Artificial intelligence and labor demand: An empirical analysis of Chinese small and micro enterprises.

The widespread application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has triggered a significant transformation in the economic structure and has brought profound changes to human society. As China promotes the digital transformation of industries, understanding how the investment in AI by small and micro enterprises (SMEs) affects labor demand, which is inextricably linked to "stable employment", becomes an important question. This paper uses special data from 127 SMEs in 14 provinces from 2016 to 2020 and employs a two-way fixed effects model to study the impact of AI inputs on enterprises' labor demand. The empirical results show that the impact of AI inputs on the labor demand of SMEs is not significant overall, but shows a significant negative effect in non-state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, and high-tech enterprises. There is a significant difference in the impact of AI inputs on the labor demand of different industries, with only the wholesale and retail industry demonstrating a significant positive impact. From the results of mechanism analysis, the substitution effect and creation effect of AI inputs on labor demand coexist, and in general, these two effects cancel each other out. However, the substitution effect dominates in some types of enterprises and industries. Finally, this paper discusses the government and enterprise coping strategies for the employment impact of AI applications based on empirical evidence and research results. This paper not only theoretically demonstrates that the impact of AI investment on firms' labor demand is uncertain, but also empirically demonstrates that Chinese firms' AI investment does not significantly affect firms' overall labor demand. This facilitates the government and enterprises to formulate strategies that can enhance the level of enterprise intelligence without impacting the labor market.

Reactivity of a Hexaaryldiboron(6) Dianion as Boryl Radical Anions.

Our study unveils a novel approach to accessing boryl radicals through the spontaneous homolytic cleavage of B-B bonds. We synthesized a hexaaryl-substituted diboron(6) dianion, 1, via the reductive B-B coupling of 9-borafluorene. Intriguingly, compound 1 exhibits the ability to undergo homolytic B-B bond cleavage, leading to the formation of boryl radical anions, as confirmed by EPR studies, in the presence of the 2.2.2-cryptand at room temperature. Moreover, it directly reacts with diphenylacetylene, producing an unprecedented 1,6-diborylated allene species, where the phenyl ring is dearomatized. Density functional theory computational studies suggest that homolytic B-B bond cleavage is favored in the reaction path, and the formation of the boryl radical anion is crucial for dearomatization. Additionally, it achieves the dearomative diborylation of anthracene and the activation of elemental sulfur/selenium under mild conditions. The borylation products have been successfully characterized by NMR spectra, HRMS, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction.

Exploring Favorable Supramolecular Interactions of Multifluorinated Aromatics in Dendronized Push-Pull Chromophores for Electro-Optics.

Multifluorinated aromatics serve as supramolecular synthons in the research of organic electro-optic (EO) materials by exploiting π-π stacking interaction between the aromatic hydrocarbon and multifluorinated aromatic groups for performance improvement. However, non-classical hydrogen bonding remains largely unexplored in fluorinated EO dendrimers. In this study, three Fréchet-type generation 1 benzyl ether co-dendrons were synthesized by replacing one benzyl group with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl (p-HF4Bz), pentafluorobenzyl (C6F5Bz), and 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzyl (o-HF4Bz) groups, to afford the benzoic acid derivatives D1, D2, and D3, which were further bonded to the donor and π-bridge moieties to afford three co-dendronized push-pull phenyltetraene chromophores EOD1, EOD2, and EOD3, respectively. The weak C-H⋅⋅⋅X (X=O, F) interactions in the crystal structure of D1 cumulatively add to the benzoic acid dimers to form an extended hydrogen-bonded network, while D2 is crystallized into a centric one-dimensional chain with strong intermolecular interactions. The poled films of EOD1 with PMMA exhibited the largest and most stable EO activity with optical homogeneity among the series. The results identify the effectiveness of weak but favorable hydrogen bonds enabled by the enhanced carbon acidity of p-HF4Bz synthon in D1, over the interactions in D2 and D3, for the rational design of supramolecular EO dendrimers.

Synthesis and characterization of iron clusters with an icosahedral [Fe@Fe12]16+ Core.

Iron-metal clusters are crucial in a variety of critical biological and material systems, including metalloenzymes, catalysts, and magnetic storage devices. However, a synthetic high-nuclear iron cluster has been absent due to the extreme difficulty in stabilizing species with direct iron-iron bonding. In this work, we have synthesized, crystallized, and characterized a (Tp*)4W4S12(Fe@Fe12) cluster (Tp* = tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate(1-)), which features a rare trideca-nuclear, icosahedral [Fe@Fe12] cluster core with direct multicenter iron-iron bonding between the interstitial iron (Fei) and peripheral irons (Fep), as well as Fep···Fep ferromagnetic coupling. Quantum chemistry studies reveal that the stability of the cluster arises from the 18-electron shell-closing of the [Fe@Fe12]16+ core, assisted by its bonding interactions with the peripheral tridentate [(Tp*)WS3]4- ligands which possess both S→Fe donation and spin-polarized Fe-W σ bonds. The ground-state electron spin is theoretically predicted to be S = 32/2 for the cluster. The existence of low oxidation-state (OS ∼ +1.23) iron in this compound may find interesting applications in magnetic storage, spintronics, redox chemistry, and cluster catalysis.

Reduction of Li+ within a borate anion.

Group 1 elements exhibit the lowest electronegativity values in the Periodic Table. The chemical reduction of Group 1 metal cations M+ to M(0) is extremely challenging. Common tetraaryl borates demonstrate limited redox properties and are prone to decomposition upon oxidation. In this study, by employing simple yet versatile bipyridines as ligands, we synthesized a series of redox-active borate anions characterized by NMR and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Notably, the borate anion can realize the reduction of Li+, generating elemental lithium metal and boron radical, thereby demonstrating its potent reducing ability. Furthermore, it can serve as a powerful two-electron-reducing reagent and be readily applied in various reductive homo-coupling reactions and Birch reduction of acridine. Additionally, this borate anion demonstrates its catalytic ability in the selective two-electron reduction of CO2 into CO.