Learning shared template representation with augmented feature for multi-object pose estimation.

Template matching pose estimation methods based on deep learning have made significant advancements via metric learning or reconstruction learning. Existing approaches primarily build distinct template representation libraries (codebooks) from rendered images for each object, which complicate the training process and increase memory cost for multi-object tasks. Additionally, they struggle to effectively handle discrepancies between the distributions of training and test sets, particularly for occluded objects, resulting in suboptimal matching accuracy. In this study, we propose a shared template representation learning method with augmented semantic features to address these issues. Our method learns representations concurrently using metric and reconstruction learning as similarity constraints, and augments response of network to objects through semantic feature constraints for better generalization performance. Furthermore, rotation matrices serve as templates for codebook construction, leading to excellent matching accuracy compared to rendered images. Notably, it contributes to the effective decoupling of object categories and templates, necessitating the maintenance of only a shared codebook in multi-object pose estimation tasks. Extensive experiments on Linemod, Linemod-Occluded and TLESS datasets demonstrate that the proposed method employing shared templates achieves superior matching accuracy. Moreover, proposed method exhibits robustness on a collected aircraft dataset, further validating its efficacy.

Individualized radiology screening for newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Current guidelines recommend universal PET/CT screening for metastases staging in newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) despite the low rate of synchronous distant metastasis (SDM). The study aims to achieve individualized screening recommendations of NPC based on the risk of SDM. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 18 pre-treatment peripheral blood indicators was retrospectively collected from 2271 primary NPC patients. A peripheral blood risk score (PBRS) was constructed by indicators associated with SDM on least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. The PBRS-based distant metastases (PBDM) model was developed from features selected by logistic regression analyses in the training cohort and then validated in the validation cohort. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis were applied to evaluate PBDM model performance. RESULTS: Pre-treatment Epstein-Barr viral DNA copy number, percentage of total lymphocytes, serum lactate dehydrogenase level, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio were most strongly associated with SDM in NPC and used to construct the PBRS. Sex (male), T stage (T3-4), N stage (N2-3), and PBRS (≥1.076) were identified as independent risk factors for SDM and applied in the PBDM model, which showed good performance. Through the model, patients in the training cohort were stratified into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Individualized screening recommendations were then developed for patients with differing risk levels. CONCLUSION: The PBDM model offers individualized recommendations for applying PET/CT for metastases staging in NPC, allowing more targeted screening of patients with greater risk of SDM compared with current recommendations.

Double-Tube Multiplex TaqMan Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Eight Animal-Derived Dairy Ingredients.

Milk and dairy products represent important sources of nutrition in our daily lives. The identification of species within dairy products holds importance for monitoring food adulteration and ensuring traceability. This study presented a method that integrated double-tube and duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with multiplex TaqMan probes to enable the high-throughput detection of animal-derived ingredients in milk and dairy products. The detection system utilized one pair of universal primers, two pairs of specific primers, and eight animal-derived specific probes for cow, buffalo, goat, sheep, camel, yak, horse, and donkey. These components were optimized within a double-tube and four-probe PCR multiplex system. The developed double-tube detection system could simultaneously identify the above eight targets with a detection limit of 10-0.1 pg/µL. Validation using simulated adulterated milk samples demonstrated a detection limit of 0.1%. The primary advantage of this method lies in the simplification of the multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) system through the use of universal primers. This method provides an efficient approach for detecting ingredients in dairy products, providing powerful technical support for market supervision.

Dynamic changes in body composition during XELOX/SOX chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer.

Objectives: In this study, we compared the dynamic changes in body composition during XELOX/SOX chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. Furthermore, we investigated the potential impact of these changes on the occurrence of toxic side effects. Methods: Patients with gastric cancer who received adjuvant or first-line XELOX/SOX chemotherapy between January 2020 and June 2023 were enrolled. The Brief Conghua Scale was used to assess energy intake, and nutritional management was carried out with reference to the Chinese Guidelines for Nutritional Therapy of Cancer 2020. The NRS 2002 Nutritional Risk Screening Scale, PG-SGA scale, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and dynamic changes in lumbar 3 vertebral skeletal muscle index were compared between baseline and post-chemotherapy in the study. The neutropenia was evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V.5.0, developed by the National Institutes of Health. Results: Dynamic follow-up was completed in 39 cases, with a mean follow-up time of 117.62 ± 43.38 days. The incidence of sarcopenia increased significantly after chemotherapy, escalating from 46.2% to 51.3%. After chemotherapy, the mean L3SMI decreased from 36.00 cm2/m2 to 34.99 cm2/m2. Furthermore, when compared to pre-chemotherapy values, the body composition indexes body mass index (BMI), SL3, fat mass free index (FFMI), lean body mass (LBM), and body surface area (BSA) were significantly reduced after chemotherapy. Regardless of baseline or post-chemotherapy status, the incidence of grade ≥ 3 neutropenia was significantly higher in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group. Furthermore, when the skeletal muscle index decreased during chemotherapy, the incidence of grade ≥ 3 neutropenia was significantly higher in both the sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups compared to baseline. When the incidence of grade ≥ 3 neutropenia in the post-chemotherapy sarcopenia group was compared to baseline status, the increase was significantly higher in the sarcopenia group than in the maintenance/increase group. Conclusions: Skeletal muscle mass decreased progressively during XELOX/SOX chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients, followed by a higher incidence of grade ≥ 3 neutropenia.

Novel natural osthole-inspired amphiphiles as membrane targeting antibacterials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widespread pathogen causing clinical infections and is multi-resistant to many antibiotics, making it urgent need to develop novel antibacterials to combat MRSA. Herein, we designed and prepared a series of novel osthole amphiphiles 6a-6ad by mimicking the structures and function of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Antibacterial assays showed that osthole amphiphile 6aa strongly inhibited S. aureus and 10 clinical MRSA isolates with MIC values of 1-2 µg/mL, comparable to that of the commercial antibiotic vancomycin. Additionally, 6aa had the advantages of rapid bacteria killing without readily developing drug resistance, low toxicity, good membrane selectivity, and good plasma stability. Mechanistic studies indicated that 6aa possesses good membrane-targeting ability to bind to phosphatidylglycerol (PG) on the bacterial cell membranes, thereby disrupting the cell membranes and causing an increase in intracellular ROS as well as leakage of proteins and DNA, and accelerating bacterial death. Notably, in vivo activity results revealed that 6aa exhibits strong anti-MRSA efficacy than vancomycin as well as a substantial reduction in MRSA-induced proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6. Given the impressive in vitro and in vivo anti-MRSA efficacy of 6aa, which makes it a potential candidate against MRSA infections.

Application of a feedforward control-based intervention for preventing hypothermia in trauma patients in a pre-hospital emergency setting.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of a feedforward control-based intervention strategy for preventing hypothermia among trauma patients during pre-hospital emergency care. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing trauma patients treated before and after implementing the intervention, with 40 cases in each group. All patients received emergency care from the Fuzhou Emergency Center on the scene. Multivariate analysis was used to explore the risk factors for hypothermia. The effective rate, incidence of adverse reactions, quality of body temperature management, medical staff's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding mild hypothermia prevention, coagulation function, treatment time at various stages, prognosis score, and treatment situation were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The adverse reactions, intervention methods, and degree of cognitive improvement were influencing factors for hypothermia. The effective rate (92.50%) in the feedforward control group was higher than that in the non-feedforward control group (65.00%), with a lower incidence of adverse reactions (2.50%). The temperature management quality score of the feedforward control group (6.23±0.62) was higher. The feedforward control group achieved a higher quality score for temperature management (6.23±0.62) and exhibited a greater understanding of hypothermia prevention among trauma patients (P<0.05). Compared to the non-feedforward control group, the feedforward control group showed improved coagulation function, better performance in treatment time at each node, and higher prognosis scores. CONCLUSION: The intervention model based on feedforward control can effectively improve the standard of pre-hospital emergency care and prevent the incidence of hypothermia in trauma patients.

Targeting endothelial PDGFR-ß facilitates angiogenesis-associated bone formation through the PAK1/NICD axis.

The intricate orchestration of osteoporosis (OP) pathogenesis remains elusive. Mounting evidence suggests that angiogenesis-driven osteogenesis serves as a crucial foundation for maintaining bone homeostasis. This study aimed to explore the potential of the endothelial platelet-derived growth factor receptor-ß (PDGFR-ß) in mitigating bone loss through its facilitation of H-type vessel formation. Our findings demonstrate that the expression level of endothelial PDGFR-ß is reduced in samples obtained from individuals suffering from OP, as well as in ovariectomy mice. Depletion of PDGFR-ß in endothelial cells ameliorates angiogenesis-mediated bone formation in mice. The regulatory influence of endothelial PDGFR-ß on H-type vessels is mediated through the PDGFRß-P21-activated kinase 1-Notch1 intracellular domain signaling cascade. In particular, the endothelium-specific enhancement of PDGFR-ß facilitates H-type vessels and their associated bone formation in OP. Hence, the strategic targeting of endothelial PDGFR-ß emerges as a promising therapeutic approach for the management of OP in the near future.

Solar-Driven Drum-Type Atmospheric Water Harvester Based on Bio-Based Gels with Fast Adsorption/Desorption Kinetics.

Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting is an attractive technology for exploiting unconventional water sources. A critical challenge is how to facilitate fast and continuous collection of potable water from air. Here, a bio-based gel (CAL gel), resulting from the integration of a whole biomass-derived polymer network with lithium chloride is reported. A fast adsorption/desorption kinetics, with a water capture rate of 1.74 kg kg-1 h-1 at 30% relative humidity and a desorption rate of 1.98 kg kg-1 h-1, was simultaneously realized in one piece of CAL gel, because of its strong hygroscopicity, hydrophilic network, abundant water transport channels, photothermal conversion ability, and ∼200-µm-thick self-supporting bulky structure caused by multicomponent synergy. A solar-driven, drum-type, tunable, and portable harvester is designed that can harvest atmospheric water within a brief time. Under outdoor conditions, the harvester with CAL gels operates 36 switches (180°) per day realizes a water yield of 8.96 kg kggel -1 (18.87 g kgdevice -1). This portable harvester highlights the potential for fast and scalable atmospheric water harvesting in extreme environments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Promoting agricultural waste-driven denitrification and nitrogen sequestration with nano-enabled strategy.

Nanotechnology and biotechnology offer promising avenues for bolstering food security through the facilitation of soil nitrogen (N) sequestration and the reduction of nitrate leaching. Nonetheless, a comprehensive and mechanistic evaluation of their effectiveness and safety remains unclear. In this study, a soil remediation strategy employing nano-Fe3O4 and straw in N-contaminated soil was developed to elucidate N retention mechanisms via diverse metagenomics techniques. The findings revealed that subsoil amended with straw, particularly in conjunction with nano-Fe3O4, significantly increased subsoil N content (53.2%) and decreased nitrate concentration (74.6%) in leachate. Furthermore, the enrichment of functional genes associated with N-cycling, sulfate, nitrate, and iron uptake, along with chemotaxis, and responses to environmental stimuli or microbial collaboration, effectively mitigates nitrate leaching while enhancing soil N sequestration. This study introduces a pioneering approach utilizing nanomaterials in soil remediation, thereby offering the potential for the cultivation of safe vegetables in high N input greenhouse agriculture.

The beneficial roles and mechanisms of estrogens in immune health and infection disease.

Multiple epidemiologic studies have revealed that gender is considered one of the important factors in the frequency and severity of certain infectious diseases, in which estrogens may play a vital role. There is growing evidence that estrogens as female sex hormone can modulate multiple biological functions outside of the reproductive system, such as in brain and cardiovascular system. However, it is largely unknown about the roles and mechanisms of estrogens/estrogen receptors in immune health and infection disease. Thence, by reading a lot of literature, we summarized the regulatory mechanisms of estrogens/estrogen receptors in immune cells and their roles in certain infectious diseases with gender differences. Therefore, estrogens may have therapeutic potentials to prevent and treat these infectious diseases, which needs further clinical investigation.

Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in lung cancer patients and their associations with clinical health indicators.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have potential carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Research has been conducted on PFAS exposure in people to discuss their potential health effects, excluding lung cancer. In this study, we recruited participants (n = 282) with lung cancer from Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. The PFAS concentrations were measured in their serum to fill the data gap of exposure, and relationships were explored in levels between PFASs and clinical indicators of tumor, immune and liver function. Ten PFASs were found in over 80 % of samples and their total concentrations were 5.27-152 ng/mL, with the highest level for perfluorooctanesulfonate (median: 12.4 ng/mL). Long-chain PFASs were the main congeners and their median concentration (20.5 ng/mL) was nearly three times to that of short-chain PFASs (7.61 ng/mL). Significantly higher concentrations of perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorohexanesulfonate were found in males than in females (p < 0.05). Serum levels of neuro-specific enolase were positively associated with perfluoropentanoic acid in all participants and were negatively associated with perfluorononanesulfonate in females (p < 0.05, multiple linear regression models). Exposure to PFAS mixture was significantly positively associated with the lymphocytic absolute value (difference: 0.224, 95% CI: 0.018, 0.470; p < 0.05, quantile g-computation models) and serum total bilirubin (difference: 2.177, 95% CI: 0.0335, 4.33; p < 0.05). Moreover, PFAS exposure can affect γ-glutamyl transpeptidase through several immune markers (p < 0.05, mediating test). Our results suggest that exposure to certain PFASs could interfere with clinical indicators in lung cancer patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect serum PFAS occurrence and check their associations with clinical indicators in lung cancer patients.

A neurofunctional signature of subjective disgust generalizes to oral distaste and socio-moral contexts.

While disgust originates in the hard-wired mammalian distaste response, the conscious experience of disgust in humans strongly depends on subjective appraisal and may even extend to socio-moral contexts. Here, in a series of studies, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with machine-learning-based predictive modelling to establish a comprehensive neurobiological model of subjective disgust. The developed neurofunctional signature accurately predicted momentary self-reported subjective disgust across discovery (n = 78) and pre-registered validation (n = 30) cohorts and generalized across core disgust (n = 34 and n = 26), gustatory distaste (n = 30) and socio-moral (unfair offers; n = 43) contexts. Disgust experience was encoded in distributed cortical and subcortical systems, and exhibited distinct and shared neural representations with subjective fear or negative affect in interoceptive-emotional awareness and conscious appraisal systems, while the signatures most accurately predicted the respective target experience. We provide an accurate functional magnetic resonance imaging signature for disgust with a high potential to resolve ongoing evolutionary debates.

Ultra-Stable High-Capacity Polythiophene Derivative for Wide-Potential-Window Supercapacitors.

Conducting polymer (CP)-based supercapacitors show great promise for applications in the field of wearable and portable electronics. However, these supercapacitors face persistent challenges, notably low energy density and inadequate stability. In this study, we introduce a polythiophene derivative, designated as poly(EPE), synthesized via the electrochemical polymerization of 8-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine (EPE). The resulting poly(EPE) polymer exhibits an exemplary 3D porous network-like structure, significantly enhancing its capacitance performance. When employed as the electrode material, the symmetric supercapacitor demonstrates an exceptionally high specific capacitance of 1342 F g-1 at a current density of 4.0 A g-1, along with impressive energy and power densities of 119.3 W h kg-1 and 38.83 kW kg-1, respectively. These capacitance values surpass those of previously reported pristine CP-based supercapacitors. Notably, the supercapacitor showcases outstanding stability, maintaining a retention rate of 92.5% even after 50,000 charge-discharge cycles. These findings underscore the substantial potential of poly(EPE) as an electrode material for the advancement of the supercapacitor technology.

Physiology education in China: the current situation and changes over the past 3 decades.

OBJECTIVE: As an experimental biological science, physiology has been taught as an integral component of medical curricula for a long time in China. The teaching effectiveness of physiology courses will directly affect students' learning of other medical disciplines. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation and changes in physiology teaching over 30 years in Chinese medical schools. METHODS: National survey was conducted online on the platform SoJump via WeChat and the web. The head of the physiology department in medical school was asked to indicate the information of physiology education from three periods: 1991-2000, 2001-2010, and 2011-2020. The responses of 80 leaders of the Department of Physiology from mainland Chinese medical schools were included in the study for analysis. RESULTS: The survey showed that the class hours, both of theory and practice, had been decreased. During the past 20 years, the total number of physiology teachers, the number of physiology teachers who had been educated in medical schools, and the number of technicians had been reduced, whereas teachers with doctor's degrees had been increased. In addition to traditional didactic teaching, new teaching approaches, including problem-based learning/case-based learning/team-based learning, integrated curriculum and formative evaluation systems, had been employed, mostly for more than 5 years, in some medical schools. CONCLUSION: The present study has provided historical data regarding the current status of physiology education in China and that in the past thirty years by showing that physiology education in China has developed quickly,even it faces many challenges.

Cellulose-derived raw materials towards advanced functional transparent papers.

Pulp and paper are gradually transforming from a traditional industry into a new green strategic industry. In parallel, cellulose-derived transparent paper is gaining ground for the development of advanced functional materials for light management with eco-friendly, high performance, and multifunctionality. This review focuses on methods and processes for the preparation of cellulose-derived transparent papers, highlighting the characterization of raw materials linked to responses to different properties, such as optical and mechanical properties. The applications in electronic devices, energy conversion and storage, and eco-friendly packaging are also highlighted with the objective to showcase the untapped potential of cellulose-derived transparent paper, challenging the prevailing notion that paper is merely a daily life product. Finally, the challenges and propose future directions for the development of cellulose-derived transparent paper are identified.

Functional connectivity development along the sensorimotor-association axis enhances the cortical hierarchy.

Human cortical maturation has been posited to be organized along the sensorimotor-association axis, a hierarchical axis of brain organization that spans from unimodal sensorimotor cortices to transmodal association cortices. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that the development of functional connectivity during childhood through adolescence conforms to the cortical hierarchy defined by the sensorimotor-association axis. We tested this pre-registered hypothesis in four large-scale, independent datasets (total n = 3355; ages 5-23 years): the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (n = 1207), Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample (n = 397), Human Connectome Project: Development (n = 625), and Healthy Brain Network (n = 1126). Across datasets, the development of functional connectivity systematically varied along the sensorimotor-association axis. Connectivity in sensorimotor regions increased, whereas connectivity in association cortices declined, refining and reinforcing the cortical hierarchy. These consistent and generalizable results establish that the sensorimotor-association axis of cortical organization encodes the dominant pattern of functional connectivity development.

Recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick assay for rapid visual detection of A.simplex (s. s.) and A.pegreffii in sea foods.

Anisakiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease mainly caused by the third stage of Anisakis simplex (s. s.) and Anisakis pegreffii. Traditional methods for detecting of Anisakis involve morphology identification such as visual inspection, enzyme digestion, and molecular methods based on PCR, but they have certain limitations. In this study, the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) regions of Anisakis were targeted to develop a visual screening method for detecting A. simplex (s. s.) and A. pegreffii in fish meat based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD). Specific primers and probes were designed and optimized for temperature, reaction time, and detection threshold. LFD produced clear visual results that were easily identifiable after a consistent incubation of 10-20 min at 37 °C. The whole process of DNA amplification by RPA and readout by LFD did not exceed 30 min. In addition, the detection limit is up to 9.5 × 10-4 ng/µL, and the detection of the artificially contaminated samples showed that the developed assay can effectively and specifically detect A. simplex (s. s.) and A. pegreffii, which fully meet the market's requirements for fish food safety supervision.

Light intensity differentially mediates the life cycle of lepidopteran leaf feeders and stem borers.

BACKGROUND: Leaf feeders, such as Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera litura, and stem borers Ostrinia furnacalis and Chilo suppressalis, occupy two different niches and are well adapted to their particular environments. Borer larvae burrow and inhabit the interior of stems, which are relatively dark. By contrast, the larvae of leaf feeders are exposed to sunlight during feeding. We therefore designed series of experiments to evaluate the effect of light intensity (0, 2000, and 10 000 lx) on these pests with different feeding modes. RESULTS: The development of all four pests was significantly delayed at 0 lx. Importantly, light intensity affected the development of both male and female larvae of borers, but only significantly affected male larvae of leaf feeders. Furthermore, the proportion of female offspring of leaf feeders increased with increasing light intensity (S. frugiperda: 33.89%, 42.26%, 57.41%; S. litura: 38.90%, 51.75%, 65.08%), but no significant differences were found in stem borers. This research also revealed that the survival rate of female leaf feeders did not vary across light intensities, but that of males decreased with increasing light intensity (S. frugiperda: 97.78%, 85.86%, 61.21%; S. litura: 95.83%, 73.54%, 58.99%). CONCLUSION: These results improve our understanding of how light intensity affects sex differences in important lepidopteran pests occupying different feeding niches and their ecological interactions with abiotic factors in agroecosystems. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Observation of spatiotemporal optical vortices enabled by symmetry-breaking slanted nanograting.

Providing additional degrees of freedom to manipulate light, spatiotemporal optical vortex (STOV) beams carrying transverse orbital angular momentum are of fundamental importance for spatiotemporal control of light-matter interactions. Unfortunately, existing methods to generate STOV are plagued by various limitations such as inefficiency, bulkiness, and complexity. Here, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a microscale singlet platform composed of a slanted nanograting to generate STOV. Leveraging the intrinsic topological singularity induced by C2 symmetry and z-mirror symmetry breaking of the slanted nanograting, STOV is generated through the Fourier transform of the spiral phase in the momentum-frequency space to the spatiotemporal domain. In experiments, we observe the space-time evolution of STOV carried by femtosecond pulses using a time-resolved interferometry technique and achieve a generation efficiency exceeding 40%. Our work sheds light on a compact and versatile platform for light pulse shaping, and paves the way towards a fully integrated system for spatiotemporal light manipulation.

Peripheral nerve injury associated with JEV infection in high endemic regions, 2016-2020: a multicenter retrospective study in China.

Previously, we reported a cohort of Japanese encephalitis (JE) patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. However, the evidence linking Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection and peripheral nerve injury (PNI) remains limited, especially the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome significantly differ from traditional JE. We performed a retrospective and multicenter study of 1626 patients with JE recorded in the surveillance system of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, spanning the years 2016-2020. Cases were classified into type 1 and type 2 JE based on whether the JE was combined with PNI or not. A comparative analysis was conducted on demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, electromyography data, laboratory results, and treatment outcomes. Among 1626 laboratory confirmed JE patients, 230 (14%) were type 2 mainly located along the Yellow River in northwest China. In addition to fever, headache, and disturbance of consciousness, type 2 patients experienced acute flaccid paralysis of the limbs, as well as severe respiratory muscle paralysis. These patients presented a greater mean length of stay in hospital (children, 22 years [range, 1-34]; adults, 25 years [range, 0-183]) and intensive care unit (children, 16 years [range, 1-30]; adults, 17 years [range, 0-102]). The mortality rate was higher in type 2 patients (36/230 [16%]) compared to type 1 (67/1396 [5%]). The clinical classification of the diagnosis of JE may play a crucial role in developing a rational treatment strategy, thereby mitigating the severity of the disease and potentially reducing disability and mortality rates among patients.