Left Atrial Strain Predicts Stroke Recurrence and Death in Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke.

Left atrial strain (LAS) has been widely studied as a predictor of atrial fibrillation (AF) after cryptogenic stroke (CS). However, the evidence about its prognostic role in terms of stroke recurrence and death in this setting remains scarce. A total of 92 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with ABCD2 scale ≥4 of unknown etiology were prospectively recruited. Echocardiography, including LAS was performed during admission. The primary outcome measure was the composite of stroke recurrence or death. The mean age was 77.5 ± 7.7, and 58% of patients were female. After a median follow up of 28 months, the primary outcome measure occurred in 15 patients (16%). The primary outcome was more frequent in patients with diabetes (53% vs 21%, p = 0.02), chronic kidney disease (33% vs 10%, p = 0.034), and a history of heart failure (13% vs 0%, p = 0.025). LAS reservoir (LASr) and LAS conduit (LAScd) were lower in patients developing the primary outcome (21% ± 7% vs 28.8% ± 11%, p = 0.017 and 7.7% ± 3.9% vs 13.7% ± 7%, p = 0.007, respectively). On multivariate analysis, LASr (hazard ratio 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 0.99, p = 0.048) and diabetes (hazard ratio 3.3, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 10.4, p = 0.045) were associated with stroke recurrence or all-cause death after CS. On the log-rank test (using the discriminatory cut-off value of LASr <23%), LASr (p = 0.009) was associated with higher risk of the primary outcome. In conclusion, lower values of the LAS reservoir were associated with a higher risk of stroke recurrence or death after CS. LAS may identify patients at higher risk of thromboembolism and stress conditions.

Risk of recurrent stroke and mortality after cryptogenic stroke in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent and growing chronic disease that is associated with increased risk of recurrence among several stroke subtypes. However, evidence on the prognostic role of diabetes in the setting of cryptogenic stroke (CS) remains scarce. METHODS: From April 2019 to November 2021, we recruited prospectively 78 consecutive patients with CS. Patients were classified according to the presence of diabetes. Main outcome was the composite of stroke recurrence and death. Secondary outcome was stroke recurrence. RESULTS: Mean age of the cohort was 78 ± 7.7 years and 18 patients (23%) had diabetes. After a median clinical follow-up of 23 months the incidence of stroke recurrence and mortality [HR 5.8 (95% CI 1.9-19), p = 0.002] and the incidence of stroke recurrence [HR 16.6 (95% CI 1.8-149), p = 0.012], were higher in patients with diabetes. After adjusting for potential confounders diabetes was identified as an independent predictor of stroke recurrence and death in patients with CS [HR 33.8 (95% CI 2.1-551), p = 0.013]. Other independent predictors of stroke recurrence and mortality were hypertension [HR 31.4 (95% CI 1.8-550), p = 0.018], NTproBNP [HR 1.002 (95% CI 1.001-1.004), p = 0.013] and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [HR 27.4 (95% CI 1.4-549) p = 0.03]. Furthermore, diabetes was an independent predictor of stroke recurrence [HR 103 (95% CI 1.3-8261), p = 0.038]. CONCLUSION: Diabetic patients with CS are at higher risk of stroke recurrence and death. Hypertension CKD and NTproBNP are also independent predictors of stroke recurrence and death after CS.

Predictive value of ischemia location on multimodal CT in thrombectomy-treated patients.

OBJECTIVE: Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) applied to CT-perfusion (CTP) and CT-angiography-source-images (CTA-SI) may improve outcome prediction in large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke if compared to non-contrast CT (NCCT) alone. Besides, ischemia location may have enhanced capabilities, compared to ischemia volume alone, in predicting stroke outcomes. We aim to evaluate the association between ischemia location as measured by ASPECTS regions in NCCT, CTP maps and CTA-SI and 3 months outcome in patients with LVO treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with anterior circulation stroke treated with MT were recorded in a prospectively maintained database at a single center. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 3 months >2 was considered a poor outcome. Association of patients' characteristics, NCCT, CTP, and CTA-SI parameters with outcome was evaluated using single-variable analysis and binary logistic regression multivariate analysis for each imaging technique. RESULTS: 177 patients were included. 115 (65%) patients reached a favorable outcome. The involvement of lenticular, caudate, M1, or M2 in all imaging techniques, insula in NCCT and CTA-SI and M5 in CBV maps and CTA-SI was related to functional outcome in bivariate analysis. However, in the multivariate analysis, none ischemia location was independently related to outcome, no matter the imaging technique studied. This finding remained unchanged when restricted to patients with good recanalization and when analyzing subpopulations according to hemisphere involvement or territories association. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests ischemia location shouldn't be used solely for decision-making in LVO stroke patients. Its predictive value may be taken in consideration together with other clinical and radiological variables.

Advanced Echocardiography With Left Atrial Strain and Indexed Left Atrial Three-Dimensional Volume for Predicting Underlying Atrial Fibrillation After Cryptogenic Stroke.

Cryptogenic stroke (CS) represents 1/3 of ischemic strokes. Atrial fibrillation (AF) can be detected in up to 30% of CS. Therefore, there is a clinical need for predicting AF to guide the optimal secondary prevention strategy. The evidence about the role of advanced echocardiography, including left atrial 3-dimensional (3D) index volume and left atrial strain (LAS) techniques, to predict underlying AF in this setting is lacking. From April 2019 to November 2021, 78 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack with ABCD2 scale ≥4 of unknown etiology were prospectively recruited. Echocardiography was performed during admission. All patients underwent 15 days of wearable Holter monitoring. The primary outcome measure was AF detection during follow-up. Twenty-two patients (28%) developed AF. Patients in the AF group were older (81 ± 6.3 vs 76.5 ± 7.8 years; p = 0.012). Left atrial (LA) diastolic indexed volume was higher in the AF group (37.2 ± 12.8 vs 29.7 ± 11 ml/m2 p = 0.01). Three-D LA indexed volume was also higher in patients with AF (41.4 ± 14 vs 32.2 ± 10 ml/m2 p = 0.009). LAS reservoir, LAS conduct, and LAS contraction (LASct) were significantly lower in patients with AF (19 ± 5.6 vs 32% ± 10.3%; 9 ± 4.5 vs 15 ± 7.6; 10 ± 5.3 vs 17 ± 6.4, respectively, all p <0.001). On multivariate analysis, LASct <13.5% and LA 3D indexed volume >44.5 ml/m2 were independent predictors of AF (odds ratio 10.9 [95% confidence interval 1.09 to 108.2], p = 0.042). In conclusion, LASct <13.5% and LA 3D indexed volume >44.5 ml/m2 are independent predictors of underlying AF in patients with CS. Our results show the usefulness of advanced echocardiography in this challenging clinical setting.

Detection of hidden atrial fibrillation in primary care using a long-term band-based ECG registration system: The DESCUUBRE-FA study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the use of a band-based electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring system improves the diagnostic accuracy of traditional diagnostic methods for the detection of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: Multicenter and observational study of primary care patients at risk of AF. To be included, patients had to be aged ≥70 years, with no known AF, and have at least 1 major criterion (obesity, hyperthyroidism, heart failure) or 2 minor criteria (hypertension, diabetes, female sex, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack or systemic embolism, COPD, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease). All patients were monitored using the Nuubo™ system for a single 2-week period. RESULTS: A total of 600 patients were included (median age 77 years; 70% women; 84.3% hypertension, 27.2% diabetes, 9.2% prior stroke). The global rate of diagnosis of new AF in the overall population was 2.83%. All patients with AF were anticoagulated. In numerical terms, patients with AF (vs no AF) had a higher number of supraventricular extrasystoles and episodes of supraventricular tachycardia, as well as longer P wave duration; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Overall, participants were very satisfied with the device, and no relevant limitations in daily activities were observed during the 2-week study period. CONCLUSIONS: In an elderly population at risk of AF, a band-based ECG monitoring approach applied for only 2 weeks detected approximately 3% of new cases of AF, leading to a change in antithrombotic therapy. Most participants considered the device easy to use and comfortable.

A Comprehensive Model to Predict Atrial Fibrillation in Cryptogenic Stroke: The Decryptoring Score.

OBJETIVE: Cryptogenic stroke (CS) represents up to 30% of ischemic strokes (IS). Since atrial fibrillation (AF) can be detected in up to 30% of CS, there is a clinical need for estimating the probability of underlying AF in CS to guide the optimal secondary prevention strategy. The aim of the study was to develop the first comprehensive predictive score including clinical conditions, biomarkers, and left atrial strain (LAS), to predict AF detection in this setting. METHODS: Sixty-three consecutive patients with IS or transient ischemic attack with ABCD2 scale ≥ 4 of unknown etiology were prospectively recruited. Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables were collected. All patients underwent 15 days wearable Holter-ECG monitoring. Main objective was the Decryptoring score creation to predict AF in CS. Score variables were selected by a univariate analysis and, thereafter, score points were derived according to a multivariant analysis. RESULTS: AF was detected in 15 patients (24%). Age > 75 (9 points), hypertension (1 point), Troponin T > 40 ng/L (8.5 points), NTproBNP > 200 pg/ml (0.5 points), LAS reservoir < 25.3% (24.5 points) and LAS conduct < 10.4% (0.5 points) were included in the score. The rate of AF detection was 0% among patients with a score of < 10 and 80% among patients with a score > 35. The comparison of the predictive validity between the proposed score and AF-ESUS score resulted in an AUC of 0.94 for Decryptoring score and of 0.65 for the AF-ESUS score(p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This novel score offers an accurate AF prediction in patients with CS; however these results will require validation in an independent cohort using this model before they may be translated into clinical practice.

Fewer COVID-19-associated strokes and reduced severity during the second COVID-19 wave: The Madrid Stroke Network.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The experience gained during the first COVID-19 wave could have mitigated the negative impact on stroke care in the following waves. Our aims were to analyze the characteristics and outcomes of patients with stroke admitted during the second COVID-19 wave and to evaluate the differences in the stroke care provision compared with the first wave. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter cohort study included consecutive stroke patients admitted to any of the seven hospitals with stroke units (SUs) and endovascular treatment facilities in the Madrid Health Region. The characteristics of the stroke patients with or without a COVID-19 diagnosis were compared and the organizational changes in stroke care between the first wave (25 February to 25 April 2020) and second wave (21 July to 21 November 2020) were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 550 and 1191 stroke patients were admitted during the first and second COVID-19 waves, respectively, with an average daily admission rate of nine patients in both waves. During the second wave, there was a decrease in stroke severity (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 5 vs. 6; p = 0.000), in-hospital strokes (3% vs. 8.1%) and in-hospital mortality (9.9% vs. 15.9%). Furthermore, fewer patients experienced concurrent COVID-19 (6.8% vs. 19.1%), and they presented milder COVID-19 and less severe strokes. Fewer hospitals reported a reduction in the number of SU beds or deployment of SU personnel to COVID-19 dedicated wards during the second wave. CONCLUSIONS: During the second COVID-19 wave, fewer stroke patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, and they had less stroke severity and milder COVID-19.

Predictors of perfusion computed tomography alterations in stroke mimics attended as stroke code.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke mimics (SMs) account for a significant number of patients attended as stroke code (SC) with an increasing number over the years. Recent studies show perfusion computed tomography (PCT) alterations in some SMs, especially in seizures. The objective of our study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and PCT alterations in SMs attended as SC in order to identify potential predictors of PCT alterations in SMs. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed including all SC activations undergoing a multimodal CT study including non-enhanced computed tomography (CT), CT angiography and PCT, as part of our SC protocol, over 39 months. Patients with a final diagnosis of SM after complete diagnosis work-up were therefore selected. Clinical variables, diagnosis, PCT alteration patterns and type of map affected (Tmax or time to peak, cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume) were registered. RESULTS: Stroke mimics represent up to 16% (284/1761) of SCs with a complete multimodal study according to our series. Amongst SMs, 26% (74/284) showed PCT alterations. PCT abnormalities are more prevalent in seizures and status epilepticus and the main pattern is alteration of the time to peak map, of unilateral hemispheric distribution or of non-vascular territory. In our series, the independent predictors of alteration in PCT in SMs are aphasia, female sex and older age. CONCLUSIONS: Perfusion computed tomography alterations can be found amongst almost a third of SMs attended as SC, especially older women presenting with aphasia with a final diagnosis of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus.

Stroke Acute Management and Outcomes During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cohort Study From the Madrid Stroke Network.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has added challenges to providing quality acute stroke care due to the reallocation of stroke resources to COVID-19. Case series suggest that patients with COVID-19 have more severe strokes; however, no large series have compared stroke outcomes with contemporary non-COVID-19 patients. Purpose was to analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in stroke care and to evaluate stroke outcomes according to the diagnosis of COVID-19. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter cohort study including consecutive acute stroke patients admitted to 7 stroke centers from February 25 to April 25, 2020 (first 2 months of the COVID-19 outbreak in Madrid). The quality of stroke care was measured by the number of admissions, recanalization treatments, and time metrics. The primary outcome was death or dependence at discharge. RESULTS: A total of 550 acute stroke patients were admitted. A significant reduction in the number of admissions and secondary interhospital transfers was found. COVID-19 was confirmed in 105 (19.1%) patients, and a further 19 patients were managed as suspected COVID-19 (3.5%). No differences were found in the rates of reperfusion therapies in ischemic strokes (45.5% non-COVID-19, 35.7% confirmed COVID-19, and 40% suspected COVID-19; P=0.265). However, the COVID-19 group had longer median door-to-puncture time (110 versus 80 minutes), which was associated with the performance of chest computed tomography. Multivariate analysis confirmed poorer outcomes for confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratios, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.12-3.76] and 3.56 [95% CI, 1.15-11.05], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that patients with COVID-19 have more severe strokes and poorer outcomes despite similar acute management. A well-established stroke care network helps to diminish the impact of such an outbreak in stroke care, reducing secondary transfers and allowing maintenance of reperfusion therapies, with a minor impact on door-to-puncture times, which were longer in patients who underwent chest computed tomography.

Time Trends in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated with Oral Anticoagulation and Its Risks Factors in Spain from 2008 to 2015.

BACKGROUND: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is 7- to 10-fold higher in anticoagulated patients. Given the more extended use of oral anticoagulants, an increase in the prevalence of ICH associated with oral anticoagulation (ICH-OAC) could be expected. However, there is no previous study that assesses the time trends of ICH-OAC in Spain. METHODS: We conducted a combined data analysis after creating a joint database of the 3 most important epidemiological studies on ICH-OAC of our country: the EPICES study (2008-2009), the TAC Registry (TR) study (2012-2013) and the TAC Registry 2 (TR2) study (2015). We finally included 65, 235, and 366 patients from the EPICES, TR, and TR2 studies, respectively. RESULTS: We have observed a 3.73-fold increase in the crude annual incidence of ICH-OAC throughout the period of study, with proportion of ICH-OAC out of total ICH increasing from 8.4% in 2008 to 18.2% in 2015. Age, dyslipidemia, and prior antiplatelet treatment increased during the study, but we found no statistically significant differences in other risk factors for ICH-OAC. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ICH-OAC is increasing in our country. It might at least be partly explained by aging of the population, with mean age at presentation being higher in the last years.

Progression of carotid near-occlusion to complete occlusion: related factors and clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: The clinical consequences and factors related to the progression from a carotid near-occlusion (CNO) to a complete occlusion are not well established. Our aim is to describe the rate, predictive factors and clinical implications of the progression to complete carotid occlusion (PCCO) in a population of patients with symptomatic CNO. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, nationwide, prospective study from January 2010 to May 2016. Patients with angiography-confirmed CNO were included. We collected information on demographic data, clinical manifestations, radiological and hemodynamic findings, and treatment modalities. A 24 month carotid-imaging follow-up of the CNO was performed. RESULTS: 141 patients were included in the study, and carotid-imaging follow-up was performed in 122 patients. PCCO occurred in 40 patients (32.8%), and was more frequent in medically-treated patients (34 out of 61; 55.7%) compared with patients treated with revascularization (6 out of 61; 9.8%) (p<0.001). 7 of the 40 patients with PCCO (17.5%) suffered ipsilateral symptoms. Factors independently related with PCCO in the multivariate analysis were: age ≥75 years (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.05 to 8.13), revascularization (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.20), and collateral circulation through the ipsilateral ophthalmic artery (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.01 to 10.48). CONCLUSIONS: PCCO occurred within 24 months in more than half of the patients under medical treatment. Most episodes of PCCO were not associated with ipsilateral symptoms. Revascularization reduces the risk of PCCO.

Assessment of Collateral Circulation Using Perfusion CT in Middle Cerebral Artery Thrombectomy-Treated Patients.

INTRODUCTION: The prognostic value of leptomeningeal collateral circulation in thrombectomy-treated patients remains unclear. We evaluated the construct validity of assessing leptomeningeal collateral circulation using a new regional perfusion CT source image-based approach, the Perfusion Acquisition for THrombectomy Scale (PATHS). We also compared the prognostic value of PATHS with a further 6 scales based on various techniques: CT-angiography, perfusion CT, and digital subtraction angiography. Additionally, we studied the relationship between the scores for the different scales. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of consecutive patients with stroke and M1/terminal carotid occlusion treated with thrombectomy in our center. Leptomeningeal collateral circulation was prospectively evaluated using 7 scales: Tan and Miteff (CT Angiography); Calleja, Cao, American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology, and PATHS (perfusion); and Christoforidis (Digital Subtraction Angiography). Correlations were studied using the Spearman method. RESULTS: The study population comprised 108 patients. All scales predicted the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months (P ≤ .02) and all but 1 (Christoforidis) correlated with 24-hour brain infarct volume (P ≤ .02). These correlations were higher with PATHS (rho = -0.47, P < .001 for 3-month modified Rankin Scale; rho = -0.35, P < .001 for follow-up infarct volume). The multivariate analysis showed PATHS to be an independent predictor of modified Rankin Scale at 3 months less than equal to 2. A crosscorrelation analysis revealed a better correlation between scales that used the same techniques. CONCLUSIONS: PATHS can be used to assess leptomeningeal collateral circulation. PATHS had better prognostic value than other scales; therefore, it might be considered for assessment of leptomeningeal collateral circulation in candidates for thrombectomy. The moderate correlation between scales suggests that scores are not interchangeable.

Clinical, imaging and electroencephalographic characterization of three cases of HaNDL syndrome.

Introduction The syndrome of transient headache and neurological deficits with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL) may mimic stroke when patients present with acute/subacute focal neurological deficits. It would be helpful to identify investigations that assist the neurologist in differentiating between HaNDL and stroke. Case reports We describe three cases that proved to be HaNDL, but were initially considered to be strokes. Hypoperfusion was noted in the CT perfusion (CTP) studies in all three cases, which extended beyond any single cerebral arterial supply. The CTP findings suggested a stroke mimic, and there was no improvement on thrombolysis. MRI failed to show any abnormalities in diffusion and EEGs showed non-epileptiform changes. Lumbar punctures demonstrated a lymphocytic pleocytosis. Conclusion The diagnosis of HaNDL is based on clinical and CSF criteria, but neuroimaging, including CT perfusion, can be helpful in differentiating the clinical syndrome from stroke.

Mechanical thrombectomy in orally anticoagulated patients with acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke according to the oral anticoagulation medication taken at the time of stroke onset. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective multicenter study of prospectively collected data based on data from the registry the Madrid Stroke Network was performed. We included consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with mechanical thrombectomy and compared the frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 3 months according to anticoagulation status. RESULTS: The study population comprised 502 patients, of whom 389 (77.5%) were not anticoagulated, 104 (20.7%) were taking vitamin K antagonists, and 9 (1.8%) were taking direct oral anticoagulants. Intravenous thrombolysis had been performed in 59.8% and 15.0% of non-anticoagulated and anticoagulated patients, respectively. Rates of intracranial hemorrhage after treatment were similar between non-anticoagulated and anticoagulated patients, as were rates of recanalization. After 3 months of follow-up, the mRS score was ≤2 in 56.3% and 55.7% of non-anticoagulated and anticoagulated patients, respectively (P=NS). Mortality rates were similar in the two groups (13.1%and12.4%, respectively). Among anticoagulated patients, no differences were found for intracranial bleeding, mRS score, or mortality rates between patients taking vitamin K antagonists and those taking direct oral anticoagulants. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical thrombectomy is feasible in anticoagulated patients with acute ischemic stroke. The outcomes and safety profile are similar to those of patients with no prior anticoagulation therapy.

Early risk of recurrent stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid near-occlusion: Results from CAOS, a multicenter registry study.

Background The risk of recurrent stroke among patients with symptomatic carotid near-occlusion is not well established, and management of the condition remains controversial. Symptomatic carotid near-occlusion with full collapse has been identified as a strong predictor of early recurrence. We aimed to analyze the 90-day risk of recurrent ipsilateral ischemic stroke in medically treated patients with symptomatic carotid near-occlusion. Methods We performed a multicenter, nationwide, prospective study from January 2010 to May 2016. Patients with angiography-confirmed symptomatic carotid near-occlusion were included. The primary endpoint was ipsilateral ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) within 90 days after the presenting event. For this analysis, patients who underwent revascularization within 90 days after stroke were excluded. Results The study population comprised 141 patients from 17 Spanish centers; 83 patients were treated medically. Primary endpoint occurred in eight patients, resulting in a cumulative rate of 10.6% (95% CI, 3.7-17.5). Previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attack was identified as an independent predictor for recurrence in the multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR, 4.37 [95% CI, 1.05-18.18]; p = 0.043), while the presence of full collapse was not associated with an increased risk (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.17-3.92]; p = 0.793). The risk of recurrence was also not affected by the presence of significant stenosis or occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery, or by the collateral circulation. Conclusions Patients with symptomatic carotid near-occlusion seem to have an increased risk of early ipsilateral recurrent stroke. Our results contrast with the low risk of symptomatic carotid near-occlusion reported to date. Full collapse did not increase the risk of recurrent stroke in our study.

Mechanical thrombectomy for basilar artery thrombosis: a comparison of outcomes with anterior circulation occlusions.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The benefits of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in basilar artery occlusions (BAO) have not been explored in recent clinical trials. We compared outcomes and procedural complications of MT in BAO with anterior circulation occlusions. METHODS: Data from the Madrid Stroke Network multicenter prospective registry were analyzed, including baseline characteristics, procedure times, procedural complications, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and mortality at 3 months. RESULTS: Of 479 patients treated with MT, 52 (11%) had BAO. The onset to reperfusion time lapse was longer in patients with BAO (median (IQR) 385 min (320-540) vs 315 min (240-415), p<0.001), as was the duration of the procedures (100 min (40-130) vs 60 min (39-90), p=0.006). Moreover, the recanalization rate was lower (75% vs 84%, p=0.01). A trend toward more procedural complications was observed in patients with BAO (32% vs 21%, p=0.075). The frequency of SICH was 2% vs 5% (p=0.25). At 3 months, patients with BAO had a lower rate of independence (mRS 0-2) (40% vs 58%, p=0.016) and higher mortality (33% vs 12%, p<0.001). The rate of futile recanalization was 50% in BAO versus 35% in anterior circulation occlusions (p=0.05). Age and duration of the procedure were significant predictors of futile recanalization in BAO. CONCLUSIONS: MT is more laborious and shows more procedural complications in BAO than in anterior circulation strokes. The likelihood of futile recanalization is higher in BAO and is associated with greater age and longer procedure duration. A refinement of endovascular procedures for BAO might help optimize the results.

Futile Interhospital Transfer for Endovascular Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Madrid Stroke Network Experience.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The complexity of endovascular revascularization treatment (ERT) in acute ischemic stroke and the small number of patients eligible for treatment justify the development of stroke center networks with interhospital patient transfers. However, this approach might result in futile transfers (ie, the transfer of patients who ultimately do not undergo ERT). Our aim was to analyze the frequency of these futile transfers and the reasons for discarding ERT and to identify the possible associated factors. METHODS: We analyzed an observational prospective ERT registry from a stroke collaboration ERT network consisting of 3 hospitals. There were interhospital transfers from the first attending hospital to the on-call ERT center for the patients for whom this therapy was indicated, either primarily or after intravenous thrombolysis (drip and shift). RESULTS: The ERT protocol was activated for 199 patients, 129 of whom underwent ERT (64.8%). A total of 120 (60.3%) patients required a hospital transfer, 50 of whom (41%) ultimately did not undergo ERT. There were no differences in their baseline characteristics, the times from stroke onset, or in the delays in interhospital transfers between the transferred patients who were treated and those who were not treated. The main reasons for rejecting ERT after the interhospital transfer were clinical improvement/arterial recanalization (48%) and neuroimaging criteria (32%). CONCLUSIONS: Forty-one percent of the ERT transfers were futile, but none of the baseline patient characteristics predicted this result. Futility could be reduced if repetition of unnecessary diagnostic tests was avoided.