reinforces the necessity to remove negative bias in gauge data before using it as the benchmark.

The relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention among temporary employees in the local government: Mediating role of perceived insider status and moderating role of gender.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between organizational commitment and turnover intention, and to test the mediating effect of perceived insider status, and moderating effect of gender on that relationship. Methodology: Data were collected using a questionnaire survey method from 820 temporary employees of government agencies working in China. The data obtained were analyzed according to the moderated mediation. Findings: As a result of the analysis, it was determined that perceived insider status has a partial mediation effect on the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention. Also, the results supported the moderated mediation and showed that the indirect effect of organizational commitment and turnover intention through perceived insider status was weaker for males than females. Then, the theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.