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Background: The objective of this study is to determine optic nerve head vascular changes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS) by utilizing an optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) device. Methods: A detailed studies search was screened in the PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from inception to August 2023. We reviewed and examined optic nerve head vascular density in eyes with OSAS and controls. The mean difference and 95% confidence interval were calculated to evaluate continuous outcomes. Review Manager version 5.4.1 was applied for analysing pooled data. Results: Six eligible studies were included in our meta-analysis. The radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) whole enface vessel density (VD) measured by OCTA in the mild-to-moderate and severe OSAS groups was significantly lower compared to the controls (MD = -0.96, P = 0.03; MD = -1.42, P = 0.001, respectively). For RPC peripapillary VD, eyes in mild-to-moderate OSAS showed a trending decrease compared to the controls (MD = -1.71, P = 0.05), and there was a remarkable difference between eyes with severe OSAS and the controls (MD = -3.08, P = 0.004). In addition, the RPC inside disc VD was decreased in severe OSAS eyes than in the controls (MD = -0.07, P = 0.94). Conclusions: Our results revealed that peripapillary vascular density was attenuated in patients with OSAS. Moreover, on the basis of these findings, we suggest that optic nerve head vascular density measured by OCTA may be used as a potential tool to diagnose and monitor the severity of patients with OSAS.
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Introduction: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a common diabetes complication, significantly impacting vision and quality of life. Previous studies have suggested a potential link between arginine pathway metabolites and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays a role in the occurrence and development of fibrovascular proliferation (FVP) in PDR patients. However, the relationship between arginine pathway metabolites and FVP in PDR remains undefined. This study aimed to explore the correlation between four arginine pathway metabolites (arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine[ADMA], ornithine, and citrulline) and the severity of FVP in PDR patients. Methods: In this study, plasma and aqueous humor samples were respectively collected from 30 patients with age-related cataracts without diabetes mellitus (DM) and from 85 PDR patients. The PDR patients were categorized as mild-to-moderate or severe based on the severity of fundal FVP. The study used Kruskal-Wallis test to compare arginine, ADMA, ornithine, and citrulline levels across three groups. Binary logistic regression identified risk factors for severe PDR. Spearman correlation analysis assessed associations between plasma and aqueous humor metabolite levels, and between ADMA and CTGF levels in aqueous humor among PDR patients. Results: ADMA levels in the aqueous humor were significantly greater in patients with severe PDR than in those with mild-to-moderate PDR(P=0.0004). However, the plasma and aqueous humor levels of arginine, ornithine, and citrulline did not significantly differ between mild-to-moderate PDR patients and severe PDR patients (P>0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the plasma (P=0.01) and aqueous humor (P=0.006) ADMA levels in PDR patients were risk factors for severe PDR. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between plasma and aqueous humor ADMA levels (r=0.263, P=0.015) and between aqueous humor ADMA and CTGF levels (r=0.837, P<0.001). Conclusion: Elevated ADMA levels in plasma and aqueous humor positively correlate with the severity of FVP in PDR, indicating ADMA as a risk factor for severe PDR.
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Humor Aquoso , Arginina , Retinopatia Diabética , Humanos , Arginina/análogos & derivados , Arginina/sangue , Arginina/metabolismo , Masculino , Feminino , Retinopatia Diabética/metabolismo , Retinopatia Diabética/patologia , Retinopatia Diabética/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humor Aquoso/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Idoso , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Ornitina/sangue , Ornitina/metabolismo , Ornitina/análogos & derivados , Citrulina/sangue , Citrulina/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to elucidate the factors contributing to the occurrence of retinal detachment (RD) following prophylactic vitrectomy in cases of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome. METHODS: A retrospective examination was undertaken, encompassing the medical records of patients diagnosed with ARN who underwent prophylactic vitreous intervention at the Ophthalmology Department of Wuhan University Renmin Hospital East Campus between October 2019 and September 2023. Subsequently, patients who manifested RD in the postoperative period were identified, and a comprehensive analysis was conducted to ascertain the factors underlying the occurrence of RD post-surgery. RESULTS: This study comprised 14 cases (involving 14 eyes) of patients diagnosed with ARN who underwent prophylactic vitreous intervention. The findings revealed that 4 patients experienced postoperative RD, resulting in an incidence rate of 28.57%. Notably, among these cases, 3 cases of RD manifested in the presence of silicone oil, while 1 case occurred subsequent to the removal of silicone oil. All 4 cases of RD exhibited varied degrees of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Following the occurrence of RD, all patients underwent a secondary vitreous intervention coupled with silicone oil tamponade, leading to successful reattachment of the retina. However, despite these interventions, there was no significant enhancement observed in postoperative visual outcomes when compared to preoperative levels. CONCLUSION: RD following prophylactic vitrectomy in cases of ARN is not an infrequent occurrence and is primarily linked to the postoperative onset of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Descolamento Retiniano , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda , Acuidade Visual , Vitrectomia , Humanos , Vitrectomia/métodos , Descolamento Retiniano/cirurgia , Descolamento Retiniano/etiologia , Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda/diagnóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Acuidade Visual/fisiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Tamponamento Interno , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Óleos de Silicone/administração & dosagem , IncidênciaRESUMO
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a highly tissue-specific neurovascular complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and is among the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Pathophysiological changes in DR encompass neurodegeneration, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Current treatments for DR, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, steroids, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy have limitations and adverse reactions, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment strategies. This review aims to summarize the current pathophysiology, therapeutic approaches, and available drug-delivery methods for treating DR, and discuss their respective development potentials. Recent research indicates the efficacy of novel receptor inhibitors and agonists, such as aldose reductase inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists, and novel drugs in delaying DR. Furthermore, with continuous advancements in nanotechnology, a new form of drug delivery has been developed that can address certain limitations of clinical drug therapy, such as low solubility and poor penetration. This review serves as a theoretical foundation for future research on DR treatment. While highlighting promising therapeutic targets, it underscores the need for continuous exploration to enhance our understanding of DR pathogenesis. The limitations of current treatments and the potential for future advancements emphasize the importance of ongoing research in this field.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Retinopatia Diabética , Humanos , Retinopatia Diabética/tratamento farmacológico , Retinopatia Diabética/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Inflamação/complicações , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina , Esteroides/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Glaucoma, as an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury disease, leading irreversible blindness through the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), mediated by various pathways. Resveratrol (Res) is a polyphenolic compound that exerts protective effects against I/R injury in many tissues. This article aimed to expound the underlying mechanisms through which Res protects RGCs and reduces visual dysfunction in vivo. An experimental glaucoma model was created using 6-8-week wild-type male C57BL/6J mice. Res was injected intraperitoneally for 5 days. The mice were then grouped according to the number of days after surgery and whether Res treatment was administered. We applied the Brn3a-labeled immunofluorescence staining and flash electroretinography (ERG) to assess the survival of RGCs and visual function. The expression of components of the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, the interleukin-1-beta (IL-1ß), and vital indicators of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway at the protein and RNA levels were detected respectively. The survival of RGCs was reduced after surgery compared to controls, whereas Res application rescued RGCs and improved visual dysfunction. In conclusion, our results discovered that Res administration showed neuroprotective effects through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and activation of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Thus, we further elucidated the potential of Res in glaucoma therapy.
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RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) contribute to the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) by regulating gene expression through alternative splicing events (ASEs). However, the RBPs differentially expressed in PDR and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes in the neovascular membranes (NVM) and retinas of patients with PDR. The public transcriptome dataset GSE102485 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and samples of PDR and normal retinas were analyzed. A mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy was used to confirm the results. The top 20 RBPs were screened for co-expression with alternative splicing genes (ASGs). A total of 403 RBPs were abnormally expressed in the NVM and retina samples. Functional analysis demonstrated that the ASGs were enriched in cell cycle pathways. Cell cycle-associated ASEs and an RBP-AS regulatory network, including 15 RBPs and their regulated ASGs, were extracted. Splicing factor proline/glutamine rich (SFPQ), microtubule-associated protein 1 B (MAP1B), heat-shock protein 90-alpha (HSP90AA1), microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1), and CyclinH (CCNH) expression remarkably differed in the mouse model. This study provides novel insights into the RBP-AS interaction network in PDR and for developing screening and treatment options to prevent diabetic retinopathy-related blindness.
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Diabetes Mellitus , Retinopatia Diabética , Camundongos , Animais , Humanos , Retinopatia Diabética/patologia , Processamento Alternativo , Retina/patologia , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/genéticaRESUMO
Glaucoma is a kind of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and permanent visual impairment. It is reported that resveratrol (RES) is a promising drug for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying its protective potential have not yet been fully elucidated. The present study sought to investigate whether resveratrol could protect RGCs and retinal function triggered by acute ocular hypertension injury through the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. An experimental glaucoma model was generated in C57BL/6J mice. Resveratrol was intraperitoneally injected for 5 days. Sirtinol was injected intravitreally on the day of retinal AOH injury. RGC survival was determined using immunostaining. TUNEL staining was conducted to evaluate retinal cell apoptosis. ERG was used to evaluate visual function. The proteins Brn3a, SIRT1, NF-κB, IL-6, Bax, Bcl2, and Cleaved Caspase3 were determined using western blot. The expression and localisation of SIRT1 and NF-κB in the retina were detected by immunofluorescence. Our data indicated that resveratrol treatment significantly increased Brn3a-labelled RGCs and reduced RGC apoptosis caused by AOH injury. Resveratrol administration also remarkably decreased NF-κB, IL-6, Bax, and Cleaved Caspase3 proteins and increased SIRT1 and Bcl2 proteins. Furthermore, resveratrol treatment obviously inhibited the reduction in ERG caused by AOH injury. Importantly, simultaneous administration of resveratrol and sirtinol abrogated the protective effect of resveratrol, decreased NF-κB protein expression, and increased SIRT1 protein levels. These results suggest that resveratrol administration significantly mitigates retinal AOH-induced RGCs loss and retinal dysfunction, and that this neuroprotective effect is partially regulated through the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway.
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Benzamidas , Glaucoma , Naftóis , Hipertensão Ocular , Camundongos , Animais , Resveratrol/farmacologia , Resveratrol/uso terapêutico , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2 , Interleucina-6 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Hipertensão Ocular/tratamento farmacológico , Glaucoma/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Retinal neovascularization (RNV) is a pathological process that primarily occurs in diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and retinal vein occlusion. It is a common yet debilitating clinical condition that culminates in blindness. Urgent efforts are required to explore more efficient and less limiting therapeutic strategies. Key RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), crucial for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to RNAs, are closely correlated with RNV development. RBP-RNA interactions are altered during RNV. Here, we briefly review the characteristics and functions of RBPs, and the mechanism of RNV. Then, we present insights into the role of the regulatory network of RBPs in RNV. HuR, eIF4E, LIN28B, SRSF1, METTL3, YTHDF1, Gal-1, HIWI1, and ZFR accelerate RNV progression, whereas YTHDF2 and hnRNPA2B1 hinder it. The mechanisms elucidated in this review provide a reference to guide the design of therapeutic strategies to reverse abnormal processes.
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Proteínas de Ligação a RNA , Neovascularização Retiniana , Humanos , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Neovascularização Retiniana/metabolismo , Neovascularização Retiniana/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , AnimaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide injection for treating ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG), with a comparison of traditional oral drug therapy. METHODS: A total of 22 patients with OMG who received periocular triamcinolone acetonide injection (initially 20 mg weekly, then once per month later if symptoms were improved) from July 2019 to July 2022 were evaluated by a comparison of symptom degree before and after treatment. Adverse reactions were also monitored during the period of treatment. The period of follow-up was more than 6 months. Additionally, a comparison of the treatment efficacy between this periocular injection and traditional oral administration was performed in OMG patients. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment, the degree of ptosis in OMG patients decreased to -3.00 ± 0.69, compared to the value (-0.86 ± 1.32) before treatment. The degree of ophthalmoplegia also decreased from 3.12 ± 0.72 to 0.86 ± 0.88 (P < 0.001) after treatment. The achievement rates of minimal manifestations status (MMS)for ptosis and ophthalmoplegia after 4 week-treatment were 86.3% and 75%, respectively, while they were 50% and 30% in patients with traditional oral administration. There was statistically significant difference only in MMS (rather than symptom relief rate and generalization conversion rate) between two groups. No serious complications (except for intraorbital hematoma) were found in OMG patients during the treatment period. CONCLUSION: Repeated peribulbar injection of triamcinolone acetonide can effectively alleviate the initial symptoms of OMG patients. However, the evaluation of its long-term efficacy is still needed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: This study has been clinically registered by Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), first trial registration date:05/07/2019, registration number: ChiCTR1900024285.
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Blefaroptose , Miastenia Gravis , Oftalmoplegia , Humanos , Blefaroptose/induzido quimicamente , Blefaroptose/tratamento farmacológico , Miastenia Gravis/tratamento farmacológico , Projetos de Pesquisa , Triancinolona Acetonida/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Retinal ischemia exists in various ischemic retinopathies including glaucoma, contributing to the death of retinal neurons. Calcium binding protein S100A4 is important in tumors, and our previous study found that S100A4 protects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) against retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study was aimed to further discuss the neuroprotection and mechanisms of S100A4 in retinal I/R of mice. The rAAV-EF1α-s100a4-EGFP-WPRE or rAAV-EF1α-EGFP-WPRE-Pa was injected intravitreally 4 weeks before I/R. S100A4, molecules in TLR4 signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress branches, inflammatory molecules, and surviving RGCs and cholinergic amacrine (ChAT) cells were determined by quantitative PCR, western blot, or immunofluorescent staining. The apoptosis and necrosis of retinal neurons induced by I/R were inhibited by overexpressed S100A4. RGCs, ChAT cells, and the retinal function were preserved by S100A4 overexpressing 7 days after I/R. Mechanistically, the beneficial effects of S100A4 may be mediated by inhibiting the activation of TLR4 signaling pathway and alleviating ER stress, leading to the attenuation of inflammatory response of the retina after I/R. Our findings indicated that S100A4 has neuroprotective effect against retinal I/R injury, and promoting S100A4 expression may be an effective strategy to inhibit retinal neurons from degeneration in ischemic retinopathy.
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Traumatismo por Reperfusão , Doenças Retinianas , Animais , Camundongos , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Isquemia/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Retina/metabolismo , Doenças Retinianas/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
Progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) caused by retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury can lead to irreversible vision impairment, with neuroinflammatory responses playing an important role in this process. COG1410, a mimetic peptide of apolipoprotein E, has demonstrated protective potential in the central nervous system, but its effects on retinal IR injury remain unexplored. In this study, we established a mouse model of retinal IR injury to investigate the effects of COG1410 on retinal microglia and RGCs. We observed CD16/32-marked and CD206-marked microglia and RGCs using immunofluorescence staining, detected the expression of inflammatory factors by PCR, and evaluated retinal apoptosis with TUNEL staining. We further investigated the potential mechanism by detecting the expression of key proteins via Western blot. The results reveal that COG1410 decreased the number of CD16/32-marked microglia and increased the number of CD206-marked microglia, alleviated the expression of IL-1ß and TNF-α, and reduced the loss of RGCs by inhibiting the mitochondrial-related apoptotic pathway. COG1410 was found to increase the expression of ERK1/2 and Nr4a1 but decrease the expression of NF-κB. The expression of TREM2 showed an increasing trend after COG1410 administration, but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, COG1410 regulates microglial states and protects RGCs in retinal IR injury, showing promising potential for the treatment of eye diseases.
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Traumatismo por Reperfusão , Células Ganglionares da Retina , Camundongos , Animais , Células Ganglionares da Retina/metabolismo , Microglia/metabolismo , Retina/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The irreversible death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (CREG), a secreted glycoprotein involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation, has been shown to protect against myocardial and renal ischemia-reperfusion damage. However, the role of CREG in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of CREG on RGCs apoptosis after RIRI. METHODS: We used male C57BL/6J mice to establish the RIRI model. Recombinant CREG was injected at 1 day before RIRI. The expression and distribution of CREG were examined by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. RGCs survival was assessed by immunofluorescence staining of flat-mounted retinas. Retinal apoptosis was measured by the staining of TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and cleaved caspase-3. Electroretinogram (ERG) analysis and optomotor response were conducted to evaluate retinal function and visual acuity. The expressions of Akt, phospho-Akt (p-Akt), Bax, and Bcl-2 were analyzed by western blotting to determine the signaling pathways of CREG. RESULTS: We found that CREG expression was decreased after RIRI, and intravitreal injection of CREG attenuated RGCs loss and retinal apoptosis. Besides, the amplitudes of a-wave, b-wave, and photopic negative response (PhNR) in ERG, as well as visual function, were significantly restored after treatment with CERG. Furthermore, intravitreal injection of CREG upregulated p-Akt and Bcl-2 expression and downregulated Bax expression. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that CREG protected RGCs from RIRI and alleviated retinal apoptosis by activating Akt signaling. In addition, CREG also improved retinal function and visual acuity.
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Traumatismo por Reperfusão , Células Ganglionares da Retina , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Apoptose , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Células Ganglionares da Retina/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Posterior lenticonus is an uncommon congenital abnormality that causes a progressive, localized spherical or conical bulging of the posterior capsular membrane, resulting in an abnormal shape of the lens. CASE PRESENTATION: A 13-year-old girl presented with ametropia in both eyes. After mydriasis, examination revealed an oval bubble-shaped alteration with a distinct boundary above the temporal region on the center of the posterior capsule of her left lens. The subcortical region surrounding the alteration appeared feathery and turbid. The patient had no history of trauma or family history of visual impairment. Systemic investigations were normal. A thorough eye examination was performed, which included optometry, ultrasound biomicroscopy, ocular B-Scan, and anterior segment optical coherence, to assess the disease. The patient was diagnosed with posterior lenticonus in the left eye, as well as ametropia and anisometropia in both eyes. Conservative treatment was initiated since the patient's current best corrected visual acuity was good, and regular monitoring of the condition's progression was scheduled. CONCLUSIONS: This case report presents a rare instance of posterior lenticonus. The findings of this report raise new considerations regarding the necessity of surgical intervention for this condition.
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Cristalino , Erros de Refração , Baixa Visão , Humanos , Feminino , AdolescenteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Retinal neovascularization (RNV) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks play vital roles in angiogenesis. The RNA-binding protein galectin-1 (Gal-1) participates in pathological RNV in oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse models. However, the molecular associations between Gal-1 and lncRNAs remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to explore the potential mechanism of action of Gal-1 as an RNA-binding protein. RESULTS: A comprehensive network of Gal-1, ceRNAs, and neovascularization-related genes was constructed based on transcriptome chip data and bioinformatics analysis of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs). We also conducted functional enrichment and pathway enrichment analyses. Fourteen lncRNAs, twenty-nine miRNAs, and eleven differentially expressed angiogenic genes were included in the Gal-1/ceRNA network. Additionally, the expression of six lncRNAs and eleven differentially expressed angiogenic genes were validated by qPCR in HRMECs with or without siLGALS1. Several hub genes, such as NRIR, ZFPM2-AS1, LINC0121, apelin, claudin-5, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, were found to potentially interact with Gal-1 via the ceRNA axis. Furthermore, Gal-1 may be involved in regulating biological processes related to chemotaxis, chemokine-mediated signaling, the immune response, and the inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS: The Gal-1/ceRNA axis identified in this study may play a vital role in RNV. This study provides a foundation for the continued exploration of therapeutic targets and biomarkers associated with RNV.
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MicroRNAs , RNA Longo não Codificante , Neovascularização Retiniana , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Quimiocinas , Células Endoteliais , Galectina 1/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , MicroRNAs/genética , Neovascularização Retiniana/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
Diabetic microangiopathy is a typical and severe problem in diabetics, including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic microvascular complications have significantly elevated levels of Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), which is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). ADMA facilitates the occurrence and progression of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes through its effects on endothelial cell function, oxidative stress damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. This paper reviews the association between ADMA and microvascular complications of diabetes and elucidates the underlying mechanisms by which ADMA contributes to these complications. It provides a new idea and method for the prevention and treatment of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Angiopatias Diabéticas , Nefropatias Diabéticas , Retinopatia Diabética , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Nefropatias Diabéticas/patologia , Angiopatias Diabéticas/epidemiologia , Retinopatia Diabética/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma (RB) is frequently occurring malignant tumors that originate in the retina, and their exact cause and development mechanisms are yet to be fully comprehended. In this study, we identified possible biomarkers for RB and delved into the molecular mechanics linked with such markers. METHODS: In this study GSE110811 and GSE24673 were analyzed. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to screen modules and genes associated with RB. By overlapping RB-related module genes with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between RB and control samples, differentially expressed retinoblastoma genes (DERBGs) were acquired. A gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and a kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were conducted to explore the functions of these DERBGs. To study the protein interactions of DERBGs, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Hub DERBGs were screened using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, as well as the random forest (RF) algorithm. Additionally, the diagnostic performance of RF and LASSO methods was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and single-gene gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to explore the potential molecular mechanisms involved with these Hub DERBGs. In addition, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network of Hub DERBGs was constructed. RESULT: About 133 DERBGs were found to be associated with RB. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the important pathways of these DERBGs. Furthermore, the PPI network revealed 82 DERBGs interacting with each other. By RF and LASSO methods, PDE8B, ESRRB, and SPRY2 were identified as Hub DERBGs in patients with RB. From the expression assessment of Hub DERBGs, it was found that the levels of expression of PDE8B, ESRRB, and SPRY2 were significantly decreased in the tissues of RB tumors. Secondly, single-gene GSEA revealed a connection between these 3 Hub DERBGs and oocyte meiosis, cell cycle, and spliceosome. Finally, the ceRNA regulatory network revealed that hsa-miR-342-3p, hsa-miR-146b-5p, hsa-miR-665, and hsa-miR-188-5p may play a central role in the disease. CONCLUSION: Hub DERBGs may provide new insight into RB diagnosis and treatment based on the understanding of disease pathogenesis.
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MicroRNAs , Neoplasias da Retina , Retinoblastoma , Humanos , Retinoblastoma/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Retina , Biologia Computacional , Neoplasias da Retina/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Proteínas de Membrana , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização IntracelularRESUMO
PURPOSE: We aim to investigate the effect of Park7 on mice RGC survival and function following optic nerve crush (ONC), and to explore its potential mechanism. METHODS: Wild-type male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to optic nerve crush. Six weeks before ONC, mice received rAAV-shRNA (Park7)-EGFP or rAAV-EGFP intravitreally. Western blotting was used to detect Park7 levels. RGC survival was measured using immunofluorescence. Retinal cell apoptosis was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end-labelling. An electroretinogram (ERG) and the optomotor response (OMR) were used to assess RGC function. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) levels were assessed using western blotting. RESULTS: ONC injury increased the relative expression of Park7 significantly and decreased RGC survival, the amplitude of the photopic negative response (PhNR), and OMR. Intravitreal injection of rAAV-shRNA(Park7)-EGFP downregulated Park7 expression and was clearly demonstrated by the green fluorescence protein in many retinal layers. Moreover, Park7 downregulation aggravated the decrease in RGC survival and amplitude of PhNR as well as the visual acuity after ONC. However, inhibition of Park7 significantly increased Keap1 levels, decreased the total and nuclear Nrf2 levels, and reduced HO-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS: Park7 downregulation enhanced RGC injury and decreased retinal electrophysiological response and OMR after ONC in mice via the Keap1-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway. Park7 may have neuroprotective effects and could represent a novel way to treat optic neuropathy.
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Traumatismos do Nervo Óptico , Células Ganglionares da Retina , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteína 1 Associada a ECH Semelhante a Kelch/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Compressão Nervosa , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/genética , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/farmacologia , Nervo Óptico/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Gene therapy has become an essential treatment for optic nerve injury (ONI) in recent years, and great strides have been made using animal models. ONI, which is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons, can induce abnormalities in the pupil light reflex, visual field defects, and even vision loss. The eye is a natural organ to target with gene therapy because of its high accessibility and certain immune privilege. As such, numerous gene therapy trials are underway for treating eye diseases such as glaucoma. The aim of this review was to cover research progress made in gene therapy for ONI. Specifically, we focus on the potential of gene therapy to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and protect both RGCs and axons. We cover the basic information of gene therapy, including the classification of gene therapy, especially focusing on genome editing therapy, and then we introduce common editing tools and vector tools such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) -Cas9 and adeno-associated virus (AAV). We also summarize the progress made on understanding the roles of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), phosphatase-tensin homolog (PTEN), suppressor of cytokine signal transduction 3 (SOCS3), histone acetyltransferases (HATs), and other important molecules in optic nerve protection. However, gene therapy still has many challenges, such as misalignment and mutations, immunogenicity of AAV, time it takes and economic cost involved, which means that these issues need to be addressed before clinical trials can be considered.
RESUMO
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which are the projection neurons of the retina, propagate external visual information to the brain. Pathological changes in RGCs have a close relationship with numerous retinal degenerative diseases. Whole-mount retinal immunostaining is frequently used in experimental studies on RGCs to evaluate the developmental and pathological conditions of the retina. Under some circumstances, some valuable retina samples, such as those from transgenic mice, may need to be retained for a long period without affecting the morphology or number of RGCs. For credible and reproducible experimental results, using an effective preserving medium is essential. Here, we describe the effect of methanol as an auxiliary fixed medium for retinal whole-mount preparations and long-term storage. In brief, during the isolation process, cold methanol (-20 °C) is pipetted onto the surface of the retina to help fix the tissues and facilitate their permeability, and then the retinas can be stored in cold methanol (-20 °C) before being immunostained. This protocol describes the retina isolation workflow and tissue sample storage protocol, which is useful and practical for the investigation of RGCs.
Assuntos
Degeneração Retiniana , Células Ganglionares da Retina , Camundongos , Animais , Células Ganglionares da Retina/patologia , Metanol , Retina , Degeneração Retiniana/patologia , Camundongos TransgênicosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe the clinicopathological characteristics and explore the possible etiology of cornea invasion by filtering bleb (CIFB) after filtering surgery. METHODS: We reviewed 22 patients treated for CIFB between March 2005 and March 2022. The patients were followed up for more than 1 year. Slit-lamp examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), ultrasound biomicroscopy, and histopathological examination were performed to observe the morphology of the bleb and depth of corneal invasion. Depending on the severity of the lesion, treatments consisting of local massage, acupuncture separation, or surgical resection were administered. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 56.3 ± 8.8 years. All patients underwent filtering surgery in the moderate or advanced stage of glaucoma. The filtering bleb was closely connected with the cornea, and its posterior boundary was locally adhered. Forward displacement of the internal opening of the filtering bleb was found in 4 of 7 surgically treated patients. OCT and pathological examination showed that the filtering blebs invaded the corneal stroma. Removal of the adhesion of the posterior boundary of the filtering bleb by different treatment methods successfully improved the patients' conditions. CONCLUSION: Filtering blebs can invade the corneal stroma. Adhesion of the posterior boundary and forward displacement of the internal opening of the filtering bleb are the possible causes of CIFB. Removal of the adhesion of the posterior boundary of the filtering bleb can halt the progression of CIFB.