[Study on direct ventricular assist loading mode based on a finite element method].

To investigate the biomechanical effects of direct ventricular assistance and explore the optimal loading mode, this study established a left ventricular model of heart failure patients based on the finite element method. It proposed a loading mode that maintains peak pressure compression, and compared it with the traditional sinusoidal loading mode from both hemodynamic and biomechanical perspectives. The results showed that both modes significantly improved hemodynamic parameters, with ejection fraction increased from a baseline of 29.33% to 37.32% and 37.77%, respectively, while peak pressure, stroke volume, and stroke work parameters also increased. Additionally, both modes showed improvements in stress concentration and excessive fiber strain. Moreover, considering the phase error of the assist device's working cycle, the proposed assist mode in this study was less affected. Therefore, this research may provide theoretical support for the design and optimization of direct ventricular assist devices.

Cystatin C and sarcopenia index are associated with cardiovascular and all-cause death among adults in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association of cystatin C, serum creatinine and sarcopenia index with cardiovascular and all-cause death in general population. METHODS: Data of participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004 were used and all participants were followed up regularly until December 31, 2019. Multivariable Cox analysis was used to investigate the association of cystatin C, serum creatinine and sarcopenia index with cardiovascular and all-cause death. Restricted cubic spline was conducted to evaluate the nonlinear association. RESULTS: A total of 9894 participants with a mean age of 45.64 years were enrolled and followed up for a mean duration of 15.62 ± 4.68 years. Approximately 50.3% were male and there were a total of 2681 all-cause deaths and 691 cardiovascular deaths recorded during the follow-up period. In final adjusted model, compared with the first quartile of cystatin C (< 0.659 mg/L), the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death increased 2.36-fold and 1.71-fold for participants in the fourth quartile (≥ 0.877 mg/L) (HR: 3.36, 95% CI: 2.06-5.46, P < 0.001; HR: 2.71, 95% CI: 2.17-3.38, P < 0.001; respectively). Furthermore, a higher sarcopenia index (< 88.41 vs. ≥125.52) was associated with the reduced risk of cardiovascular death (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.31-0.53, P < 0.001) as well as all-cause death (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.35-0.49, P < 0.001). Additionally, restricted cubic splines showed that there was a nonlinear relationship between sarcopenia index levels and all-cause death while there was a linear relationship between sarcopenia index levels and cardiovascular death. CONCLUSIONS: Higher sarcopenia index was associated with the decreased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death in general population in the United States. Elevated cystatin C was positively associated with cardiovascular and all-cause death.

CENPA and BRCA1 are potential biomarkers associated with immune infiltration in heart failure and pan-cancer.

Heart failure (HF) and cancer are the two leading causes of death worldwide and affect one another in a bidirectional way. We aimed to identify hub therapeutic genes as potential biomarkers for the identification and treatment of HF and cancer. Gene expression data of heart samples from patients with ischemic HF (IHF) and healthy controls were retrieved from the GSE42955 and GSE57338 databases. Difference analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to identify key modules associated with IHF. The overlapping genes were subjected to gene and protein enrichment analyses to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, which was screened for hub genes among the overlapping genes. A total of eight hub genes were subjected to correlation, immune cell infiltration, and ROC analyses. Then we analyzed the roles of two significant genes in 33 tumor types to explore their potential as common targets in HF and cancer. A total of 85 genes were identified by WGCNA and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analyses. BRCA1, MED17, CENPA, RXRA, RXRB, SMARCA2, CDCA2, and PMS2 were identified as the hub genes with IHF. Finally, CENPA and BRCA1 were identified as potential common targets for IHF and cancer. These findings provide new perspectives for expanding our understanding of the etiology and underlying mechanisms of HF and cancer.

Hyperuricemia is associated with heart failure readmission in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction-an observational study in Chinese.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study aimed to explore the association between hyperuricemia and heart failure (HF) readmission in HF patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) because the impact of hyperuricemia on the prognosis of these patients has not been fully understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective observational study included 538 hospitalized patients diagnosed with HFpEF. A total of 57.6 % of patients with HFpEF suffered from hyperuricemia (serum uric acid (SUA) was >7 mg/dL in men and >6 mg/dL in women). Compared to those without hyperuricemia, patients with hyperuricemia were more likely to be female (62.6 % vs. 53.9 %, p = 0.044) and older (78.0 ± 8.4 vs. 75.9 ± 9.0 years, p = 0.008). Our Cox analysis revealed that SUA level (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.158, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.087-1.234, p<0.001) and hyperuricemia (HR = 1.846, 95 % CI: 1.308-2.606, p<0.001) were associated with HF readmission in patients with HFpEF, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with hyperuricemia had a significantly worse prognosis (p<0.001). The receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the area under the ROC curve of SUA for predicting HF readmission was 0.6276 (95 % CI: 0.5763-0.6790) and a designated cut-off value of 7.53 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperuricemia is a common comorbidity among patients with HFpEF. Moreover, SUA level and hyperuricemia have been shown to be associated with HF readmission. Therefore, it is meaningful to monitor SUA levels in patients with HFpEF during the whole treatment period of HF. Whereas, whether intervention of hyperuricemia could benefit patients with HFpEF needs further studies.

Gate-Tuning Hybrid Polaritons in Twisted α-MoO3/Graphene Heterostructures.

Modulating anisotropic phonon polaritons (PhPs) can open new avenues in infrared nanophotonics. Promising PhP dispersion engineering through polariton hybridization has been demonstrated by coupling gated graphene to single-layer α-MoO3. However, the mechanism underlying the gate-dependent modulation of hybridization has remained elusive. Here, using IR nanospectroscopic imaging, we demonstrate active modulation of the optical response function, quantified in measurements of gate dependence of wavelength, amplitude, and dissipation rate of the hybrid plasmon-phonon polaritons (HPPPs) in both single-layer and twisted bilayer α-MoO3/graphene heterostructures. Intriguingly, while graphene doping leads to a monotonic increase in HPPP wavelength, amplitude and dissipation rate show transition from an initially anticorrelated decrease to a correlated increase. We attribute this behavior to the intricate interplay of gate-dependent components of the HPPP complex momentum. Our results provide the foundation for active polariton control of integrated α-MoO3 nanophotonics devices.

Numerical Simulation on Insoluble Surfactant Mass Transfer on Deformable Bubble Interface in a Couette Flow by Phase-Field Lattice Boltzmann Method-Finite-Difference Method Hybrid Approach.

Elaborate management on bubble shape and transportations depends on the balance between multiple physical behaviors for two-phase flow with Marangoni stress and the interface mass transfer. In this paper, a new model combining PFLBM (phase-field lattice Boltzmann method) and FDM ( finite-difference method) coupling with the ghost-cell method was built. The PFLBM-FDM was validated for the high accuracy, less computational cost, and low mass loss compared to other methods. Based on the PFLBM-FDM, a surfactant-laden bubble deformed and transported in a laminar Couette flow was investigated. The deformation ratio and transportation velocity were explored with different density ratios, surface tensions, shear velocities, and diffusion coefficients. The numerical results showed that the equilibrium state of the bubble deformation was decided only by the dimensionless numbers when the Sh number was higher than 100. Moreover, the transportation velocity of the bubble can be controlled by the balance between the Marangoni stress and shear velocity. When the Sh is lower than 100, the Marangoni stress from the surfactant is not a long-range force, which only works at the early flow. Otherwise, the Marangoni stress will be a long-range force that provides a persistent force to accelerate the bubble by ∼10%. Increasing ReH will further intensify the effect. Based on all the data, a correlation of the bubble deformation including with the densities of two fluids was obtained and the error range is less 5%.

Nocturnal hypertension and riser pattern are associated with heart failure rehospitalization in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Nocturnal hypertension is reported as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to explore the potential association between nocturnal hypertension and heart failure (HF) rehospitalization in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). METHODS: A total of 538 patients with HFpEF from May 2018 to December 2021 were consequently recruited in this study and followed up until they were readmitted for HF or the end of this study. Cox regression analysis was used to reveal the potential association between nighttime blood pressure (BP) levels, nocturnal hypertension and nocturnal BP patterns and HF rehospitalization. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to assess the cumulative event-free survival rate between groups. RESULTS: There were 537 patients with HFpEF were included in the final analysis. The mean age of the study population was 77.14 ± 8.68 years, and 41.2% of patients were men. After a median follow-up duration of 10.93 (4.19-21.13) months, 176 patients (32.7%) with HFpEF were readmitted for HF. Cox regression analysis had revealed that nighttime systolic BP level [hazards ratio (HR) = 1.018, 95% CI: 1.008-1.028, P = 0.001], nighttime diastolic BP level (HR = 1.024, 95% CI: 1.007-1.042, P = 0.007), nocturnal hypertension (HR = 1.688, 95% CI: 1.229-2.317, P = 0.001) were associated with HF rehospitalization. Kaplan-Meier analysis had demonstrated that patients with nocturnal hypertension had significantly lower event-free survival rate (log-rank P < 0.001). Furthermore, patients with a riser pattern had a higher risk of HF rehospitalization (HR = 1.828, 95% CI: 1.055-3.166, P = 0.031) and lower event-free survival rate (log-rank P = 0.003) than those with a dipper pattern. These findings were also confirmed in patients with HFpEF and hyperuricemia. CONCLUSIONS: Nighttime BP levels, nocturnal hypertension and a riser pattern are independently associated with HF rehospitalization in patients with HFpEF, and prominently in patients with HFpEF and hyperuricemia. Well controlled nighttime BP levels should be emphasized and considered in patients with HFpEF.

Atherosclerosis treatment with nanoagent: potential targets, stimulus signals and drug delivery mechanisms.

Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) is the first killer of human health, and it caused up at least 31% of global deaths. Atherosclerosis is one of the main reasons caused CVDs. Oral drug therapy with statins and other lipid-regulating drugs is the conventional treatment strategies for atherosclerosis. However, conventional therapeutic strategies are constrained by low drug utilization and non-target organ injury problems. Micro-nano materials, including particles, liposomes, micelles and bubbles, have been developed as the revolutionized tools for CVDs detection and drug delivery, specifically atherosclerotic targeting treatment. Furthermore, the micro-nano materials also could be designed to intelligently and responsive targeting drug delivering, and then become a promising tool to achieve atherosclerosis precision treatment. This work reviewed the advances in atherosclerosis nanotherapy, including the materials carriers, target sites, responsive model and treatment results. These nanoagents precisely delivery the therapeutic agents to the target atherosclerosis sites, and intelligent and precise release of drugs, which could minimize the potential adverse effects and be more effective in atherosclerosis lesion.

Antithrombotic strategy in cancer patients comorbid with acute coronary syndrome and atrial fibrillation.

It has been shown that patients with cancer have a longer expected life duration, benefiting from advanced medical therapy. Meanwhile, the risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been increasing with ageing. A growing number of studies have elucidated the association between cancer and CVD. Cancer, atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease share some common factors and interact with each other, such as obesity, aging, diabetes, and inflammation, but the potential specific mechanism is still unclear. In addition, cancer-specific and therapy-related factors may increase the risk of embolism and bleeding in patients with cancer than in general population. However, current available embolic and bleeding risk scores applied in patients with CVD may not be applicable for risk assessment in cancer patients, which would be difficult for clinicians to select an appropriate antithrombotic regimen and ensure the balance between bleeding and embolism. Moreover, different types of cancer have distinct risks, which may increase the complexity of antithrombotic therapy. In this review, we review the literature related to cancer, AF, and acute coronary syndrome, focusing on the epidemiological status, physiological mechanism, embolism and bleeding risks, and strategies of antithrombotic therapy.

Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with metabolic syndrome in a very elderly Chinese population.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is currently a major public health challenge in young, middle aged and elderly population worldwide, but it is still not clear in very elderly population. This study was to investigate the potential association between total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (THR) and MetS in a very elderly population in Chengdu. Totally, 1056 very elderly (aged ≥ 80 years) in Chengdu community were enrolled in this study. Geographic characteristics of participants were collected and laboratory measurement was performed. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the Chinese and the international diabetes federation (IDF) criteria, respectively. Logistic analysis was used to investigate the potential association between the THR and MetS. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the efficiency of THR in MetS predicting. Finally, 1038 participants were included in statistical analysis. The mean age was 83.6 ± 3.4 years and 52.6% participants were men and 21.6% suffered from MetS. Participants with MetS had relatively higher waist circumference, body weight, blood pressure, fast plasma glucose level, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol level and THR. The logistic analysis revealed that the THR was associated with MetS according to both the Chinese (odds ratio (OR): 3.053, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.464-3.782, P < 0.001) and the IDF criteria (OR: 2.458, 95% CI 2.016-2.995, P < 0.001). ROC analysis found that the area under curve of the THR was 0.800 (95% CI 0.749-0.852, P < 0.001) and 0.727 (95% CI 0.669-0.786, P < 0.001) for predicting MetS according to the Chinese and the IDF criteria, respectively. The THR is associated with MetS in this community very elderly population in Chengdu.

CircNPHP4 in monocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles controls heterogeneous adhesion in coronary heart atherosclerotic disease.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs)-derived circular RNAs (circRNAs) could regulate gene expression in recipient cells, and dysregulation of sEVs-derived circRNAs has been implicated in several diseases. However, the expression and function of sEVs-derived circRNAs in coronary heart atherosclerotic disease (CAD) remain unknown. In this study, we investigated global changes in the expression patterns of circRNAs in sEVs from CAD-related monocytes and identified circNPHP4 as a significantly upregulated circRNA. Knockdown of circNPHP4 inhibited heterogeneous adhesion between monocytes and coronary artery endothelial cells and reduced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. Investigations of the underlying mechanisms revealed that circNPHP4 contains a functional miR-1231-binding site. Mutation of the circNPHP4-binding sites in miR-1231 abolished the interaction, as indicated by a luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, circNPHP4 affected the expression of miR-1231 and its target gene EGFR. Overexpression of miR-1231 blocked the inhibitory effect of circNPHP4 on heterogeneous adhesion. Moreover, downregulation of miR-1231 restored heterogeneous adhesion upon inhibition by circNPHP4 silencing. Additionally, circNPHP4 overexpression was correlated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics in CAD patients. A multivariate logistic regression model and bootstrapping validation showed that circNPHP4 overexpression had a good risk prediction capability for CAD. The decision curve analysis revealed that using the CAD nomogram that included circNPHP4 overexpression to predict the risk of CAD was beneficial. Our results suggest that sEVs-derived circNPHP4 can serve as a potential target for CAD treatments or as a potential diagnostic marker for CAD patients.

Interfacial Diffusion of Hydrated Ion on Graphene Surface: A Molecular Simulation Study.

Hydration plays an important role in the diffusion and sieving of ions within nanochannels. However, it is hard to quantitatively analyze the contribution of hydration to the diffusion rates due to the complex hydrogen-bond and charge interactions between atoms. Here, we quantitatively investigated the interfacial diffusion rates of a single hydrated ion with different number of water molecules on graphene surface through molecular dynamics simulation. The simulation results show the ballistic diffusion mode by analyzing the mean-square displacement, and the diffusion rates change nonmonotonically with the hydration number. The potential energy profiles with the changing position of the hydrated ion on graphene surface were further analyzed, which shows the dominant factor for interfacial diffusion changing from ion-graphene interaction to water-graphene interaction as the number of water molecules increases. Besides, it was found that the surface hydrophilicity weakened the influence of hydration number on the diffusion rates of hydrated ion. Finally, the diffusion properties of different hydrated ions on graphene surface were investigated, and the hydrated Li+, Na+, and K+ containing three, four, and five water molecules, respectively, show the fastest diffusion rate. This work demonstrates the interfacial diffusion behavior and mechanism of hydrated ions at the molecular level, which can provide valuable guidance in nanosensors, seawater desalination, and other hydrated ion-related fields.

Hyperuricemia is associated with metabolic syndrome in the community very elderly in Chengdu.

Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular metabolic diseases. However, in the very elderly, the relationship between hyperuricemia and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not yet clear. This study was aimed to investigate the potential association between hyperuricemia and MetS in community very elderly in Chengdu. In this cross-sectional study, 1056 very elderly in the community were enrolled. Serum uric acid (SUA), fast plasma glucose, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured, and then MetS components were calculated. Logistic regression models were used to explore risk factors for MetS in the very elderly. Finally, 1035 participants were included in analysis whose ages ranged between 80 and 100 with a mean age of 83.6 ± 3.4 years. The mean SUA level was 356.2 ± 95.0 µmol/L. The estimated prevalence of MetS in the very elderly was 25.0% vs. 21.6% (international diabetes federation (IDF) criteria vs. Chinese guideline), which was significantly higher for women (IDF criteria:17.3% in men vs 33.6% in women, p < 0.001). Logistic regression has found that participants with hyperuricemia (SUA level > 416 µmol/L in men and > 357 µmol/L in women) had a higher risk (IDF criteria: odds ratio (OR): 2.136, 95% confidence interval(CI): 1.525-2.993, p < 0.001. Chinese guideline: OR: 1.769, 95%CI: 1.249-2.503, p = 0.001) of MetS in very elderly Chinese. MetS is common in the community of very elderly Chinese in Chengdu. Hyperuricemia is associated with MetS in general very elderly and lifestyle changing should also be considered in the very elderly.

Maximizing sinusoidal channels of HZSM-5 for high shape-selectivity to p-xylene.

The shape-selective catalysis enabled by zeolite micropore's molecular-sized sieving is an efficient way to reduce the cost of chemical separation in the chemical industry. Although well studied since its discovery, HZSM-5's shape-selective capability has never been fully exploited due to the co-existence of its different-sized straight channels and sinusoidal channels, which makes the shape-selective p-xylene production from toluene alkylation with the least m-xylene and o-xylene continue to be one of the few industrial challenges in the chemical industry. Rather than modifications which promote zeolite shape-selectivity at the cost of stability and reactivity loss, here inverse Al zoned HZSM-5 with sinusoidal channels predominantly opened to their external surfaces is constructed to maximize the shape-selectivity of HZSM-5 sinusoidal channels and reach > 99 % p-xylene selectivity, while keeping a very high activity and good stability ( > 220 h) in toluene methylation reactions. The strategy shows good prospects for shape-selective control of molecules with tiny differences in size.

Conformation-induced separation of 3-chloropropene from 1-chloropropane through nanoporous monolayer graphenes.

Achieving ultrahigh selectivity for separating paraffin/olefin mixtures with physical and chemical similarity, especially for halohydrocarbons, is a long-standing challenge in high-purity polymer production. We explored three H-saturated nanoporous graphene (NG) membranes with appropriate pore geometries that can achieve the complete exclusion of 1-chloropropane (C3H7Cl) from C3H5Cl during molecular dynamics simulations. Inferred from thermodynamics calculations, C3H5Cl has a lower energy barrier of penetration than C3H7Cl and the NG membranes show preferential adsorption to C3H5Cl, which facilitate the penetration of C3H5Cl through the pores. The conformational energy analysis of the two molecules shows that C3H5Cl has a lower energy penalty to twist to the molecular conformation that nanopores preferred than C3H7Cl, which mainly determines the ultrahigh selectivity for C3H5Cl. We anticipate that the conformation-induced mechanism outlined here can provide a reference to separate paraffin/olefin mixtures with distinctly different conformational energy profiles.

Concurrent coupling of atomistic simulation and mesoscopic hydrodynamics for flows over soft multi-functional surfaces.

We develop an efficient parallel multiscale method that bridges the atomistic and mesoscale regimes, from nanometers to microns and beyond, via concurrent coupling of atomistic simulation and mesoscopic dynamics. In particular, we combine an all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) description for specific atomistic details in the vicinity of the functional surface with a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) approach that captures mesoscopic hydrodynamics in the domain away from the functional surface. In order to achieve a seamless transition in dynamic properties we endow the MD simulation with a DPD thermostat, which is validated against experimental results by modeling water at different temperatures. We then validate the MD-DPD coupling method for transient Couette and Poiseuille flows, demonstrating that the concurrent MD-DPD coupling can resolve accurately the continuum-based analytical solutions. Subsequently, we simulate shear flows over grafted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces (polymer brushes) for various grafting densities, and investigate the slip flow as a function of the shear stress. We verify that a "universal" power law exists for the slip length, in agreement with published results. Having validated the MD-DPD coupling method, we simulate time-dependent flows past an endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) in a microchannel. Coupled simulation results elucidate the dynamics of the EGL changing from an equilibrium state to a compressed state under shear by aligning the molecular structures along the shear direction. MD-DPD simulation results agree well with results of a single MD simulation, but with the former more than two orders of magnitude faster than the latter for system sizes above one micron.

Hyperuricemia is associated with atrial fibrillation prevalence in very elderly - a community based study in Chengdu, China.

Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, in very elderly, the relationship between hyperuricemia and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is not clear. This study aimed to investigate hyperuricemia and the risk of AF in community very elderly. In this cross-sectional study, 1056 very elderly in community were enrolled. Serum uric acid (SUA) were measured and rest 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore risk factors for AF in very elderly. Finally, 1038 participants were included in analysis and the mean age of the study participants were 83.6 ± 3.4 years (age range 80-100 years). The mean SUA level was 350.1 ± 84.5 µmol/L. The estimated prevalence of AF was 5.3%, and there was no significant sex difference (5.8% for men and 4.8% for women, p = 0.401). Multiple logistic regression found that participants with hyperuricemia (SUA >416 µmol/L in men and >357 µmol/L in women) had a higher risk (odds ratio: 2.080, 95% confidence interval: 1.103-4.202, P = 0.007) of suffering AF in very elderly Chinese. In conclusion, AF is relatively frequent in this community very elderly Chinese in Chengdu. Hyperuricemia is associated with the prevalence of AF in general very elderly.

New high-fidelity terrain modeling method constrained by terrain semanteme.

Production of higher-fidelity digital elevation models is important; as such models are indispensable components of space data infrastructure. However, loss of terrain features is a constant problem for grid digital elevation models, although these models have already been defined in such a way that their distinct usage as data sources in terrain modeling processing is prohibited. Therefore, in this study, the novel concept-terrain semanteme is proposed to define local space terrain features, and a new process for generating grid digital elevation models based on this new concept is designed. A prototype system is programmed to test the proposed approach; the results indicate that terrain semanteme can be applied in the process of grid digital elevation model generation, and that usage of this new concept improves the digital elevation model fidelity. Moreover, the terrain semanteme technique can be applied for recovery of distorted digital elevation model regions containing terrain semantemes, with good recovery efficiency indicated by experiments.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension in the Chinese Qiang population.

Our aim is to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with hypertension among the Chinese Qiang population. From September 2012 to March 2013, a cross-sectional study was conducted in urban and rural communities of the Qiang population using multistage cluster sampling. A total of 2676 people aged above 20 years were enrolled in the analysis. Standardized mercury sphygmomanometer was used to measure the blood pressure twice after a 10-minute seated rest, and the average blood pressure was obtained. The hypertension prevalence among the population aged above 20 years was 13.9%, and age-standardized prevalence was 12.3%. Male and female prevalence of hypertension, as well as the prevalence in urban and rural areas, all increased with age. There were no significant differences between males and females and between urban and rural residents. Among hypertensive patients, 44.2% were aware of their hypertension, 38.0% were undergoing antihypertensive treatment, but only 10.5% achieved blood pressure control. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of hypertension included age, low income, overweight and obesity, family history of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension in Chinese Qiang adults is significantly lower than the national level. Awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension were low in the Qiang population. Thus, hypertension-related health knowledge should be more aggressively delivered to improve public awareness and the capacity of community health services should be strengthened.

Temporal trends in Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension from 2000 to 2010 in Chengdu, China.

This study aimed to describe trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in hypertension in Chengdu from 2000 to 2010. Two community-based cross sectional surveys were conducted among those aged 40-79 years in 2000 (n = 4850) and 2010 (n = 5456). Demographic characteristics, blood pressure (BP) and associated risk factors were examined. Mean systolic and diastolic BP increased from 117.8 ± 33.9 to 132.1 ± 21.2 mmHg (P < 0.001), and 75.3 ± 19.1 to 79.3 ± 11.2 mmHg (P < 0.001) over past decade, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension increased from 27.7 to 29.4% (P < 0.001). Awareness increased from 37.7 to 42.5% (P < 0.001). The overall treatment rate increased from 20.9 to 28.0% (P < 0.0001), while among subjects aware of hypertension, treatment increased from 46.9 to 65.8% (P < 0.001). In hypertensives, control increased from 6.8 to 6.9% (P = 0.6684). Nevertheless, in hypertensives aware and treated, control decreased from 32.5 to 24.3% (P = 0.020). Hypertension prevalence increased in the last decade, while awareness, treatment and control remained considerably low in Chengdu.