Clinicopathological and surgical comparisons of differentiated thyroid cancer between China and the USA: A multicentered hospital-based study.

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC), was the fastest-rising tumor of all malignancies in the world and China, predominantly differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, evidence on TC stage distribution and influencing factors of late-stage were limited in China. Methods: We carried out a retrospective study and enrolled TC patients who were first diagnosed and hospitalized in 8 hospitals in China in 2017. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between influencing factors and DTC stage. We extracted eligible primary DTC records newly diagnosed in 2017 from the USA's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We compared clinicopathological features and surgical treatment between our DTC records and those from the SEER database. Results: A total of 1970 eligible patients were included, with 1861 DTC patients with known stage. Among patients ≥45 years old, males (OR = 1.76, 95%CI 1.17-2.65) and those with new rural cooperative medical scheme insurance (NCMS) (OR = 1.99, 95%CI 1.38-2.88) had higher risks of late-stage DTC (stage III-IV). Compared with SEER database, over-diagnosis is more common in China [more DTC patients with onset age< 45 years old (50.3 vs. 40.7%, P < 0.001), with early-stage (81.2 vs. 76.0%, P < 0.001), and with tumors<2cm (74.9 vs. 63.7%, P < 0.001)]. Compared with the USA, TC treatment is more conservative in China. The proportion of lobectomy in our database was significantly higher than that in the SEER database (41.3 vs. 17.0%, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Unique risk factors are found to be associated with late-stage DTC in China. The differences in the aspect of clinicopathological features and surgical approaches between China and the USA indicate that potential over-diagnosis and over-surgery exist, and disparities on surgery extent may need further consideration. The findings provided references for other countries with similar patterns.

Improved Thermoelectric Performance of p-Type Argyrodite Cu8GeSe6 via the Simultaneous Engineering of the Electronic and Phonon Transports.

Guided by the concept of "phonon-liquid electron-crystal", many n-type argyrodite compounds have been developed as candidates for thermoelectric (TE) materials. In recent years, the p-type Cu8GeSe6 (CGS) compound has attracted some attention in TEs due to the presence of very strong atomic vibrational arharmonicity inside the sublattice, which is caused by the weak bonding between Cu ions and [GeSe6]8-. However, its TE performance is still poor, with a ZT value of only 0.2 at 623 K. Therefore, in this work, we propose to engineer both the electronic and phonon transports in CGS by incorporating the species In2Te3. This strategy tunes the carrier concentration and at the same time increases the phonon scattering on the point defects (InGe, Ininterstitial, and TeSe) and randomly distributed tetrahedra ([InSe4]5- and [GeTeSe3]4-). As a result, the phase transformation at 329 K in CGS is eliminated, and the peak ZT value is enhanced from 0.27 for CGS to ∼0.92 for (Cu8SnSe6)0.9(In2Te3)0.1 at 774 K; this thus proves that the incorporation of In2Te3 in CGS is an effective way of regulating its TE performance.

Synergistic Optimization of the Electronic and Phonon Transports of N-Type Argyrodite Ag8Sn1-xGaxSe6 (x = 0-0.6) through Entropy Engineering.

The argyrodite compound, Ag8SnSe6 (ATS), which is one of the promising thermoelectric (TE) candidates, is receiving growing attention in thermoelectrics recently. However, its TE performance is still low and phases are unstable as the temperature varies. In this work, inspired by entropy engineering, we eliminate the ß/γ phase transformation at ∼355 K via alloying Ga, thus extending its high-temperature cubic phase from 320 to 730 K. In the meantime, the power factor (PF) enhances by 10% and lattice thermal conductivity (κL) reduces by 40% at 723 K. As a result, the ZT value is boosted to ∼1.15 for Ag8Sn0.5Ga0.5Se6, which stands high among the ATS systems. This proves that the entropy engineering is an effective approach to extend the high-temperature range for the cubic γ-phase and improve its TE performance simultaneously.

Cation vacancy related crystal structure and bandgap and their effects on the thermoelectric performance of Cu-ternary systems Cu3+δIn5Te9 (δ = 0-0.175).

In this work the crystal structure and bandgap in the Cu3+δIn5Te9 material system were engineered through modifying the copper vacancy concentration (Vc). The results reveal that the crystal distortion parameter (ψ) increases as the Vc value decreases, which plays a fundamental role in enhancing the phonon scattering, thereby reducing the lattice part (κL) to the minimum value 0.21 W K-1 m-1 at ∼830 K. Although the electrical properties degrade due to the reduced Hall carrier concentration (nH) caused by the widened bandgap (Eg) as the Vc value increases, the mobility (µ) increases. As a consequence, the thermoelectric performance remarkably improves with a highest ZT value of ∼1.0 for the sample Cu3+δIn5Te9 (δ = 0.1). This value doubles that of the pristine Cu3In5Te9. The work gives insight into the potential phonon scattering in the distorted crystal structure in Cu-ternary systems and sheds some light on the design of high performance thermoelectric materials.