RESUMO
Meat qualities of free-range chicken (Xuan-Zhou) (XZ-FRC) are closely associated with slaughter age and directly influence the economic benefits of supplier and consumer's preference. Understanding of the relationship between meat qualities and ages will be of prime important to explore a better slaughter age of XZ-FRC. In this study, the quality traits of breast and thigh muscles from XZ-FRCs at 9 to 14 wk were analyzed to establish a relatively reliable method for selecting a better slaughter age. The results showed that the effects of slaughter ages on color (CIE L*, a* and b* values), shear force, centrifugal loss, and flavor of XZ-FRCs were significant (P < 0.05). There were greater differences in meat qualities, whatever breast or thigh muscles, between same or different ages. Eleven feature indexes used for colligation evaluation of slaughter age were selected by combining the quality characteristics and data analysis. The score of colligation evaluation for XZ-FRCs at 12 wk was higher than that at 9 and 14 wk, suggesting that the 12 wk was an optimal slaughter age. This work would provide a reference method that helps the producers of livestock and poultry to select a better slaughter age.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Carne , Animais , Galinhas/fisiologia , Carne/análise , Carne/normas , Fatores Etários , Matadouros , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Cor , Músculos Peitorais/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologiaRESUMO
A new cell line (TSHKC) derived from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) head kidney was developed. The cell line was subcultured for 40 passages over a period of 360 days. The cell line was optimally maintained in minimum essential medium supplemented with HEPES, antibiotics, fetal bovine serum, 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-Me), sodium pyruvate and basic fibroblast growth factor. The suitable growth temperature for TSHKC cells was 24 °C, and microscopically, TSHKC cells were composed of fibroblast-like cells. Chromosome analysis revealed that the TSHKC cell line had a normal diploid karyotype with 2n = 42, contained the heterogametic W chromosome. The TSHKC cell line was found to be susceptible to lymphocystis disease virus. The fluorescent signals were observed in TSHKC when the cells were transfected with green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein reporter plasmids.
Assuntos
Linguados/fisiologia , Rim Cefálico/citologia , Animais , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células , Criopreservação , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Rim Cefálico/fisiologia , Iridoviridae/fisiologia , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Proteínas Luminescentes/metabolismoRESUMO
Based on the fractal theory and the long-term daily discharge records, this paper analyzed the fractal characteristics of daily discharge in mid-scale watershed (Wushui watershed) and small-scale watersheds (Zhenfu and Shuangxi watersheds). Under the same time scales and different threshold values of daily runoff, the fractal characteristics of daily discharge in the watersheds of different spatial scales and of same spatial scales were evident, and existed self-similarity. With the increase of the threshold values of daily runoff, the fractal dimensions of the daily discharge of different space-scale watersheds decreased gradually. The set of fractal dimensions of the daily discharge in different space-scale watersheds tended to be saturated when the time scale was 120-150 days, and the critical threshold values of daily runoff might appear when the time scale exceeded this number of days.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Água Doce/análise , Chuva , Movimentos da Água , China , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Meio Ambiente , Monitoramento Ambiental , Fractais , RiosRESUMO
The changes of pH, COD, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial morphology of the acidification process in an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) were investigated. And the population succession process of the anaerobic microorganisms was quantitatively analyzed by using the Fluorescent In situ hybridization technology (FISH). The results show that the ABR reactor is acidified gradually from the front to the back. After the reactor is entirely acidified, the COD removal efficiency is only 30.9%, and the pH values are lowered by 1.0-2.2, while the VFA in effluent increases by 5.1 times. Additionally, the microbial morphology is significantly affected by the acidification process, in which not only the bacteria are deformed or died, but also the internal and external mass transfer of granular sludge becomes difficult. The quantitative analyses with FISH shows that in the acidification process the Archaea growth is inhibited but the Eubacteria growth is promoted, thus resulting in the sharp decrease of the three crucial microorganisms of the anaerobic digestion. The abundance of the butyrate-oxidizing acetogenic bacteria Syntrophomonas spp. reduces by 30.9%, the propionate-oxidizing acetogenic bacteria Syntrophobacter wolinii reduces by 85.5%, the homoacetogenic bacteria Acetobacterium species E. limosum reduces by 60.0%, and methanomicrobium Methanomicrobiales reduces by 54.3%. All these result in the upsetting of the mass transfer balances of different anaerobic microorganism populations.